基于GARCH族模型的沪深300股指VaR度量

本文在修正了沪深300股票指数收益率序列的非平稳性和自身相关性之后,把ARMA模型与GARCH模型、GJR模型、IGARCH模型、FIGARCH模型、FIEGARCH模型、FIAPARCH模型、HYGARCH模型相结合,然后依次假设残差分布服从正态分布、t分布和偏t分布,来描述沪深300股票指数日对数收益率序列的尖峰厚尾性、杠杆效应和长记忆特性,利用上述模型分别计算沪深300股票指数的VaR值.在空头和多头投资者情况下,不同的波动性模型和不同残差分布的VaR预测有效性差距很大.比较得知,在不同的置信水平下,沪深300股票指数收益率序列空头和多头的VaR预测成功概率比较高的模型有HYGARCH和FIEGARCH这两类具有长记忆性的模型.     

期货市场日内VaR测度模型与应用

本文构建了两类日内VaR测度模型,一类是以超高频数据为基础,结合久期模型、波动模型和Monte Carlo模拟方法的综合日内VaR(IVaR)测度模型,另一类是以等时间间隔高频数据为基础并结合传统计量方法(历史模拟法与GARCH法)的日内VaR测度模型。然后运用上海燃料油期货市场数据进行了实证研究,结果表明:相对于传统计量方法,IVaR模型由于包含了更充分的市场信息,因而无论是多头头寸还是空头头寸时都具有更好的预测能力;IVaR方法估计的VaR值最小,说明IVaR模型比较适用于风险承受能力较强的投资者;IVaR模型对于空头头寸的管理更加严格;另外,IVaR模型的预测结果表明市场在日内具有开盘大,随后迅速衰减并趋于稳定的特征。     

基于广义双曲线分布的我国股票市场VaR风险度量研究

为更好刻画金融资产收益率偏态厚尾特性,提高VaR风险度量精度。本文首先提出利用广义双曲线(GH)分布对收益率数据进行建模型,从分布尾部特性角度对GH分布和其他常用分布进行了比较研究;其次利用EM算法来解决含有Bessel函数的GH分布的参数估计难问题,并运用随机模拟方法计算VaR值;最后讨论GH分布在我国股票市场VaR风险度量中的应用。     

不同市态下正态性转换时变VaR

VaR技术作为全球广为流行的金融风险管理技术,其测度的是极端情况下的风险头寸,但在传统假设下可能会极大地低估其值,这就会使得在实践中使用VaR值作为风险管理标准时面临更大的新的风险.考虑我国股市处于不同市场态势下对风险头寸的影响,就牛、熊市中分别估测VaR值.首先利用各种Delta-Gamma-Johnson转换函数对经验数据进行正态性调整.考虑通过转换机制调整后的经验数据仍然存在的异方差性特征,然后运用GARCH模型计算时变VaR值,以此来改善VaR的计算风险,探讨我国股票市场VaR技术的适用性和准确性.     

基于Copula函数的我国股指期货风险及套期保值实证研究

运用SJC-Copula-GJR模型,计算了持有沪深300股指期货多头和空头两种组合的VaR值和最优投资比例,模型的特点是能够准确地描述尾部相关关系,且其对尾部相关性的描述是非对称的,所得结论为投资者进行风险管理提供了可靠的依据.同时,通过构造加权的非线性相关系数来计算沪深300股指期货最优套期保值比率,解决了分布非正态、期货与现货非线性的问题,准确地度量了股指期货收益率序列的动态相依关系,实证研究表明基于Copula函数的套期保值有效性明显地优于传统模型.     

均值-VaR模型的一种新解法：鞍点近似、遗传算法

以均值度量收益,方差度量风险的均值.方差模型,广泛应用于资产组合优化.随着对金融风险度量方法研究的不断深入,VaR作为一种简便、易于理解的风险度量方法,在金融企业中得到日益广泛的应用.本文用VaR代替均值-方差模型中的方差,构建了均值-VaR模型应用干投资组合优化.均值-VaR模型是非线性规划,仅当VaR满足凸性和可微性的前提下,满足库恩-塔克条件的解才是全局最优解.本文在CreditRisk+框架下,提出一个在不允许卖空条件下,不需对VaR的性质做出前提假定的新解法:将鞍点近似法用于计算VaR,在资产头寸与VaR之间建立起函数关系,采用遗传算法寻找模型的近似最优解.并用一个债券组合说明该方法的有效性。     

期货套期保值C VaR风险的敏感度分析

把条件风险价值应用于期货组合套期保值的风险管理,分析条件风险价值对期货部位的敏感性.在一般的概率分布下,分空头套期保值和多头套期保值两种情况,导出期货组合套期保值的条件风险价值关于套期比的一阶和二阶变化率,并研究其经济意义.投资者可以根据条件风险价值的敏感度增减期货头寸,把握好用于套期保值的期货量,帮助投资者管理套期保值风险.     

金融风险的最坏VaR方法与投资组合优化

在股价及其走势均不确定的情况下,采用最坏VaR方法,对投资的潜在损失进行最保守的度量,并得到其等价的优化形式为一个二阶锥优化问题.接着考虑相应的投资组合优化问题:如何选择合适的头寸,使得当股票组合的期望收益达到给定水平的情况下,风险最低,即最坏VaR值最小,最后对模型进行实证分析.     

基于区间分析的投资组合VaR计算新方法

基于区间分析估计变量的累计概率分布是进行风险价值分析的一种新方法。本文将区间分析运用到股票投资组合的VaR计算中,研究区间分析在VaR计算方法中的应用。首先给出了基于区间分析估计分布函数的计算步骤,然后将区间分析运用到VaR的计算中,以两只股票的投资组合为例得出收益率的累计概率分布,从中得到某一置信度下的VaR值,最后与蒙特卡洛模拟方法做了比较研究,结果表明,基于区间分析的VaR计算方法的运算精度和计算速度明显优于蒙特卡洛模拟方法。     

流动性风险的度量

VaR模型忽略了流动性风险,到目前为止还没有统一的指标度量流动性风险.本文分析了最高成交价与最低成交价之差模型度量流动性风险存在偏差,同时给出了度量流动性风险一种新的修正模型.最后,结合实证对两种模型进行对比,修正模型从更加微观的层面上充分考虑到各价位的实际成交的价、量分布对总交易金额的作用,计算流动性风险值比较客观、精确.     

极值理论在风险度量中的应用--基于上证180指数

精确度量风险是金融风险管理的关键问题。本引入广义帕雷托分布代替传统的正态分布等，精确描述金融收益的厚尾特征。并将基于广义帕雷托分布的VaR模型和其它模型方法，如GARCH(1，1)、GARCH(1，1)-t、历史模拟法、方差-协方差方法，进行比较分析。实证研究表明，基于广义帕雷托分布的VaR模型比传统的模型方法更适合厚尾分布高分位点的预测，并且其预测结果比较稳定。这使得基于广义帕雷托分布的VaR模型成为VaR度量方法中最稳健的方法之一。     

A conditional-SGT-VaR approach with alternative GARCH models

This paper proposes a conditional technique for the estimation of VaR and expected shortfall measures based on the skewed generalized t (SGT) distribution. The estimation of the conditional mean and conditional variance of returns is based on ten popular variations of the GARCH model. The results indicate that the TS-GARCH and EGARCH models have the best overall performance. The remaining GARCH specifications, except in a few cases, produce acceptable results. An unconditional SGT-VaR performs well on an in-sample evaluation and fails the tests on an out-of-sample evaluation. The latter indicates the need to incorporate time-varying mean and volatility estimates in the computation of VaR and expected shortfall measures.     

Bayesian modeling and forecasting of Value‐at‐Risk via threshold realized volatility

This study proposes a threshold realized generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model that jointly models daily returns and realized volatility, thereby taking into account the bias and asymmetry of realized volatility. We incorporate this threshold realized GARCH model with skew Student‐t innovations as the observation equation, view this model as a sharp transition model, and treat the realized volatility as a proxy for volatility under this nonlinear structure. Through the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method, the model can jointly estimate the parameters in the return equation, the volatility equation, and the measurement equation. As an illustration, we conduct a simulation study and apply the proposed method to the US and Japan stock markets. Based on quantile forecasting and volatility estimation, we find that the threshold heteroskedastic framework with realized volatility successfully models the asymmetric dynamic structure. We also investigate the predictive ability of volatility by comparing the proposed model with the traditional GARCH model as well as some popular asymmetric GARCH and realized GARCH models. This threshold realized GARCH model with skew Student‐t innovations outperforms the competing risk models in out‐of‐sample volatility and Value‐at‐Risk forecasting.     

A semiparametric Bayesian approach to the analysis of financial time series with applications to value at risk estimation

GARCH models are commonly used for describing, estimating and predicting the dynamics of financial returns. Here, we relax the usual parametric distributional assumptions of GARCH models and develop a Bayesian semiparametric approach based on modeling the innovations using the class of scale mixtures of Gaussian distributions with a Dirichlet process prior on the mixing distribution. The proposed specification allows for greater flexibility in capturing the usual patterns observed in financial returns. It is also shown how to undertake Bayesian prediction of the Value at Risk (VaR). The performance of the proposed semiparametric method is illustrated using simulated and real data from the Hang Seng Index (HSI) and Bombay Stock Exchange index (BSE30).     

向量GARCH族模型计算中国金融市场投资组合风险价值(VaR)的比较研究与评述

对由上证综合指数、深证成分指数、上证基金指数、上证国债指数计算的日自然对数收益率组成的数据矩阵,分别建立了残差服从正态分布、t分布的向量ARCH、向量GARCH、纯对角GARCH、BEKK、常条件相关GARCH、主成分GARCH和EWMA模型,基于这些模型,计算了风险价值(VaR),进而通过比较计算结果,得出BEKK—t模型测算中国金融市场投资组合的风险价值(VaR)效果最好等的结论.     

Multivariate approximations to portfolio return distribution

This article proposes a three-step procedure to estimate portfolio return distributions under the multivariate Gram–Charlier (MGC) distribution. The method combines quasi maximum likelihood (QML) estimation for conditional means and variances and the method of moments (MM) estimation for the rest of the density parameters, including the correlation coefficients. The procedure involves consistent estimates even under density misspecification and solves the so-called ‘curse of dimensionality’ of multivariate modelling. Furthermore, the use of a MGC distribution represents a flexible and general approximation to the true distribution of portfolio returns and accounts for all its empirical regularities. An application of such procedure is performed for a portfolio composed of three European indices as an illustration. The MM estimation of the MGC (MGC-MM) is compared with the traditional maximum likelihood of both the MGC and multivariate Student’s t (benchmark) densities. A simulation on Value-at-Risk (VaR) performance for an equally weighted portfolio at 1 and 5 % confidence indicates that the MGC-MM method provides reasonable approximations to the true empirical VaR. Therefore, the procedure seems to be a useful tool for risk managers and practitioners.     

Robust and Accurate Inference via a Mixture of Gaussian and Student’s t Errors

A Gaussian measurement error assumption, that is, an assumption that the data are observed up to Gaussian noise, can bias any parameter estimation in the presence of outliers. A heavy tailed error assumption based on Student’s t distribution helps reduce the bias. However, it may be less efficient in estimating parameters if the heavy tailed assumption is uniformly applied to all of the data when most of them are normally observed. We propose a mixture error assumption that selectively converts Gaussian errors into Student’s t errors according to latent outlier indicators, leveraging the best of the Gaussian and Student’s t errors; a parameter estimation can be not only robust but also accurate. Using simulated hospital profiling data and astronomical time series of brightness data, we demonstrate the potential for the proposed mixture error assumption to estimate parameters accurately in the presence of outliers. Supplemental materials for this article are available online.     

基于M-H抽样的贝叶斯非对称厚尾GARCH模型研究

针对非对称厚尾GARCH模型参数的预选分布很难确定的问题。对模型参数空间进行数据扩张,把模型中的厚尾残差分布表示成正态分布和逆伽玛分布的混合分布,然后通过对参数的后验条件分布进行变换获得参数的预选分布,从而利用M-H抽样实现了非对称厚尾GARCH模型的贝叶斯分析。中国原油收益率波动的实证研究发现中国原油收益率的波动具有高峰厚尾性但不存在"杠杆效应",样本内的预测评价发现基于M-H抽样的贝叶斯方法优于极大似然方法,说明了M-H抽样方案设计的有效性。     

Conditional VaR estimation using Pearson’s type IV distribution

This paper presents a new value at risk (VaR) estimation model for equity returns time series and tests it extensively on Stock Indices of 14 countries. Two most important stylized facts of such series are volatility clustering, and non-normality as a result of fat tails of the return distribution. While volatility clustering has been extensively studied using the GARCH model and its various extensions, the phenomenon of non-normality has not been comprehensively explored, at least in the context of VaR estimation. A combination of extreme value theory (EVT) and GARCH has been explored to analyze financial data showing non-normal behavior. This paper proposes a combination of the Pearson’s Type IV distribution and the GARCH (1, 1) approach to furnish a new method with superior predictive abilities. The approach is back tested for the entire sample as well as for a holdout sample using rolling windows.