也谈线性规划的“悖论”问题

本文根据对偶定理，分析了线性规划“悖论”产生的条件，探讨了避免“悖论”产生的方法，并给出了在求得（ＬＰ）的最优解的同时判断是否产生“悖论”的方法．     

谈谈线性规划的“悖论”问题

本文在分析了目前有关线性规划“悖论”的论述后，运用灵敏度分析的方法和影子价格的理论，对所谓线性规划的悖论问题作了新的解释，提出了“悖论””不悖、其实是在情理之中的新观点。并对悖论产生的条件提出了简便易行的计算公式。     

也谈运输问题"悖论"产生的条件

本文分析、归纳了关于运输问题“悖论”的若干讨论；提出产生悖论的一个充要条件；由于该充要条件对于退化情形也适用，从而改进了以往的结果。     

错用罗素悖论-康托在集合论中的两个逻辑性错误

分析了罗素悖论与康托的实数集合不可数证明及康托定理S〈P（S）证明之间的本质性联系，发现康托的这两个非构造性证明与罗素悖论有完全相同的思路，但是康托犯了两个逻辑性错误而使他误用了这个悖论思路。得到明确的结论：康托在集合论中如上两个证明里的核心部分实际上是罗素悖论的翻版，这两个证明中的思路与做法是错误的，这样的证明结果没有科学性。     

谈运输问题“悖论”产生的条件

周奇同志在《运输问题悖论》一文(本刊第1卷第1期,以下简称“周文”)中介绍的异常现象是饶有趣味的.调度员可以利用这种奇特现象来节约运费,还可以由此发现供销系统的不合理布局.所以“悖论”不但有趣,而且有用.那末,“悖论”或异常现象产生的条件是什么呢?弄清楚这一点,才能有意识地使它为我们服务.为此,先再来看一看“周文”的例子:     

Russell悖论的变形与ZFC的正则公理——对无根基悖论和多值逻辑悖论的评析与介绍

§0 引言 沈有鼎先生在[1]中构造了几个著名的悖论,即所谓‘无根基和有根基悖论’、‘循环与非循环悖论’和‘n循环与非n循环悖论’。我们首先用通俗的自然语言把这几个悖论陈述出来,再介绍ZFC系统中正则公理AxR的几种等价形式,然后利用AxR的这些等价命题对上述三个悖论进行分析,即可看出它们都是变了形的Russell悖论,并且很自然地得到结论;Russell悖论和上述三个悖论中所构造的集合,皆不在ZFC系统中,因而这些悖论将不在ZFC系统中出现。     

管理中的Nash平衡与Braess悖论现象

本给出了交通规划、经济贸易以及其它管理中的一些Nash平衡和Braess悖论实例，分析了Nash平衡和Braess悖论现象及其本质特征，指出它们在管理工作中具有普遗性和潜在应用性。     

数学悖论撷芳

大量的数学推理中，常常出现从看来合理或公认合理的知识背景中推导出有悖常理或两个相互矛盾的结果，即悖论．这些悖论，领域广泛，存在于许多分支之中，既具有极强的幽默色彩，又具有极强的思辨品格．我们无法穷尽这些“上帝的秘密”，但在整个人类文明的长河中，它是人...     

康托定理与理发师悖论

1什么是悖论我们给悖论下一个"进行式"的定义:悖论就是导致矛盾但原因不明的推理.根据这一定义,一旦矛盾的原因找到了,悖论也就不再是悖论了.另外,矛盾的原因应该比较难于察觉.这一定义可能与许多文献中对悖论的定义不同.笔者主张这一定义.     

悖论与数学基础问题(Ⅱ)

在本文中,主要讨论悖论定义问题,此外,还将对‘悖论的起源’、‘数学三次危机’和‘Zermelo解决悖论的方案’等内容作简要的综述和评论。至于Russell对悖论的解决方案与悖论成因等内容的讨论将在本文的续篇中给出。     

On Some Properties of the Hoede-Bakker Index

In this article, we analyze the decisional power index, the so called Hoede-Bakker index. This index takes the preferences of the players into account, as well as the social structure in which players may influence each other. We investigate the properties of the Hoede-Bakker index. We adapt some postulates for power indices and voting power paradoxes for the Hoede-Bakker set up. We investigate whether this decisional power index displays the adapted voting power paradoxes and whether it satisfies the adapted postulates for power indices.     

双标量-张量几何与标量-张量引力论变分原理

<正> §1.引言 自从1915年A.Einstein奠定了广义相对论的基础以来,曾出现过各种各样的引力理论;但似乎只有标量-张量引力理论可同广义相对论媲美.看来标量-张量理论同Einstein的广义相对论一样,是一种具有生命力的引力理论. 如所周知,Einstein的广义相对论实质上是引力现象的几何化理论,即是一种引力的度规张量理论.Einstein与Weyl的物理学之几何化思想对物理学的发展曾起过、并且将     

用软对策论分析均衡价格的形成机制

利用对抗分析法,从供求双方的基准框架出发,根据各自的建议解与反击策略,分析了双方可能面临的悖论,通过消除理性悖论的可能手段来分析价格随着市场供求状况变化而变化的情况,进而对完全竞争市场条件下均衡价格的形成机制作出解释。     

Some Paradoxes in Special Relativity and the Resolutions

The special theory of relativity is the foundation of modern physics, but its unusual postulate of invariant vacuum speed of light results in a number of plausible paradoxes. This situation leads to radical criticisms and suspicions against the theory of relativity. In this paper, from the perspective that the relativity is nothing but a geometry, we give a uniform resolution to some famous and typical paradoxes such as the ladder paradox, the Ehrenfest’s rotational disc paradox. The discussion shows that all the paradoxes are caused by misinterpretation of concepts. We misused the global simultaneity and the principle of relativity. As a geometry of Minkowski space-time, special relativity can never result in a logical contradiction.     

Beppo Levi’s Analysis of the Paradoxes

This paper presents and comments the content of a note by Beppo Levi on logical paradoxes. Though the existence of this contribution is known, very little analysis of it is available in the literature. I put the emphasis on Levi’s usage of “elementation procedures” for solving the set-theoretical paradoxes, which is the most original part of Levi’s approach to the topic.     

Markovian perturbations of discrete iterations: Lyapunov functions,global minimization,and associative memory

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we shall focus on Lyapunov functions for discrete dynamical systems. We shall propose a methodology for building Lyapunov functions. This methodology will be based upon the introduction of small random perturbations in the deterministic dynamics. Then we shall deal with concentration results for the perturbed dynamics. Our ultimate goal is to force the convergence of the perturbed process towards a set of specified attractors of the deterministic system. We shall illustrate our results on the paradigms of global minimization and associative memory. Our formalism will be illustrated on new algorithms for which the asymptotic analysis can be done rigorously.     

The method of upper and lower solutions and monotone technique for impulsive differential equations with variable moments

In this paper, we initiate the study of the method of upper and lower solutions and monotone iterative technique for impulsive differential equations with variable moments. Because of the difficult nature of the problem, we shall restrict ourselves to a simple situation which, as we shall see, presents enough complications.     

Cycles of covers

We initially consider an example of Flynn and Redmond, which gives an infinite family of curves to which Chabauty’s Theorem is not applicable, and which even resist solution by one application of a certain bielliptic covering technique. In this article, we shall consider a general context, of which this family is a special case, and in this general situation we shall prove that repeated application of bielliptic covers always results in a sequence of genus 2 curves which cycle after a finite number of repetitions. We shall also give an example which is resistant to repeated applications of the technique. E. V. Flynn thanks the International Center for Transdisciplinary Studies at Jacobs University Bremen for its hospitality during July 2007, and thanks EPSRC for support: grant number EP/F060661/1.     

Hybrid Hamilton-Webster and the Greek apportionment

The method of largest remainders (Hamilton) is used for allotment of 288 of the seats among the 56 Greek constituencies. This method possesses various paradoxes as was observed through two centuries of application. So we propose a modification where the seats are allocated at a first stage by the lower Hare-Quota and the additional ones using the method of major fractions (Webster) restricted simultaneously by the upper quota. This method may produce paradoxes but they are observed extremely rare. Extended simulations over the Greek electoral data indicate that the frequency that the new method violates monotonicity is by far less than the frequency that Webster method violates quota.     

Cycles of covers

We initially consider an example of Flynn and Redmond, which gives an infinite family of curves to which Chabauty’s Theorem is not applicable, and which even resist solution by one application of a certain bielliptic covering technique. In this article, we shall consider a general context, of which this family is a special case, and in this general situation we shall prove that repeated application of bielliptic covers always results in a sequence of genus 2 curves which cycle after a finite number of repetitions. We shall also give an example which is resistant to repeated applications of the technique.