图的指数多个最大亏格嵌人与完全图的亏格嵌入

本文研究一般图的最大亏格嵌入的计数问题及其应用.结果表明:一个连通图往往有指数级别多个最大亏格嵌入.特别地,一个简单的n阶3-正则图G至少具有(2~(1/2))~(m n (α/2))个不同的最大亏格潜入,其中α与m分别是G的最优树T的内部节点数目和G-T的奇连通分支数目.值得注意的是:(不同)图的最大亏格与最小亏格之间存在着某些必然联系.事实上,作为以上结果的一个直接应用,证明了如下结果:对于充分大的形如12s 4,12s 7,12s 10的自然数n,完全图K_n至少具有C2~(n/4)个不同的最小亏格嵌入,C是一个与n关于模12剩余类有关的常数.这些结果从本质上改进了V.P.Korzhik与H.-J.Voss所得到的结果,并且所用的方法更加直接而简洁.     

图的指数多个最大亏格嵌入与完全图的亏格嵌入

本文研究一般图的最大亏格嵌入的计数问题及其应用. 结果表明: 一个连通图往往有指数级别多个最大亏格嵌入. 特别地, 一个简单的n阶3-正则图G至少具有${(\sqrt{2})}^{m+n+\frac{\,\alpha}{\,2}}$个不同的最大亏格潜入, 其中α与m分别是G的最优树T的内部节点数目和G&;#8722;T的奇连通分支数目. 值得注意的是: (不同)图的最大亏格与最小亏格之间存在着某些必然联系. 事实上, 作为以上结果的一个直接应用, 证明了如下结果: 对于充分大的形如12s+4, 12s+7, 12s+10的自然数n, 完全图K_n至少具有$C2^{\frac{\,n}{\,4}}$个不同的最小亏格嵌入, C是一个与n关于模12剩余类有关的常数. 这些结果从本质上改进了V. P. Korzhik与H.-J. Voss所得到的结果, 并且所用的方法更加直接而简洁.     

关于循环图的曲面嵌入

该文集中探讨循环图的曲面嵌入性质.决定了所有循环图的最小亏格(其中包括可定向亏格与不可定向亏格)和最大亏格.对于固定的整数l(≥3)和充分大的 自然数n,只有一种方式将4 -正则循环图C(n,l)嵌入到环面上使得其每一个面都是4 -边形.特别地,循环图$C(2l+2,l)$在加入若干条新边后可以同时将环面与Klein瓶进行三角剖分.     

K_(1,4)梯图的可定向嵌入亏格分布

本文主要运用刘彦佩提出的联树嵌入法研究一类新图-K_(1,4)梯图W_n的可定向嵌入亏格分布,并通过进一步递推化简,得到了K_(1,4)梯图在小亏格上的嵌入亏格多项式显式,以及在其他亏格上的简单递推式,使其在可定向亏格上的嵌入个数更容易地得出.     

多重圈梯图在射影平面上的嵌入个数

图在不同亏格曲面上的嵌入个数常常有相关关系,因此,分析一些图类在小亏格曲面上的嵌入个数对最终确定图的亏格分布和完全亏格分布有着重要意义,本文利用嵌入的联树模型得出了多重圈梯图在射影平面上的嵌入个数.     

基本圈与图的曲面嵌入

本文研究图的基本圈与图在可定向曲面上的嵌入之间的关系．本文结果表明：一个图G可以嵌入到亏格至少为g的可定向曲面上的充分必要条件是：对于G中任意一个支撑树T,存在一个基本圈序列C1,C2,…,Q2g,使得对于每一个i：1≤i≤g,C2i-1∩C2i≠0．特别地,在T的β（G）个基本圈中有基本圈序列C1,C2…,Q2γM（G）,使得Qt-1∩C2t≠0对于每一个i：1≤i≤γM（G）成立．这里β（G）和γM（G）分别是G的Betti数和最大可定向亏格．这个结果的意义在于：我们可以从任意一个支撑树（可以具有任意奇连通分支数）出发去构造图在可定向曲面上的嵌入．这在本质上有别于Xuong与Liu在最大亏格方面的工作（即,从具有最小奇连通分支数的支撑树出发构造图嵌入）．事实上,这个结果在本质上同时推广了Xuong-Liu与Fu等在最大亏格方面的工作．作为这一结果的直接应用,本文得到以下结果：（1）提出了用于计算图的最大亏格的新条件,它尤其适用于计算具有特定边割（edge—cut）图的最大亏格．并得到一些新的与已知的著名结果（包括Huang在曲面嵌入图方面的工作）．（2）最大亏格问题可以归结为在基本相交图中求最大对集问题．结合Micali-Vazirani的一个有效算法,我们设计出了一个用于计算图的最大亏格的多项式算法,它的复杂度是O（（β（G））^5/2）,这一算法与Furst等人的算法相比更加直接、便于计算．     

关于嵌入图的最大亏格

不依赖图的其它参数, 而主要依据图嵌入在定向曲面上的有关嵌入性质, 该文研究图的最大亏格.     

极大外平面图的不可定向强最大亏格

强嵌入猜想称:任意2-连通图都可以强嵌入到某一曲面上．本文通过分析极大外平面图的结构以及强嵌入的特征,讨论了该图类的不可定向强最大亏格,并给出了一个复杂度为O(nlogn)的算法．其中部分图类的强最大亏格嵌入提供该图的一个少双圈覆盖．     

G(2m+1,m)的不可定向强最大亏格

图G的最大亏格指图G能嵌入到亏格为k的曲面的最大整数k.对于广义Petersen图G(2m 1,m),当m=1,4(mod 6),给出了最大亏格的表达式,对其余形,给出了不可定向强最大亏格的上界和下界.     

扇图在曲面上嵌入的分类

图在曲面上嵌入的分类就是确定图在同一曲面上(不等价的)嵌入的数目.本文,利用刘彦佩提出的嵌入的联树模型,得到了双极图与扇图的关联曲面之间的关系,进而由已知结论的双极图的亏格分布和完全亏格分布推导出扇图的亏格分布和完全亏格分布,并给出了扇图在亏格为1-4的不可定向曲面上嵌入的个数的显式.     

Minimum genus embeddings of the complete graph

In this paper,the problem of construction of exponentially many minimum genus embeddings of complete graphs in surfaces are studied.There are three approaches to solve this problem.The first approach is to construct exponentially many graphs by the theory of graceful labeling of paths;the second approach is to find a current assignment of the current graph by the theory of current graph;the third approach is to find exponentially many embedding(or rotation) schemes of complete graph by finding exponentially many distinct maximum genus embeddings of the current graph.According to this three approaches,we can construct exponentially many minimum genus embeddings of complete graph K_(12s+8) in orientable surfaces,which show that there are at least 10/3×(200/9)~s distinct minimum genus embeddings for K_(12s+8) in orientable surfaces.We have also proved that K_(12s+8) has at least 10/3×(200/9)~s distinct minimum genus embeddings in non-orientable surfaces.     

Maximum Genus of Strong Embeddings

The strong embedding conjecture states that any 2-connected graph has a strong embedding on some surface. It implies the circuit double cover conjecture: Any 2-connected graph has a circuit double cover.Conversely, it is not true. But for a 3-regular graph, the two conjectures are equivalent. In this paper, a characterization of graphs having a strong embedding with exactly 3 faces, which is the strong embedding of maximum genus, is given. In addition, some graphs with the property are provided. More generally, an upper bound of the maximum genus of strong embeddings of a graph is presented too. Lastly, it is shown that the interpolation theorem is true to planar Halin graph.     

Bounding the Size of Equimatchable Graphs of Fixed Genus

A graph G is said to be equimatchable if every matching in G extends to (i.e., is a subset of) a maximum matching in G. In an earlier paper with Saito, the authors showed that there are only a finite number of 3-connected equimatchable planar graphs. In the present paper, this result is extended by showing that in a surface of any fixed genus (orientable or non-orientable), there are only a finite number of 3-connected equimatchable graphs having a minimal embedding of representativity at least three. (In fact, if the graphs considered are non-bipartite, the representativity three hypothesis may be dropped.) The proof makes use of the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition theorem for matchings.      

Lower Bound of the Number of Maximum Genus Embeddings and Genus Embeddings of K 12s+7

In this paper, we study lower bound of the number of maximum orientable genus embeddings (or MGE in short) for a loopless graph. We show that a connected loopless graph of order n has at least \frac14^g_M(G)?_{v ? V(G)}(d(v)-1)!{\frac{1}{4^{\gamma_M(G)}}\prod_{v\in{V(G)}}{(d(v)-1)!}} distinct MGE’s, where γ _M (G) is the maximum orientable genus of G. Infinitely many examples show that this bound is sharp (i.e., best possible) for some types of graphs. Compared with a lower bound of Stahl (Eur J Combin 13:119–126, 1991) which concerns upper-embeddable graphs (i.e., embedded graphs with at most two facial walks), this result is more general and effective in the case of (sparse) graphs permitting relative small-degree vertices. We also obtain a similar formula for maximum nonorientable genus embeddings for general graphs. If we apply our orientable results to the current graph G _s of K _12s+7, then G _s has at least 2^3s distinct MGE’s.This implies that K _12s+7 has at least (22) ^s nonisomorphic cyclic oriented triangular embeddings for sufficient large s.     

Local chromatic number of quadrangulations of surfaces

The local chromatic number of a graph G, as introduced in [4], is the minimum integer k such that G admits a proper coloring (with an arbitrary number of colors) in which the neighborhood of each vertex uses less than k colors. In [17] a connection of the local chromatic number to topological properties of (a box complex of) the graph was established and in [18] it was shown that a topological condition implying the usual chromatic number being at least four has the stronger consequence that the local chromatic number is also at least four. As a consequence one obtains a generalization of the following theorem of Youngs [19]: If a quadrangulation of the projective plane is not bipartite it has chromatic number four. The generalization states that in this case the local chromatic number is also four. Both papers [1] and [13] generalize Youngs’ result to arbitrary non-orientable surfaces replacing the condition of the graph being not bipartite by a more technical condition of an odd quadrangulation. This paper investigates when these general results are true for the local chromatic number instead of the chromatic number. Surprisingly, we find out that (unlike in the case of the chromatic number) this depends on the genus of the surface. For the non-orientable surfaces of genus at most four, the local chromatic number of any odd quadrangulation is at least four, but this is not true for non-orientable surfaces of genus 5 or higher. We also prove that face subdivisions of odd quadrangulations and Fisk triangulations of arbitrary surfaces exhibit the same behavior for the local chromatic number as they do for the usual chromatic number.     

EMBEDDINGS OF ONE KIND OF GRAPHS

The purpose of this paper is to display a new kind of simple graphs which belong to B. inwhich any graph has its orientable genus n,n≥3. Furthermore, for any integer k,1≤k≤n,there exists a graph B^kn of B. such that the non-orientable genus of B^kn is k.     

Counting Orientable Embeddings by Genus for a Type of 3-Regular Graph

On the basis of the joint tree model initiated in Liu (The non-orientable maximum genus of a graph (in Chinese), Scieulia Sinica, Special Issue on Math. I 191–201, 1979) and comprehensively described in Liu (Theory of Polyhedra (in English), Science Press, Beijing, 2008), this paper provides the numbers of topologically non-equivalent orientable embeddings of a new type of 3-regular graphs by genus via classifying the associate polyhegons.     

图的不可定向最大亏格

本文证明了:对于任何一个有圈连通图G,其不可定向最大亏格为这里,α₀,α₁分别为G的顶点和边的数目.从而,也解决了图的不可定向嵌入的存在性问题.     

Oriented matroids and complete-graph embeddings on surfaces

We provide a link between topological graph theory and pseudoline arrangements from the theory of oriented matroids. We investigate and generalize a function f that assigns to each simple pseudoline arrangement with an even number of elements a pair of complete-graph embeddings on a surface. Each element of the pair keeps the information of the oriented matroid we started with. We call a simple pseudoline arrangement triangular, when the cells in the cell decomposition of the projective plane are 2-colorable and when one color class of cells consists of triangles only. Precisely for triangular pseudoline arrangements, one element of the image pair of f is a triangular complete-graph embedding on a surface. We obtain all triangular complete-graph embeddings on surfaces this way, when we extend the definition of triangular complete pseudoline arrangements in a natural way to that of triangular curve arrangements on surfaces in which each pair of curves has a point in common where they cross. Thus Ringel's results on the triangular complete-graph embeddings can be interpreted as results on curve arrangements on surfaces. Furthermore, we establish the relationship between 2-colorable curve arrangements and Petrie dual maps. A data structure, called intersection pattern is provided for the study of curve arrangements on surfaces. Finally we show that an orientable surface of genus g admits a complete curve arrangement with at most 2g+1 curves in contrast to the non-orientable surface where the number of curves is not bounded.