Estimation of Value at Risk by Extreme Value Methods

Value at Risk (VaR) is defined as a low quantile in the distribution of financial profits and losses. It is the most commonly used measure of market risk in the financial industry. The methods currently used for estimation of VaR have various short comings as they are not aimed specifically at modeling the tails of the distribution of profits and losses; extreme value methods may prove valuable towards improving the current estimation methods. In this paper we give an overview of the current state of the art in applying extreme value methods to financial data and the problems encountered when doing so. We compare the performance of methods currently used for estimation of VaR to the performance of various extreme value methods and outline advantages and drawbacks of the different methods.     

Real-time assessment of value-at-risk and volatility accuracy

An important question for corporate finance officers is whether risk assessments, such as Value at Risk (VaR), are currently accurate. In contrast to past research on assessing the accuracy of VaR, volatility, and related density estimates, which has focused on backtesting using large samples of fixed size, we develop a class of sequential testing tools for on-line, real-time assessment, based on time windows that vary adaptively with the data.The VaR is determined by a single point of the estimated distribution of the portfolio “gain” and may be positive (profit) or negative (loss). Previous literature has dichotomically tested the sequence of VaR forecasts or the sequence of estimated distributions. A pure test is obtained by converting each observed gain into a binary value indicating whether it was covered by the corresponding VaR forecast or not. A more powerful test results from using the entire distribution, by transforming the observed gain to a random variable that has a known distribution when the forecast is accurate. This, however, also detects errors unrelated to the accuracy of estimating VaR and other measures of risk.We propose an adjustable, continuous compromise between detection power and purity, where “power” refers to quick detection of systematic bias and “purity” refers to insensitivity to errors not relevant to VaR estimation accuracy. Previous approaches focused on either extreme of this continuum. However, we point out that there are few practical situations for which the choice of either extreme would be optimal. Instead, we suggest a compromise that would be much better and very useful in most practical applications.     

基于区间分析的投资组合VaR计算新方法

基于区间分析估计变量的累计概率分布是进行风险价值分析的一种新方法。本文将区间分析运用到股票投资组合的VaR计算中,研究区间分析在VaR计算方法中的应用。首先给出了基于区间分析估计分布函数的计算步骤,然后将区间分析运用到VaR的计算中,以两只股票的投资组合为例得出收益率的累计概率分布,从中得到某一置信度下的VaR值,最后与蒙特卡洛模拟方法做了比较研究,结果表明,基于区间分析的VaR计算方法的运算精度和计算速度明显优于蒙特卡洛模拟方法。     

Estimating value at risk of portfolio by conditional copula-GARCH method

Copula functions represent a methodology that describes the dependence structure of a multi-dimension random variable and has become one of the most significant new tools to handle risk factors in finance, such as Value-at Risk (VaR), which is probably the most widely used risk measure in financial institutions. Combining copula and the forecast function of the GARCH model, this paper proposes a new method, called conditional copula-GARCH, to compute the VaR of portfolios. This work presents an application of the copula-GARCH model in the estimation of a portfolio’s VaR, composed of NASDAQ and TAIEX. The empirical results show that, compared with traditional methods, the copula model captures the VaR more successfully. In addition, the Student-t copula describes the dependence structure of the portfolio return series quite well.     

On a proper way to select population failure distribution and a stochastic optimization method in parameter estimation

It is widely accepted that the Weibull distribution plays an important role in reliability applications. The reliability of a product or a system is the probability that the product or the system will still function for a specified time period when operating under some confined conditions. Parameter estimation for the three parameter Weibull distribution has been studied by many researchers in the past. Maximum likelihood has traditionally been the main method of estimation for Weibull parameters along with other recently proposed hybrids of optimization methods. In this paper, we use a stochastic optimization method called the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) to carry out the estimation. The method is extremely flexible and inference for any quantity of interest is easily obtained.     

VaR测度下的风险对冲策略研究

本文分别在正态分布和任意分布设定下讨论最小在险价值(VaR)的风险对冲问题。在正态分布设定下,本文深入讨论最小方差对冲比率和最小VaR对冲比率的性质,并得出最小VaR对冲策略下组合收益率的均值和方差大于最小方差策略下组合收益率的均值和方差。在任意分布设定下,本文构建一种新的VaR对冲模型,该模型引入非参数核估计方法对VaR进行估计,然后基于VaR核估计量建立风险对冲问题,实现风险估计与风险对冲同步进行。实证结果非常稳健地表明,不做任何分布假设下的核估计法得到的风险对冲效果优于最小方差对冲策略和正态分布设定下的最小VaR对冲策略。     

极值理论在风险度量中的应用--基于上证180指数

精确度量风险是金融风险管理的关键问题。本引入广义帕雷托分布代替传统的正态分布等，精确描述金融收益的厚尾特征。并将基于广义帕雷托分布的VaR模型和其它模型方法，如GARCH(1，1)、GARCH(1，1)-t、历史模拟法、方差-协方差方法，进行比较分析。实证研究表明，基于广义帕雷托分布的VaR模型比传统的模型方法更适合厚尾分布高分位点的预测，并且其预测结果比较稳定。这使得基于广义帕雷托分布的VaR模型成为VaR度量方法中最稳健的方法之一。     

商业银行操作风险的度量——基于非参数方法

在损失分布方法的基础上,本文基于非参数方法对商业银行操作风险的度量进行了研究。非参数方法对损失额的分布不作过多的设定,避免了由于分布误设可能出现的偏差。古典的核密度估计对损失额拟合的效果不太好,特别是尾部的拟合效果更差。变换后的核密度估计的拟合效果比古典的核密度估计改善很多.基于变换后的核密度估计对商业银行操作风险损失度量可以得到不同置信水平的VaR与ES,并且不同置信水平的差距比较大。基于非参数与基于参数方法得到的各个置信水平的VaR与ES有一定差距。     

对数正态分布的VAR数学模型及其计算

VaR(Value at Risk)是一种以规范的统计技术来度量市场风险的新标准,目前在金融数学领域被广泛使用,它是指在正常的市场条件和给定的置信度下,在给定的持有期间内,测度某一投资组合所面临的最大的潜在损失的数学方法.传统的VaR计算方法在计算开放式基金时,可能存在着低估风险的情况.着重论述了VaR模型的数学原理以及该模型的计算方法,运用对数正态分布假设来评估开放式基金的风险,以验证其结果是否更加接近实际风险值.     

Intensity‐based estimation of extreme loss event probability and value at risk

We develop a methodology for the estimation of extreme loss event probability and the value at risk, which takes into account both the magnitudes and the intensity of the extreme losses. Specifically, the extreme loss magnitudes are modeled with a generalized Pareto distribution, whereas their intensity is captured by an autoregressive conditional duration model, a type of self‐exciting point process. This allows for an explicit interaction between the magnitude of the past losses and the intensity of future extreme losses. The intensity is further used in the estimation of extreme loss event probability. The method is illustrated and backtested on 10 assets and compared with the established and baseline methods. The results show that our method outperforms the baseline methods, competes with an established method, and provides additional insight and interpretation into the prediction of extreme loss event probability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

商业银行操作风险计量模型的Bayes估计

对于商业银行来讲,一个很重要的问题是损失数据缺乏,而损失数据缺乏会影响模型参数的估计,用Bayes估计解决了这一问题.Bayes估计的方法利用商业银行专家提供的意见确定先验分布,能够有效地解决损失数据缺乏的问题.实证分析的结果表明,Bayes估计与极大似然估计的结果.不考虑存在着一定的差距.不考虑各部分风险之间的相关性,基于Bayes估计与极大似然估计时VaR与ES的大部分结果相差不大.     

Fitting the three-parameter Weibull distribution with Cross Entropy

The Weibull distribution is widely used in applications such as reliability and lifetime studies. Although this distribution has three parameters, for simplicity, literature pertaining to Weibull parameter estimation relaxes one of its parameters in order to estimate the other two. When the three-parameter Weibull distribution is of interest, the estimation procedure is complicated. For example, the likelihood function for a three-parameter Weibull distribution is hard to maximize. In this paper, a Cross Entropy (CE) method is developed in the context of maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of a three-parameter Weibull distribution. Performing a simulation study, a comparative analysis between the newly developed method and two existing methods is conducted. The results show the proposed method has better performance in terms of accuracy, precision and run time for different parameter settings and sample sizes.     

Reliability analysis for Weibull distribution with homogeneous heavily censored data based on Bayesian and least-squares methods

The reliability for Weibull distribution with homogeneous heavily censored data is analyzed in this study. The universal model of heavily censored data and existing methods, including maximum likelihood, least-squares, E-Bayesian estimation, and hierarchical Bayesian methods, are introduced. An improved method is proposed based on Bayesian inference and least-squares method. In this method, the Bayes estimations of failure probabilities are focused on for all the samples. The conjugate prior distribution of failure probability is set, and an optimization model is developed by maximizing the information entropy of prior distribution to determine the hyper-parameters. By integrating the likelihood function, the posterior distribution of failure probability is then derived to yield the Bayes estimation of failure probability. The estimations of reliability parameters are obtained by fitting distribution curve using least-squares method. The four existing methods are compared with the proposed method in terms of applicability, precision, efficiency, robustness, and simplicity. Specifically, the closed form expressions concerning E-Bayesian estimation and hierarchical Bayesian methods are derived and used. The comparisons demonstrate that the improved method is superior. Finally, three illustrative examples are presented to show the application of the proposed method.     

对数收益率的偏斜Logistic分布与VaR估计

本文通过直方图和Q-Q图的直观方法展示了上证指数和深证指数的对数收益率具有尖峰厚尾和偏斜的分布特征,利用Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验和Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验等方法检验了对数收益率的分布与正态分布有显著性差异,并以较大的概率水平接受了对数收益率服从偏斜Logistic分布,同时给出了基于偏斜Logistic分布的VaR风险量的估计,结果显示上证指数的风险小于深证指数的风险。     

Estimating value at risk with semiparametric support vector quantile regression

Value at Risk (VaR) has been used as an important tool to measure the market risk under normal market. Usually the VaR of log returns is calculated by assuming a normal distribution. However, log returns are frequently found not normally distributed. This paper proposes the estimation approach of VaR using semiparametric support vector quantile regression (SSVQR) models which are functions of the one-step-ahead volatility forecast and the length of the holding period, and can be used regardless of the distribution. We find that the proposed models perform better overall than the variance-covariance and linear quantile regression approaches for return data on S&P 500, NIKEI 225 and KOSPI 200 indices.     

Bayesian parameter inference for models of the Black and Scholes type

In this paper, we describe a general method for constructing the posterior distribution of the mean and volatility of the return of an asset satisfying dS=SdX for some simple models of X. Our framework takes as inputs the prior distributions of the parameters of the stochastic process followed by the underlying, as well as the likelihood function implied by the observed price history for the underlying. As an application of our framework, we compute the value at risk (VaR) and conditional VaR (CVaR) measures for the changes in the price of an option implied by the posterior distribution of the volatility of the underlying. The implied VaR and CVaR are more conservative than their classical counterpart, since it takes into account the estimation risk that arises due to parameter uncertainty. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stable modeling in energy risk management

High price volatility in energy markets compels the companies to adopt and implement policies for measurement and management of the energy risk. A popular measure of risk exposure is the Value at Risk (VaR). Traditional methods of estimation of VaR used by major energy companies fail to capture the heavy tails and asymmetry of energy returns distributions. We suggest the use of stable distributions for modeling energy return distributions. The results of our study demonstrate that stable modeling captures asymmetry and heavy-tails of returns, and, therefore, provides more accurate estimates of energy VaR.     

从管理风险的角度看金融风险度量

本文得出了连续时间下均值-VaR模型的最优投资策略。在这个最优解的基础上,我们比较说明了概率和分位数作为风险度量方法在管理风险中发挥的作用。我们的分析结果表明:从管理风险的角度出发控制损失发生的概率要比控制损失的水平更为有意义;并且选择的VaR置信度水平越高,监管的效果会越好。     

Multivariate approximations to portfolio return distribution

This article proposes a three-step procedure to estimate portfolio return distributions under the multivariate Gram–Charlier (MGC) distribution. The method combines quasi maximum likelihood (QML) estimation for conditional means and variances and the method of moments (MM) estimation for the rest of the density parameters, including the correlation coefficients. The procedure involves consistent estimates even under density misspecification and solves the so-called ‘curse of dimensionality’ of multivariate modelling. Furthermore, the use of a MGC distribution represents a flexible and general approximation to the true distribution of portfolio returns and accounts for all its empirical regularities. An application of such procedure is performed for a portfolio composed of three European indices as an illustration. The MM estimation of the MGC (MGC-MM) is compared with the traditional maximum likelihood of both the MGC and multivariate Student’s t (benchmark) densities. A simulation on Value-at-Risk (VaR) performance for an equally weighted portfolio at 1 and 5 % confidence indicates that the MGC-MM method provides reasonable approximations to the true empirical VaR. Therefore, the procedure seems to be a useful tool for risk managers and practitioners.     

期货套期保值C VaR风险的敏感度分析

把条件风险价值应用于期货组合套期保值的风险管理,分析条件风险价值对期货部位的敏感性.在一般的概率分布下,分空头套期保值和多头套期保值两种情况,导出期货组合套期保值的条件风险价值关于套期比的一阶和二阶变化率,并研究其经济意义.投资者可以根据条件风险价值的敏感度增减期货头寸,把握好用于套期保值的期货量,帮助投资者管理套期保值风险.