汽车保险损失率期权定价模型及实证研究

随着汽车保险行业的迅速发展,如何通过证券衍生产品来转嫁汽车保险越发引起人们的重视。本文在Taehan Bae等人的研究基础上给出了当索赔额分布服从指数分布、Γ-分布、混合指数分布、对数正态分布时的汽车保险损失率期权的定价公式,并以太平洋保险公司的有关索赔数据作为样本,利用Γ-分布下的汽车保险损失率期权定价公式对其进行实证研究,得到汽车保险损失率期权价格的近似值,具有很好的理论意义和现实意义。     

基于马尔科夫状态转移模型的天气衍生品定价

引入马尔科夫状态转移(MRS)模型拟合长沙市每日平均气温变化,利用最大期望算法估计马尔科夫状态转移模型参数,通过误差分析得到了最佳MRS模型.基于最佳的MRS模型,采用无套利定价原理定价气温衍生品,并利用蒙特卡罗方法得到了取暖指数(HDD)欧式看涨期权的数值解.实证结果表明,五状态的MRS模型对长沙市每日平均气温变化的拟合效果明显优于其他的MRS模型,它使得气温衍生品定价结果相比以前的方法更为精确.     

带免赔的奖惩系统的最优索赔策略

在汽车保险的奖惩系统中加入免赔额,将有利于保证风险与保费的匹配,还可以减少小额损失带来的大量管理费用.本文应用马尔科夫最优化原理推广了汽车保险的最优索赔策略模型.根据我国现行的机动车辆保险条款,得到了加入免赔额时的最优索赔策略.     

基于GAM模型分析变量对产业结构的影响研究

对全国2000-2015年的产业结构以及影响变量的面板数据,使用广义加模型(GAM)研究各变量对产业结构产生的影响,分别分析了单变量和多变量对产业结构产生的影响,然后使用GAM模型对数据进行了10倍交叉验证的模拟实验.结构表明,单变量对产业结构有很大影响,其中科技金融发展指数等对产业结构呈线性作用,多变量的交互作用能够明显对产业结构产生影响,人均GDP对产业结构的影响可以通过其他因素表出.GAM模型对预测的拟合效果比较好.     

Hull-White利率下有红利支付的O-U过程的幂型期权定价

考虑到标的资产(股票)价格和利率的随机性及均值回复特征,采用Hull-White模型刻画利率的变化规律,指数Ornstein-Uhlenbeck(O-U)过程刻画有红利支付的股票价格变化.利用计价单位转换的方法研究了基于以上模型且有连续支付红利情况下的一类幂型欧式期权定价问题,并得到了其定价公式.     

MC方差减小技术在算术平均亚式外汇期权定价中的应用

建立了利率和汇率波动率均为随机情形下算术平均亚式外汇期权的定价模型.由于其定价问题求解十分困难,运用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)方法并结合控制变量方差减小技术进行模拟,有效地减小了模拟方差,得到了期权定价问题的数值结果.     

无套利期权定价模型在一般均衡框架下的一致性研究

期权定价有无套利方法和一般均衡方法两种.本文在一般均衡框架下构造了一个允许连续消费的简单经济模型,并将基于无套利方法的期权定价模型中所假定的标的证券的价格变化动态过程内生化于理性预期均衡中.在常数相对风险厌恶(CRRA)的效用函数的条件下,我们推导出Merton(1973)期权定价公式,从而证明无套利方法与均衡方法的内在一致性,而CRRA这种类型的效用函数是无套利定价模型在一般均衡框架中成立的充分条件.本文进一步将此模型在一个简单经济中扩展到m种证券的情况,也得到相似的结论.     

具有多时点重置的欧式重置权证定价

考虑了一类具有多个时间点重置执行价格的欧式熊市(或牛市)重置权证定价,应用鞅定价方法和多维正态分布函数,得到了该类权证价格的显示解和△对冲策略,推广了Gray和Whaley的单时点重置权证定价模型.     

基于t-Copula的一篮子信用违约互换定价模型

为了刻画分布函数的厚尾特征和违约的传染性,构建了单因子t-Copula模型,以此研究一篮子信用违约互换(BDS)的定价问题。依据风险中性定价原理和顺序统计量方法,分别得到了第k次违约和n个参照实体中m个受保护的BDS价格的解析式.为了说明定价模型的有效性,用随机模拟方法分析了相应的数值算例.     

连续支付红利及有交易成本的领子期权定价模型

在无风险利率r(t)和波动率σ(t)均为时间t的函数及市场无套利假设下,分别考虑了连续红利率q(t)和有交易成本情况下的领子期权定价,通过建立相应定价模型,得到了领子期权不同的定价公式.     

A DEA analysis of risk,cost, and revenues in insurance

Insurance companies have to take risk and cost into account when pricing car insurance policies that cover the risk of private use of cars. In this paper we use data from 80?000 car insurance policies in order to assess, once risk and cost have been taken into account, the combinations of risk that generate the highest returns for the company under existing pricing practices. We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) and frame the study within an analysis of experiments context. The results of DEA are interpreted in a multivariate statistical analysis context using factor analysis, and property fitting techniques. The impact of risk factors in the efficiency is explored by means of regression analysis with dummy variables. There are consequences for the pricing policy of the company.     

免赔额保险公平定价的期权博弈分析

传统保险定价实质上是供给方定价,忽视了保险契约是保险人和投保人双方互动决策的结果.另一方面,保单具有或有权益的性质,这使得近年来金融定价方法得以引入到保险定价中,以反映风险和回报之间的长期均衡关系.借助期权博弈框架引入博弈论和期权定价理论,分析了免赔额保险的公平定价问题,给出了基本模型和扩展模型两种情形下博弈均衡结果,即保单的无套利价值,并发现在扩展模型情形下,投保人的最优投保策略和均衡保险合同均发生变化.     

不完全市场的保险定价研究

完全市场上的保险定价问题是人们比较熟悉的研究内容,但它不符合市场实际.本文在不完全市场上研究保险定价的问题.通过对累积保险损失的分析,建立在累积赌付下的保险定价模型;基于对一个无风险资产和有限多个风险资产的投资,建立保险投资定价模型.通过变形,得到相应的保险价格的倒向随机微分方程,并利用倒向随机微分方程的理论和方法,得到了相应的保险价格公式.最后,给出释例进行了分析.本文的研究,不用考虑死亡率、损失的概率分布等因素,为保险定价提供了新的思路,丰富了有限的保险定价方法.     

Securitization, structuring and pricing of longevity risk

Pricing and risk management for longevity risk have increasingly become major challenges for life insurers and pension funds around the world. Risk transfer to financial markets, with their major capacity for efficient risk pooling, is an area of significant development for a successful longevity product market. The structuring and pricing of longevity risk using modern securitization methods, common in financial markets, have yet to be successfully implemented for longevity risk management. There are many issues that remain unresolved for ensuring the successful development of a longevity risk market. This paper considers the securitization of longevity risk focusing on the structuring and pricing of a longevity bond using techniques developed for the financial markets, particularly for mortgages and credit risk. A model based on Australian mortality data and calibrated to insurance risk linked market data is used to assess the structure and market consistent pricing of a longevity bond. Age dependence in the securitized risks is shown to be a critical factor in structuring and pricing longevity linked securitizations.     

Statistical risk evaluation applied to (Belgian) car insurance

Before applying actuarial techniques to determine different subportfolios and adjusted insurance premiums for contracts that belong to a more or less heterogeneous portfolio, e.g. using credibility theory, it is worthwhile performing a statistical analysis on the relevant factors influencing the risk in the portfolio. Also the distributional behaviour of the portfolio should be examined. In this paper such a programme is presented for car insurance data using logistic regression, correspondence analysis, and statistical techniques from survival analysis. The specific mechanisms governing large claims in such portfolios will also be described. This work is based on a representative sample from Belgian car insurance data from 1989.     

The uncertain mortality intensity framework: Pricing and hedging unit-linked life insurance contracts

We study the valuation and hedging of unit-linked life insurance contracts in a setting where mortality intensity is governed by a stochastic process. We focus on model risk arising from different specifications for the mortality intensity. To do so we assume that the mortality intensity is almost surely bounded under the statistical measure. Further, we restrict the equivalent martingale measures and apply the same bounds to the mortality intensity under these measures. For this setting we derive upper and lower price bounds for unit-linked life insurance contracts using stochastic control techniques. We also show that the induced hedging strategies indeed produce a dynamic superhedge and subhedge under the statistical measure in the limit when the number of contracts increases. This justifies the bounds for the mortality intensity under the pricing measures. We provide numerical examples investigating fixed-term, endowment insurance contracts and their combinations including various guarantee features. The pricing partial differential equation for the upper and lower price bounds is solved by finite difference methods. For our contracts and choice of parameters the pricing and hedging is fairly robust with respect to misspecification of the mortality intensity. The model risk resulting from the uncertain mortality intensity is of minor importance.     

随机利率下的保险精算函数

保险产品的定价离不开保险精算函数的运用 ,而保险精算函数的不确定性由剩余寿命和利率的不确定性决定 ,大数定律保证了通过大量出售保单可以减少死亡带来的风险 ,而要减少利率风险却非常困难 .本文讨论随机利率下的保险精算函数 ,分别求出这些精算函数的分布和矩 ,使我们对保险精算中的利率风险有更全面深入的认识 .     

存款保险定价、额度与银行业道德风险分析

本文对存款保险定价、存款保险额度与银行业道德风险之间的关系进行了分析。在Merton（1977）的存款保险期权定价模型基础上进行扩展,分析存款保险定价与银行资产风险之间的关系;采用72个国家1983-2003年的面板数据建立计理经济学模型,进一步研究存款保险额度与存款保险定价之间的相关性。     

The role of the dependence between mortality and interest rates when pricing Guaranteed Annuity Options

In this paper we investigate the consequences on the pricing of insurance contingent claims when we relax the typical independence assumption made in the actuarial literature between mortality risk and interest rate risk. Starting from the Gaussian approach of Liu et al. (2014), we consider some multifactor models for the mortality and interest rates based on more general affine models which remain positive and we derive pricing formulas for insurance contracts like Guaranteed Annuity Options (GAOs). In a Wishart affine model, which allows for a non-trivial dependence between the mortality and the interest rates, we go far beyond the results found in the Gaussian case by Liu et al. (2014), where the value of these insurance contracts can be explained only in terms of the initial pairwise linear correlation.     

Securitization of motor insurance loss rate risks

In an attempt to transfer the loss rate risks in motor insurance to the capital market, we use the tranche technique to hedge the motor insurance risks. This paper illustrates AXA and their securitization of French motor insurance in 2005 as an example. Though this application is new, this transaction is based on a concept similar to CDOs. Tranches of bonds are constructed on the basis of the expected loss ratio from motor insurance policy holders’ groups. As a consequence we develop motor loss rate bonds using the structure of synthetic CDOs. The coupon payments of each tranche depend on the level of the loss rates of the underlying motor insurance pool. We show the integral formulas for the loss tranche contract where the loss distribution is modelled with discounted compound Poisson process. Esscher transform is chosen for a risk adjusted measure change and Fourier inversion method is used to calculate the price of the motor claim rate securities. The pricing methods of the tranches are illustrated, and possible suggestions to improve the pricing method and the design of these new securities follow.