长三角地区能源消费、要素投入与经济增长关系研究——基于变系数和面板因果检验模型

深入研究能源消费及投入要素对经济增长的贡献,对于协调区域要素投入和区域经济的可持续发展具有重要意义.在生产函数框架下,利用1980-2013年长三角地区各省市经济增长与能源消费、要素投入数据,通过控制面板组内自相关、截面相关及组间异方差的变系数模型和面板因果检验模型,研究经济增长与能源消费、投入要素间长期均衡和因果关系.结果表明长三角地区经济增长与能源消费、投入要素间存在长期均衡关系,浙江省的劳动和资本的产出弹性最高,分别为0.515和0.95,江苏省的劳动产出弹性和浙江省的能源消费产出弹性为负,分别为-0.124和-0.338,表现为边际报酬递减特征.长三角地区能源消费和经济增长之间满足反馈假说,并提出提高能源使用效率、调整劳动和能源的投入结构及加大经济转型力度等对策建议.     

基于SBM-DEA模型及Malmquist指数的中国与欧盟航空运输企业能源效率比较研究

航空运输企业是高排放高污染行业,研究其能源利用效率有着重要意义.基于SBM-DEA模型,利用2010年到2015年能源投入与能源产出的相关数据,对中国和欧盟共16家航空运输企业能源利用情况进行分析研究.结果表明,总体看欧盟航空运输企业能源效率优于中国企业;动态Malmquist指数分析结果表明,中国航空企业全要素生产率波动较大,欧盟企业则更为平缓,中国企业的全要素生产率与综合效率变化指数的变动情况基本保持一致,而欧盟企业的全要素生产率则与技术进步变化指数波动保持一致;在不考虑环境因素情况下会高估TFP增长率以及技术进步增长率.中国企业应加大技术投入和管理,才能有效提升能源利用效率及全要素生产率.     

基于Translog生产函数的中国汽车工业规模经济与替代弹性及价格弹性研究

使用迭代似无关回归(ISUR)方法估计了以生产工人、非生产工人和资本为投入要素的中国汽车工业Translog生产函数及中国汽车工业规模报酬的阶数,利用获得的估计计算了投入要素之间的替代弹性并通过替代弹性计算了要素需求的价格弹性。在此基础上,对中国汽车工业规模经济的状况、投入要素之间的替代或互补关系和要素价格变化对要素需求的影响进行了分析.结果显示:在所研究的期间内,中国汽车工业处于规模报酬不变阶段;生产工人和资本之间以及非生产工人和资本之间是替代关系,而生产工人和非生产工人之间是互补关系;对中国汽车工业而言,三个要素需求缺乏弹性。     

考虑资本闲置的多年时滞人力资本投入占用产出模型

人力资本理论强调的是由教育所新增的人力资本对经济增长的决定作用.为了规划与中国经济持续增长相适应的人力资本需求,建立了一个新颖的考虑资本闲置的多年时滞投入占用产出模型.为了考虑人力资本时滞长的特点以及人力资本占用的损耗补偿,在斯通人口投入产出模型和Leontief动态投入产出模型基础上,提出了多年时滞人力资本投入占用产出模型.将LDS模型推广为考虑资本闲置的多年时滞人力资本投入占用产出模型,以便考虑影响教育产出的外生因素,并推导出既适于产出增加也适于产出减少的正解.应用上,预测至2015年的各种教育水平人力资本的总量和部门需求,发现高级人力资本短缺和人才行业结构不合理是经济发展需要解决的重要问题.     

基于主成分-SFA的银行投入产出效率评价模型及实证

通过测算贷款、存款等投入要素对净利息收入的贡献,评价商业银行的投入产出效率,对银行的资本运营和监管机构的银行资本监管具有重要意义.原始投入变量过多和变量之间的高度相关都会对评价模型的估计和检验产生影响.创新和特色在于:一是通过提取互不相关的2个主成分,反映6个原始投入变量95%以上的信息.建立基于主成分的SFA模型,克服变量过多和变量高度相关对模型参数估计和检验的影响,解决原始投入变量高度相关导致的系数检验不显著和符号不正确问题.二是利用主成分回归,将主成分与投入变量的关系表达式代入基于主成分的SFA模型,进而确定投入变量的权重系数,建立银行的投入产出模型,反映6个投入变量对净利息收入的影响规律.实证研究结果表明:一是利用主成分建立的SFA模型系数检验显著,技术效率随时间增加.二是利息支出、贷款余额、总资产、存款总额、固定资产和员工人数产出弹性分别为0.287,0.272,0.254,0.086,0.072和0.053.因此影响银行净利息收入的主要因素为利息支出、贷款余额、总资产.存款总额、固定资产和员工人数对净利息收入的影响较小.三是18家商业银行的规模系数为1.025,银行的净利息收入表现出规模经济特征.     

能源价格变化对我国宏观经济及节能减排的影响研究——基于联立方程模型的分析

基于供给需求理论构建了能源——经济联立方程模型,定量研究各类能源价格变化对我国宏观经济的影响.结果发现,能源价格上涨可以降低能源消耗,通过供给渠道对潜在生产能力和GDP产生紧缩作用,对通货膨胀产生向上压力.石油价格上涨对主要经济指标的影响略小,煤炭价格与电力价格上涨对经济的影响较大,煤、电价格联合上涨对经济的影响最大.这与目前我国能源消费结构吻合.各种能源价格的持续上涨冲击对潜在产出、能源消费、能源强度和碳排放强度的负向影响有继续增强的趋势.     

基于超越对数生产函数的人力资本外溢效应研究

人力资本不仅作为一种投入要素参与到经济生产过程,直接推动经济增长,还通过影响和改变其他经济要素的生产效率,间接推动经济增长.建立了考虑人力资本的超越对数生产函数模型,测算出人力资本的直接效应贡献和外溢效应贡献,分析了人力资本与物质资本的直接产出弹性、外溢产出弹性及物质资本对人力资本的技术替代率.     

基于协整和误差修正模型的中国工业能源效率影响因素动态分析

采用1990-2016年统计数据,采用考虑非期望产出的SBM模型对中国工业能源利用效率进行了测算,运用协整检验、向量误差修正模型、脉冲响应函数及方差分解方法,对中国工业能源效率的影响因素进行了实证分析.研究结果表明,1990-2016年间,中国工业能源效率呈现出逐年提升的趋势,研发强度、市场开放程度、能源结构和能源价格等影响因素和能源效率之间存在长期均衡关系,对能源效率的提升均具有显著影响,其中能源结构、研发强度和能源价格对能源效率的作用程度相对较大.基于误差修正模型,采用脉冲响应函数和方差分解方法对各个影响因素对能源效率的短期效应进行了分析,结果表明,能源结构、研发强度和能源价格对短期工业能源效率的提升具有较大的促进作用.最后,根据研究结果提出相应的政策建议.     

湖南省R&D投入产出效率研究

以湖南省RD投入产出活动为研究对象,采用数据包络分析法(DEA)的BCC模型,结合全国30个省市RD投入产出数据,对2013年湖南省RD投入产出效率进行比较分析,并根据实证结果提出相关对策及建议.     

中国交通事故损失的超越对数生产函数模型

根据中国交通事故的统计数据,借助于超越对数生产函数模型,定量探讨国内生产总值等社会因素对交通事故的直接损失的影响,首先根据中国在1979-2007年的有关交通事故的统计数据,利用相关分析找出影响直接财产损失的主要指标,分别为国内生产总值、全国总人口、民用汽车拥有量、机动车驾驶员数量,并以这些主要指标为投入,研究了该模型各种投入对交通事故的直接损失的产出弹性和替代弹性.借助于MATLAB和SPSS,建立超越对数生产函数模型.模型的理论值与真实值的平均相对误差为0.0849,预测2009年和2010年的交通事故直接财产损失分别为14.6亿元和16.9亿元.     

Optimal cost sharing for capacitated facility location games

We consider cost sharing for a class of facility location games, where the strategy space of each player consists of the bases of a player-specific matroid defined on the set of resources. We assume that resources have nondecreasing load-dependent costs and player-specific delays. Our model includes the important special case of capacitated facility location problems, where players have to jointly pay for opened facilities. The goal is to design cost sharing protocols so as to minimize the resulting price of anarchy and price of stability. We investigate two classes of protocols: basic protocols guarantee the existence of at least one pure Nash equilibrium and separable protocols additionally require that the resulting cost shares only depend on the set of players on a resource. We find optimal basic and separable protocols that guarantee the price of stability/price of anarchy to grow logarithmically/linearly in the number of players. These results extend our previous results (cf. von Falkenhausen & Harks, 2013), where optimal basic and separable protocols were given for the case of symmetric matroid games without delays.     

Evaluating the impact of average cost based contracts on the industrial sector in the European emission trading scheme

The inception of the emission trading scheme in Europe has contributed to power price increases. Energy intensive industries have reacted by arguing that this may affect their competitiveness and will induce them to leave Europe. Taking up a proposal of these industrial sectors, we explore the possible application of special contracts, where electricity is sold at average generation cost to mitigate the impact of CO₂ cost on power prices. The model supposes fixed generation capacities. We first consider a reference model representing a perfectly competitive market where all consumers (industries and the rest of the market) are price-takers and buy electricity at short-run marginal cost. We then change the market design by assuming that energy intensive industries pay power either at a regional or at a zonal average cost price. The analysis is conducted with simulation models applied to the Central Western European power market. The models are implemented in GAMS/PATH. This work has been financially supported by the Chair Lhoist Berghmans in Environmental Economics and Management and by the Italian project PRIN 2006, Generalized monotonicity: models and applications, whose national responsible is Prof. Elisabetta Allevi.     

鞍山钢铁集团钢材价格变动趋势的计量分析

论文在一定的假设条件下,根据影响钢材价格变动的三个主要因素,分别建立了冷轧板价格与CP I指数模型、冷轧板价格与国内铁矿石价格模型、冷轧板价格与国际铁矿石价格模型以及冷轧板价格与CP I指数、国内铁矿石价格、国际铁矿石价格的综合模型,并对价格变动作趋势分析,从而为鞍钢以及相关行业制定企业的经营决策、战略目标提供一定的依据.在此基础上,总结了所建模型的优点与不足,并对所出现误差的原因作了解释.     

ENERGY‐USE CHOICES AND ALLOWANCE TRADING UNDER THE PERSONAL CARBON TRADING SCHEME

Carbon emissions caused by the household sector have become a major contributor to total emissions. Personal carbon trading (PCT), although untested in practice, could potentially be a powerful tool to induce change in consumer behavior. In this paper, we present an optimization model to determine the energy use choices and allowance trading, and a market equilibrium model to obtain the total supply and demand functions of allowances and then to derive the equilibrium allowance price. It is shown that the level of allocated allowance, energy price, emission rate, and transaction costs could influence the equilibrium allowance price and traded volume. Furthermore, the allowance price is affected negatively and slightly by changes in energy prices, so the total energy price variations will be lessened relatively in the PCT scheme. To further demonstrate these relationships, numerical simulations are conducted. On the basis of the simulation results, the implications of this study are discussed and suggestions for future study are provided.     

大额交易的生存分析与微观市场状态变迁

本文将运筹学中的排队论思想和数量统计学中的生存分析方法引入到金融高频数据分析中，从市场微观结构角度研究了价格过程中大额交易的发生与市场状态变量之间的相互作用：一方面大额交易对价格具有明显的拉动作用，另一方面报价变化、流动性深度和成本以及交易特征等市场因素也影响着大额交易的发生。本文以国有股减持信息人市为例，分析了大额交易的生存参数变化与市场状态变迁之问的关系。     

随机利率模型下基于Tsallis熵分布的可转债定价

本文主要研究基于Tsallis熵分布且存在瞬时违约风险的情况下,随机利率服从Vasicek利率模型的可转换债券的定价问题。标的股票价格过程服从Tsallis熵分布的前提下,构建投资组合,利用无套利原理得到可转债价格所满足的偏微分方程,进一步采用有限元法得到可转债价格的数值解。根据长江证券、利欧股份以及吉林敖东股票的市场真实数据,利用Tsallis熵分布模拟收益率序列,并得到基于Tsallis熵分布的股价模型优于几何布朗运动模型下的最优参数,在此基础上,绘制股价基于Tsallis熵分布下三种标的股票所对应可转债的理论价格的三维图及与市场实际价格的对比图。研究结果发现,对应标的股票价格基于Tsallis熵分布下的可转债理论价格与市场真实价格更为接近。     

股票市盈率水平的决定因素——上海证券交易所的数据验证

本文利用截面分析方法,从多个角度讨论影响股票市盈率水平的因素,并利用上海证券交易所股票数据进行验证。首先,利用上海证券交易所的股票历史数据计算按不同板块 (如行业,每股收益大小等)划分股票类别时,各板块市盈率水平的具体数值,并讨论各不同板块市盈率的分布特征。其次,讨论了市盈率与其直接影响变量(股票价格和每股收益 )之间的相互关系,用数学模型论述两者在影响市盈率变化时所存在的差异。最后,通过对影响市盈率水平的各种因素进行详细的统计特征分析,筛选影响强烈的因素,并建立了描述市盈率与各影响因素之间相关性的多因素模型。     

Collaborative pricing and replenishment policy for hi-tech industry

Owing to rapid technological innovation and severe competition, the upstream component price and the downstream product cost of hi-tech industries like computers and communication consumer's products usually decline significantly with time. From a practical viewpoint, there is a need to develop a collaborative pricing and replenishing model with finite horizon when the vendor's purchase cost and the end-consumer's market price are reduced simultaneously. To entice collaboration, the vendor may offer some price discount to the buyer using a negotiation factor to balance the net profit for each player. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis are carried out to illustrate the model. Our results indicate that higher decline-rate in the vendor's purchase cost leads to a smaller vendor lot size, and the higher decline-rate in the market price leads to a larger buyer lot size. The percentage increase in the net profit is approximately 6.57% when cost/price reduction is considered. Therefore, it is significant to consider the effect of the cost/price reduction, especially in hi-tech industries.     

Competitive Price Equilibrium with Consumer Reservation Utility

This paper studies a competitive price equilibrium in the market of a product category where consumers are homogeneous with a reservation utility below which they will not purchase the product. The impact of the reservation utility on the price equilibrium is of particular interest, because the reservation utility may change according to the business cycle and economic environments. Using multinomial logit model to describe market response, we study the comparative statics of the prices, profits and market shares of firms, each of which produces one brand in the product category, with respect to the reservation utility in the Nash equilibrium. It is shown that, as the reservation utility increases, the prices as well as the profits at Nash equilibrium decrease. Also, in the case of duopoly market, the firm with lower cost structure will increase its market share as the reservation utility increases.     

Competition and contracting in service industries

In service industries with congestion effects, two very different contractual structures are commonly observed, depending on whether or not firms choose to offer a guaranteed service level. We analyze the impact of these choices on market outcomes in oligopolistic industries. Our results highlight how different contractual agreements change the intensity of price competition in service industries. Broadly speaking, we show that competition is intensified when firms choose to offer service level guarantees.