分段函数在分段点处可导性的判别方法

针对高等数学课程中分段函数可导性问题,基于函数可微的概念和泰勒公式给出一种新的分段函数在分段点处可导性的判别方法.该方法不需按照导数定义计算分段点处的导数,也不需求导函数在分段点处的极限.与它们相比,该方法更简单,同时加深了对可微概念的理解.     

关于函数极限概念的一点注记

教材 [1 ]给出极限的一般概念为 :在自变量的某个变化过程中 ,如果对应的函数值无限接近某个确定的数 ,那么 ,这个确定的数就叫做在这一变化过程中函数的极限 .用这一观点 ,教材把数列极限和函数极限统一起来 ,把函数的各种不同的极限过程也纳入了这个统一的极限框架中 .在这个极限的一般概念中应注意两点 .一是极限是考察在自变量的某个变化过程中函数值的变化情况的 ,因而该函数的极限值本身可以不是函数值 ,因而可以定义函数 (包括数列 )在±∞处的极限 ,特别是对于 limx→ x0f (x) ,函数 f (x)可以在点 x0 处没有定义 .二是自变量可以形…     

微分学的几个重要概念

<正> 回顾连续函数部分,连续性是用极限定义的,间断和间断点的分类也是用极限的语言给出的.由极限的性质引进连续函数的性质.连续性作为极限过程它描述了函数在一点上变化的局部性质.在有界闭区间上连续的函数,具有有趣的总体性质.这些性质出自更深层次的极限理论.     

对极限概念的剖析

从极限的定义出发,重点从正反两个不同的侧面对极限定义进行分析,并以几何直观进行讨论.对极限的定义进行深层拓展,介绍n维欧氏空间中函数极限的概念,距离空间中点列极限的概念,极限定义的D-语言,向量值函数的极限.     

关于复变函数的微分中值定理及其证明

<正> 复变函数论是数学分析在复数域中的进一步发展和推广,它的许多概念和定理与数学分析中的理论相类似.复变函数的极限、连续以及导数与微分的定义.形式上和数学分析中一元函数的相应定义一致.比如,在数学分析的微分学中,对一元函数的导数是这样定义的:设函数y=f(x)在点x_0的某一邻域内有定义(包括x_0点),当自变量x在x_0处有增量(?)时,相应地函数有增量△y=f(x_0+△x)-f(z),当△x→0时,比值的极限存在,称此极限为函数y=f(x)在x_0处的导数.记为f’(x).复变函数的导数定义为:设函数w=f(z)在     

极限计算的常用方法

求极限是高等数学中最基本的运算之一,它在现行中学数学教学中也占有重要地位。本文按统编教材的有关内容(全日制十年制高中数学第四册第七章),对极限计算的常用方法做一点归纳,供中学生学习参考。一、依函数的连续性求极限中学数学中所讨论的函数是初等函数,而初等函数在其定义域内都是连续的,因此根据函数连续的定义,求连续函数的极限值可变为求在给定点处的函数值。     

求二元函数极限的几种方法

在高等数学中,关于二元函数的极限,许多教材都只是在介绍了定义之后,给出几道证明函数在某点极限不存在或极限值为某数的例子,而未涉及如何求极限．因此,学生在具体来H元函数的极限时,觉得无从下手,特别象函数点的任何邻域内都存异于（0,0）点而不属于定义域的点,也存在异于（0,0）点而属于定义域的点,按教材的定义,函数在点（O,0）处的极限是不存在的,但可将极限定义稍加推广,使这样的点成为被考虑的对象．推广的极限定义如下：设点（X。,八）的任何邻域内都有异于（X。,儿）而属于八X,y）的定义域的点．若对于任何给…     

分段函数的导数

分段函数是用几个解析式子表示的函数,对每个解析式于,如果是可导的,可用初等函数的求导法则求出它们的导数,而对分界点处的导数是否存在,如果存在,如何计算,这些问题一般都用导发定义来解决,但用定义来导数要作极限运算,一般比较繁琐.如果函数具备一定的条件,可不必用定义去求.     

导数的极限与单侧导数

求函数在某些特殊点，比如分段函数的分界点、区间端点处的导数，通常应按导数的定义求出函数在这些点处的单侧导数。但也有人取函数的导数在这些点处的单侧极限作为单侧导数，这样做常常出错。例如：在x＜0时，但f（x）在x=0处的左导数不存在，因为f（x）在x=0处左间断。在x＞0时，不存在，但按导教的定义可求得f（x）在x=0处的右导数有时这种方法也能凑效，关键是函数必须满足一些条件。我们有下面的求单侧导数的所谓“导数极限法”。导技极限法设函数人X）在X。处连续，在X。的左（右）邻域（X。一点八）［或（X。，X。十的」内可导，…     

浅谈二重极限与累次极限

在学习二元函数极限的过程中,一般的高等数学教材,只介绍二重极限的概念及求法,即当P(x,y)→P_o(x_o,y_o)时,函数Z=f(x,y)的极限,记作(?)或(?).但有些初学者会提出这样的问题:若先将y固定,让x→X_0,然后再让y→y_0,这是什么类型的极限呢?与(?)有何区别?下面就这个问题作一点讨论.对任一给定的y(y≠y_o),若极限(?)存在,结果是y的函数,不妨记作v(?)(y)=(?);又假设极限(?)存在,则称A为f(x,y)先对x后对y的累次极限,记作(?).类似地可以定义先对y后对x的累次极限(?).求累次极限,实质上每一次都是先固定一个变量后对另一个变量求极限.二重极限的定义虽然形式上与一元函数极限的定义相似,但它是一元函数极限概念的推广.     

Exact barrier function methods for Lipschitz programs

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First we consider a class of nondifferentiable penalty functions for constrained Lipschitz programs and then we show how these penalty functions can be employed to solve a constrained Lipschitz program. The penalty functions considered incorporate a barrier term which makes their value go to infinity on the boundary of a perturbation of the feasible set. Exploiting this fact it is possible to prove, under mild compactness and regularity assumptions, a complete correspondence between the unconstrained minimization of the penalty functions and the solution of the constrained program, thus showing that the penalty functions are exact according to the definition introduced in [17]. Motivated by these results, we propose some algorithm models and study their convergence properties. We show that, even when the assumptions used to establish the exactness of the penalty functions are not satisfied, every limit point of the sequence produced by a basic algorithm model is an extended stationary point according to the definition given in [8]. Then, based on this analysis and on the one previously carried out on the penalty functions, we study the consequence on the convergence properties of increasingly demanding assumptions. In particular we show that under the same assumptions used to establish the exactness properties of the penalty functions, it is possible to guarantee that a limit point at least exists, and that any such limit point is a KKT point for the constrained problem.This research has been partially supported by the National Research Program on Metodi di Ottimizzazione per le Decisioni, Ministero dell' Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica.     

Defining continuity of real functions of real variables

Continuity of a real function of a real variable has been defined in various ways over almost 200 years. Contrary to popular belief, the definitions are not all equivalent, because their consequences for four somewhat pathological functions reveal five essentially different cases. The four defensible ones imply just two cases for continuity on an interval if that is defined by using pointwise continuity at each point. Some authors had trouble: two different textbooks each gave two arguably inconsistent definitions, three more changed their definitions in their second editions, two more claimed continuity at a point for functions not defined there, and one gave a definition implying it for a function with no limit there.     

用定义求解高等数学中的有关问题

应用导数的定义，为分段函数的分界点提供了一种行之有效的求导方法，利用微分的定义判断函数在分界点及其他特殊点的可微性，运用定和分的定义求一类特殊类型的极限．     

Calculating the derivative of piecewise functions

Exercises involving the calculation of the derivative of piecewise defined functions are common in calculus, with the aim of consolidating beginners’ knowledge of applying the definition of the derivative. In such exercises, the piecewise function is commonly made up of two smooth pieces joined together at one point. A strategy which avoids using the definition of the derivative is to find the derivative function of each smooth piece and check whether these functions agree at the chosen point. Showing that this strategy works together with investigating discontinuities of the derivative is usually beyond a calculus course. However, we shall show that elementary arguments can be used to clarify the calculation and behaviour of the derivative for piecewise functions.     

Topological X-rays and MRIs

We use the Implicit Function Theorem to establish a result of non-existence of limit to a certain class of functions of several variables. We consider functions given by quotients such that both the numerator and denominator functions are null at the limit point. We show that the non-existence of the limit of such function is related with the gradient vectors of the numerator and denominator functions. We prove the limit does not exist if the dimension of the vector subspace spanned by the gradient vectors is ≥1.     

The kurzweil construction of an integral in ordered spaces

This paper generalizes the results of papers which deal with the Kurzweil-Henstock construction of an integral in ordered spaces. The definition is given and some limit theorems for the integral of ordered group valued functions defined on a Hausdorff compact topological space T with respect to an ordered group valued measure are proved in this paper.     

The canonical structure of a pencil of degenerate matrix functions

In this paper we study global properties of a pencil of identically degenerate matrix functions with a compact domain of definition. Matrix functions are assumed to have a constant rank and all roots of the characteristic equation of the matrix pencil are assumed to have a constant multiplicity at each point in the domain of definition. We obtain sufficient conditions for the smooth orthogonal similarity of matrix functions to the upper triangular form and sufficient conditions for the smooth equivalence of the pencil of matrix functions to its canonical form. We illustrate the obtained results with simple examples.     

Analysis of direct searches for discontinuous functions

It is known that the Clarke generalized directional derivative is nonnegative along the limit directions generated by directional direct-search methods at a limit point of certain subsequences of unsuccessful iterates, if the function being minimized is Lipschitz continuous near the limit point. In this paper we generalize this result for discontinuous functions using Rockafellar generalized directional derivatives (upper subderivatives). We show that Rockafellar derivatives are also nonnegative along the limit directions of those subsequences of unsuccessful iterates when the function values converge to the function value at the limit point. This result is obtained assuming that the function is directionally Lipschitz with respect to the limit direction. It is also possible under appropriate conditions to establish more insightful results by showing that the sequence of points generated by these methods eventually approaches the limit point along the locally best branch or step function (when the number of steps is equal to two). The results of this paper are presented for constrained optimization and illustrated numerically.     

Boundary behaviour of inner functions and holomorphic mappings

Let be a holomorphic function in the unit disk omitting a set of values of the complex plane. If has positive logarithmic capacity, R. Nevanlinna proved that has a radial limit at almost every point of the unit circle. If is any infinite set, we show that has a radial limit at every point of a set of Hausdorff dimension 1. A localization technique reduces this result to the following theorem on inner functions. If is an inner function omitting a set of values in the unit disk, then for any accumulation point of in the disk, there exists a set of Hausdorff dimension 1 of points in the circle where has radial limit . Received: 13 February 1997     

函数极限的不存在性研究以及在教学中的应用

本文在考查函数极限定义的基础之上，分析函数极限的不存在性，给出了极限不存在性的精确定义，首次提出对极限不存在进行分类研究，可以分为无穷型，跳跃型，单侧型．发散型和其它型，并且证明该分类的合理性，最后讨论了此种分类在教学实践中的应用。