幂变换门限GARCH模型变点问题的贝叶斯分析

用贝叶斯方法对幂变换门限GARCH (PTTGARCH)模型变点问题进行统计分析.构造了变点模型参数的满条件分布并且采用MCMC的Griddy-Gibbs抽样算法对参数进行了估计.分别就不同的变点位置、模型不存在变点以及模型接近非平稳的情况进行数值模拟.结果表明:变点处于序列中间位置时,估计效果较好,当变点位置越靠近序列两端时,所得估计的误差越大;当模型不存在变点时,所设变点位置τ后验分布的峰度接近均匀分布的峰度;当模型存在变点时,τ后验分布的峰度大于2,且模型越平稳,τ的后验分布的峰度越大,因此可以通过判断τ的后验分布的峰度来判断模型是否存在变点.最后以GARCH模型对上证指数日收益率进行分析,得到变点发生时刻的概率分布,该结果与市场的变化背景符合.     

基于MCMC算法的贝叶斯变结构分位自回归模型研究

为了更全面细致的刻画时间序列变结构性的特征及其相依性,提出了一类马尔可夫变结构分位自回归模型。利用非对称Laplace分布构建了模型的似然函数,证明了当回归系数的先验分布选择为扩散先验分布时,参数的各阶后验矩都是存在的,并给出了能确定变点位置和性质的隐含变量的后验完全条件分布。仿真分析结果发现马尔可夫变结构分位自回归模型可以全面有效地实现对时间序列数据变结构性的刻画。并应用贝叶斯Markov分位自回归方法分析了中国证券市场的变结构性,结果发现中国证券市场在不同阶段尾部表现出不同的相依性。     

基于M-H抽样的贝叶斯非对称厚尾GARCH模型研究

针对非对称厚尾GARCH模型参数的预选分布很难确定的问题。对模型参数空间进行数据扩张,把模型中的厚尾残差分布表示成正态分布和逆伽玛分布的混合分布,然后通过对参数的后验条件分布进行变换获得参数的预选分布,从而利用M-H抽样实现了非对称厚尾GARCH模型的贝叶斯分析。中国原油收益率波动的实证研究发现中国原油收益率的波动具有高峰厚尾性但不存在"杠杆效应",样本内的预测评价发现基于M-H抽样的贝叶斯方法优于极大似然方法,说明了M-H抽样方案设计的有效性。     

0-1序列中变点的贝叶斯分析

对于0-1(伯努利)序列中的变点问题,本文提出了一个确定变点的个数和位置的贝叶斯方法。首先借助于二分法把变点个数的确定问题转化为一系列对没有变点和仅有一个变点的模型进行比较的问题,然后通过贝叶斯因子进行模型比较。本文得到了贝叶斯因子和未知变点的后验分布的显式表达式。最后,通过对上证指数数据的实证分析阐释了所提方法的有效性。     

两部分潜变量模型的变分贝叶斯推断

两部分潜变量模型是一种被广泛用于探索半连续数据中不可观测异质性的统计方法.文章对两部分潜变量建立变分贝叶斯推断程序.相比于马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)抽样方法,变分贝叶斯方法具有计算速度快、可提供确定性解等优点.利用Logistic模型一个随机表示,构造了一个适当的变分分布族来近似后验.变分分布通过坐标上升变分算法获得;给出了变分参数的更新计划,建立了变量选择和模型评价贝叶斯程序.经验结果展示了该方法的有效性和实用价值.     

基于变分算法的贝叶斯分层收缩模型及其应用

贝叶斯统计推断通常会遇到后验分布中出现高维积分这一公认的计算难题。一种常用的解决方法是使用MCMC算法。然而,MCMC算法在处理高维大数据或复杂模型时计算效率很低,并且难以判断算法收敛性。针对自适应贝叶斯收缩模型、贝叶斯LASSO模型和扩展的贝叶斯LASSO模型,本文提出了一种更高效的变分贝叶斯(VB)算法来进行参数估计和变量选择。该算法源于理论物理中的平均场理论。它将复杂积分问题转化为最优化问题,使用假定分布族中最接近目标后验分布的分布来近似求解,并且易于判断算法收敛情况。数值模拟结果显示,VB算法不仅计算速度明显优于MCMC算法,而且其模型拟合和变量选择效果也与MCMC算法相当,可以作为MCMC算法的一种替代方法。最后,本文运用VB算法分析了俄罗斯房产售价的重要影响因素。     

具有正态逆伽玛先验的正态分布中的方差参数在Stein损失下的贝叶斯后验估计量（英文）

对于先验分布为正态逆伽玛分布的正态分布的方差参数,我们解析地计算了具有共轭的正态逆伽玛先验分布的在Stein损失函数下的贝叶斯后验估计量.这个估计量最小化后验期望Stein损失.我们还解析地计算了在平方误差损失函数下的贝叶斯后验估计量和后验期望Stein损失.数值模拟的结果例证了我们的如下理论研究:后验期望Stein损失不依赖于样本;在平方误差损失函数下的贝叶斯后验估计量和后验期望Stein损失要一致地大于在Stein损失函数下的对应的量.最后,我们计算了上证综指的月度的简单回报的贝叶斯后验估计量和后验期望Stein损失.     

三段直线回归模型的贝叶斯分析

对于三段直线回归模型，本文利用贝叶斯观点，给出了转换点和参数的边沿后验分布，参数的条件后验分布和它的点估计     

企业财务危机预测的贝叶斯模型研究

本文探讨商业银行如何利用贝叶斯分类技术构建企业客户财务危机预测模型。本文使用财务比率作为评价企业绩效的特征属性,并考察两个不同的贝叶斯模型在估计企业客户发生财务危机的后验概率方面的有效性。一个比较简单但有较多的假设,即朴素贝叶斯模型;另一个某种程度上更为复杂但有更少的假设,即组合属性贝叶斯模型。研究发现,与朴素贝叶斯模型相比,由于组合属性贝叶斯模型更好地反映了变量之间潜在的联合分布,因此它能在历史数据支持下估计所要求的概率并做出更精确的预测。所提出的模型可以作为辅助银行审核者做出正确而快速决策的有用工具。     

隐马尔可夫结构方程模型及其贝叶斯估计

结构方程模型是一种含有潜变量的经典统计学模型,被广泛应用于心理学、教育学、经济学、医学等领域。隐马尔可夫模型是一种基于随机过程的统计模型。本文书结构方程模型与隐马尔可夫模型相结合,构造了一种新的模型——隐马尔可夫结构方程模型,详细给出了隐马尔可夫结构方程模型的数学定义。为了对模型的系数进行贝叶斯估计,设定了模型参数的先验分布,然后利用MCMC方法模拟参数的后验分布,计算出了参数的后验均值作为参数的估计值。最后将参数的估计值与真值进行比较,发现估计效果良好。     

Functional Compatibility,Markov Chains,and Gibbs Sampling with Improper Posteriors

Abstract

The members of a set of conditional probability density functions are called compatible if there exists a joint probability density function that generates them. We generalize this concept by calling the conditionals functionally compatible if there exists a non-negative function that behaves like a joint density as far as generating the conditionals according to the probability calculus, but whose integral over the whole space is not necessarily finite. A necessary and sufficient condition for functional compatibility is given that provides a method of calculating this function, if it exists. A Markov transition function is then constructed using a set of functionally compatible conditional densities and it is shown, using the compatibility results, that the associated Markov chain is positive recurrent if and only if the conditionals are compatible. A Gibbs Markov chain, constructed via “Gibbs conditionals” from a hierarchical model with an improper posterior, is a special case. Therefore, the results of this article can be used to evaluate the consequences of applying the Gibbs sampler when the posterior's impropriety is unknown to the user. Our results cannot, however, be used to detect improper posteriors. Monte Carlo approximations based on Gibbs chains are shown to have undesirable limiting behavior when the posterior is improper. The results are applied to a Bayesian hierarchical one-way random effects model with an improper posterior distribution. The model is simple, but also quite similar to some models with improper posteriors that have been used in conjunction with the Gibbs sampler in the literature.     

Bayesian analysis of quantile regression for censored dynamic panel data

This paper develops a Bayesian approach to analyzing quantile regression models for censored dynamic panel data. We employ a likelihood-based approach using the asymmetric Laplace error distribution and introduce lagged observed responses into the conditional quantile function. We also deal with the initial conditions problem in dynamic panel data models by introducing correlated random effects into the model. For posterior inference, we propose a Gibbs sampling algorithm based on a location-scale mixture representation of the asymmetric Laplace distribution. It is shown that the mixture representation provides fully tractable conditional posterior densities and considerably simplifies existing estimation procedures for quantile regression models. In addition, we explain how the proposed Gibbs sampler can be utilized for the calculation of marginal likelihood and the modal estimation. Our approach is illustrated with real data on medical expenditures.     

深证成指周收益率波动性的实证研究

利用GARCH模型,对深圳成分指数的周收益率波动性进行了实证研究。以深证成指周收盘数据建立了GARCH模型,利用估计出的GARCH模型得到深证成指周收益率序列的条件方差的估计值,预测出深证成指周收益率序列未来若干期的条件方差。结果表明,深证成指周收益率序列的波动性可以用GARCH模型进行很好的拟合。     

Sampling Truncated Normal,Beta, and Gamma Densities

We consider the Bayesian analysis of constrained parameter and truncated data problems within a Gibbs sampling framework and concentrate on sampling truncated densities that arise as full conditional densities within the context of the Gibbs sampler. In particular, we restrict attention to the normal, beta, and gamma densities. We demonstrate that, in many instances, it is possible to introduce a latent variable which facilitates an easy solution to the problem. We also discuss a novel approach to sampling truncated densities via a “black-box” algorithm, based on the latent variable idea, valid outside of the context of a Gibbs sampler.     

Periodic autoregressive stochastic volatility

This paper proposes a stochastic volatility model (PAR-SV) in which the log-volatility follows a first-order periodic autoregression. This model aims at representing time series with volatility displaying a stochastic periodic dynamic structure, and may then be seen as an alternative to the familiar periodic GARCH process. The probabilistic structure of the proposed PAR-SV model such as periodic stationarity and autocovariance structure are first studied. Then, parameter estimation is examined through the quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) method where the likelihood is evaluated using the prediction error decomposition approach and Kalman filtering. In addition, a Bayesian MCMC method is also considered, where the posteriors are given from conjugate priors using the Gibbs sampler in which the augmented volatilities are sampled from the Griddy Gibbs technique in a single-move way. As a-by-product, period selection for the PAR-SV is carried out using the (conditional) deviance information criterion (DIC). A simulation study is undertaken to assess the performances of the QML and Bayesian Griddy Gibbs estimates in finite samples while applications of Bayesian PAR-SV modeling to daily, quarterly and monthly S&P 500 returns are considered.     

基于双因子已实现GARCH模型的波动率预测研究

准确地预测金融市场的波动率对市场管理者和参与者而言都是至关重要的。本文在标准已实现GARCH模型基础上,将条件方差乘性分解为长期方差和短期方差两部分,分别构造包含杠杆函数的长期方差方程和短期方差方程,用以捕捉波动率的长记忆性和短期微观波动。运用上证综指和日经指数的日收盘价、已实现方差和已实现核波动此类高频数据进行实证分析,结果表明:与标准已实现GARCH模型相比,两指数的双因子已实现GARCH模型在样本内表现出更大的似然估计值;通过样本外误差函数分析和DM检验,双因子已实现GARCH模型也取得更好表现。     

SLTBL模型的Bayes分析

利用M arkov cha in M on te C arlo技术对可分离的下三角双线性模型进行B ayes分析.由于参数联合后验密度的复杂性,我们导出了所有的条件后验分布,以便利用G ibbs抽样器方法抽取后验密度的样本.特别地,由于从模型的方向向量的后验分布中直接抽样是困难的,我们特别设计了一个M etropolis-H astings算法以解决该难题.我们用仿真的方法验证了所建议方法的有效性,并成功应用于分析实际数据.     

Compatibility of conditionally specified models

A conditionally specified joint model is convenient to use in fields such as spatial data modeling, Gibbs sampling, and missing data imputation. One potential problem with such an approach is that the conditionally specified models may be incompatible, which can lead to serious problems in applications. We propose an odds ratio representation of a joint density to study the issue and derive conditions under which conditionally specified distributions are compatible and yield a joint distribution. Our conditions are the simplest to verify compared with those proposed in the literature. The proposal also explicitly constructs joint densities that are fully compatible with the conditionally specified densities when the conditional densities are compatible, and partially compatible with the conditional densities when they are incompatible. The construction result is then applied to checking the compatibility of the conditionally specified models. Ways to modify the conditionally specified models based on the construction of the joint models are also discussed when the conditionally specified models are incompatible.     

NGARCH模型在证券投资风险分析中的应用

应用NGARCH模型在三种分布假设下对上证综合指数进行了V aR风险值估计,并且与GARCH模型和APARCH模型估计结果作比较,通过返回检验,发现NGARCH模型应用于V aR估计是统计有效的,且优于GARCH和APARCH模型.     

GARCH模型在股票市场风险计量中的应用

本文以上证综指的日收益率为研究对象,运用GARCH模型簇分析上海股市日收益率波动的条件异方差性,计算每天的V aR值.实证研究表明,GARCH模型的V aR计算方法对我国股市风险的管理有较好的效果.