"数老哥"与"形老弟"

在数学王国里,住蔷一对亲兄弟"数老哥"与"形老弟",他们本来形影不离,亲密无间,可就在前些时候,教学王国的一些居民风言风语地说他们不是亲兄弟,说他们之间根本就设有什么关系,数就是数,形就是形.听了这些流言蜚语,"数老哥"与"形老弟"受不了,相互之闻竟然猜疑起来,好长时间都不来往.     

骄傲的"x"

"x"这个符号很神秘,长得也很特别,与众不同.在数学王国里你需要几它就会给你几.因为它的这项特异功能,很多数字朋友都很崇拜它,"x"自己也觉得自己的本领最大,于是,它就越来越骄傲了. 有一天,"1"、"2"、"3"、"4"等几个数字在一起比大小."x"突然出现在它们面前,斜着眼睛说:"你们不要再比啦!你们谁也不是我的对手!""1"听了,生气地说:"你怎么能和我们比呢?你连自己是谁都不知道,还敢来这里和我们比赛.     

"上课"教师不要表现得太"聪明"

经常参加听课,往往有种感觉:授课教师为了表现自己高超的教学艺术,常对教学过程及每一问题都一一作了精心设计安排,让学生都掉进了教师精心设计的"圈套".无疑,在这样的课堂中,学生成了学习的旁观者,课堂民主成了假民主,主体参与成了虚假的被动配合,独立思考成了"牵引着赶路"在2007年4月宁波数学高级研修班上,有幸也参加了此会议,东北师范大学史宁中校长的报告中有一句话:老师,上课时不要表现得太聪明,才能让学生显得更聪明.让我感慨不已:在新课程积极创导学生主体参与、培养创新能力的课堂中,老师是否可以抛弃一些虚假的"聪明",放下一点架子,在上课中表现得"愚钝"一些,参与到课堂学生的学习讨论之中呢?     

正确运用"或"与"且"

"或"与"且"是数学中常用的名词和逻辑联结词,这里的"或"与日常语言中的"或者"、"可能…也可能…"和"也许…,也许…"意思相当,而且是可兼容的(即两者中至少一个成     

寻求"必要条件"解题

数学解题大多追求题设成立的"充要条件",但如果能抓住"必要条件"解题,往往比利用"充要条件"解题更迅速、更方便,思路更清晰.而使用"必要条件"解题,终归不如利用充要条件的思路来得顺畅,因此很多参考书忽略了利用必要条件及利用必要条件时必要的解题步骤.     

"精确到"与"精确度"

新教材引入了二分法求函数的近似值,这就涉及到近似计算中的两个概念:"精确到"与"精确度".教材上用的是精确度,一般如精确度为0.1,是指函数f(x)在区间[a,b]上,有f(a)·f(b)<0,则在(a,b)上存在零点,如∣a-b∣<0.1,在区间上任取一点,包括两个端点,其精确度即为0.1.而"精确到",以精确到0.1为例,即我们平常所说的精确到小数点后一位,是指与精确值的误差不超过±0.05.     

关于高中数学"阅读材料"的思考

根据<普通高中数学课程标准(实验)>编写的教材中的"阅读材料"融知识性、科学性、趣味性与教育性于一体,丰富了教材也为高中数学的教学注入了新的活力.但<课标>未将"阅读材料"规定为教学内容,因此,教材将"阅读材料"设置为选学内容,作为正文的补充和延伸.     

容易混淆的"恒成立"问题与"存在成立"问题

不等式是中学数学的基础知识和重要部分,一直是各类考试、考查的热点与重点.不等式"恒成立"问题与"存在成立"问题,又是不等式中常见的题型.在各地的自主招生、高考、模拟考试中屡见不鲜.此二类问题对学生掌握基本数学思想与方法提出了较高的要求.学生对此二类问题往往感到容易混淆.     

折叠纸片"搭台" 解析几何"唱戏"

近几年的高考数学试题,设置了一些数学学科内的综合题,它们的新颖性、综合性值得我们重视.在知识网络交汇处设计试题是高考命题改革的一个方向.以"折叠纸片"为依托的解析几何题正是在这种背景下"闪亮登场".这类题目将探究解析几何有关问题融于操作实验中,形态鲜活,旨在倡导探索、创造、发现,体现了新课程改革的新理念--研究性学习,具有素质教育的良好导向功能.……     

模糊乘积的"失效"与"失真"的一个判定

给出模糊乘积"失真"的充要条件,并讨论模糊乘积的"失效"与"失真"的关系.     

带有免疫和传染年龄的传染病模型

建立了带有免疫和传染年龄的传染病模型,这种传染病带有病原体Ⅰ或Ⅱ,病原体Ⅰ可发展为病原体Ⅱ,得到了无病平衡态全局稳定和局部稳定的条件.当病原体Ⅰ不发展为病原体Ⅱ时,得到了病原体Ⅰ类平衡态的稳定性依赖于病原体Ⅱ类的基本再生指数.     

Creep of polymer concrete in the nonlinear region

Two polyester-based polymer concretes with various volume content of diabase as an extender and aggregate are tested in creep under compression at different stress levels. The phenomenological and structural approaches are both used to analyze the experimental data. Common features of changes in the instantaneous and creep compliances are clarified, and a phenomenological creep model which accounts for the changes in the instantaneous compliance and in the retardation spectrum depending on the stress level is developed. It is shown that the model can be used to describe the experimental results of stress relaxation and creep under repeated loading. Modeling of the composite structure and subsequent solution of the optimization problem confirm the possibility of the existence of an interphase layer more compliant than the binder. A direct correlation between the interphase volume content and the instantaneous compliance of the composite is revealed. It is found that the distinction in nonlinearity of the viscoelastic behavior of the two polymer concretes under investigation can be due to the difference in their porosity. Submitted to the 11th International Conference on Mechanics of Composite Materials (Riga, June 11–15, 2000.) Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 147–164, 2000.     

Modelling and simulation of micro-well formation

Physico-chemical processes on the micro-scale require new modelling concepts because some effects become dominating that are negligible for macroscopic systems. This is illustrated by a new method for the production of micro-wells based on the placement of a small drop of toluene on a plate of polystyrene. After droplet evaporation, a micro-well is left. A mathematical model has been developed to understand the elementary processes of the micro-well formation. The model accounts for: (1) growth of the drop on the substrate, (2) evaporation process of the solvent, (3) dissolution of the substrate, (4) flow rate in the evaporating drop caused by the pinning effect, including the vertical velocity profile, and (5) increase in the concentration of dissolved material followed by precipitation. In the modelling and simulation process, it could be shown that the method of drop production also has a significant influence on the shape of the micro-wells.     

A perturbed risk model with dependence between premium rates and claim sizes

This paper considers a dependent risk model with diffusion for the surplus of an insurer, in which a current premium rate will be adjusted after a claim occurs and the adjusted rate is determined by the amount of the claim. At the same time, the diffusion is changed correspondingly. Using Rouché’s theorem, we first derive the closed-form solution for the Laplace transform of the survival probability in the dependent risk model. Then, using the Laplace transform, we derive a defective renewal equation satisfied by the survival probability. For the exponential claim sizes, we present the explicit recursion expression for the survival probability, by which we can exactly solve the survival probability step-by-step. We also illustrate the influence of the model parameters in the dependent risk model on the survival probability by numerical examples.     

Multi‐dimensional Lotka–Volterra systems for carcinogenesis mutations

In the paper we consider three classes of models describing carcinogenesis mutations. Every considered model is described by the system of (n+1) equations, and in each class three models are studied: the first is expressed as a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), the second—as a system of reaction–diffusion equations (RDEs) with the same kinetics as the first one and with the Neumann boundary conditions, while the third is also described by the system of RDEs but with the Dirichlet boundary conditions. The models are formulated on the basis of the Lotka–Volterra systems (food chains and competition systems) and in the case of RDEs the linear diffusion is considered. The differences between studied classes of models are expressed by the kinetic functions, namely by the form of kinetic function for the last variable, which reflects the dynamics of malignant cells (that is the last stage of mutations). In the first class the models are described by the typical food chain with favourable unbounded environment for the last stage, in the second one—the last equation expresses competition between the pre‐malignant and malignant cells and the environment is also unbounded, while for the third one—it is expressed by predation term but the environment is unfavourable. The properties of the systems in each class are studied and compared. It occurs that the behaviour of solutions to the systems of ODEs and RDEs with the Neumann boundary conditions is similar in each class; i.e. it does not depend on diffusion coefficients, but strongly depends on the class of models. On the other hand, in the case of the Dirichlet boundary conditions this behaviour is related to the magnitude of diffusion coefficients. For sufficiently large diffusion coefficients it is similar independently of the class of models, i.e. the trivial solution that is unstable for zero diffusion gains stability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an exponential attractor

We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an exponential attractor. The condition is formulated in the context of metric spaces. It also captures the quantitative properties of the attractor, i.e., the dimension and the rate of attraction. As an application, we show that the evolution operator for the wave equation with nonlinear damping has an exponential attractor.     

ON NEWMAN-TYPE RATIONAL INTERPOLATION TO ｜x｜ AT THE CHEBYSHEV NODES OF THE SECOND KIND

Recently Brutman and Passow considered Newman-type rational interpolation to ｜x｜ induced by arbitrary set of symmetric nodes in [-1,1] and gave the general estimation of the approximation error.By their methods one could establish the exact order of approximation for some special nodes. In the present paper we consider the special case where the interpolation nodes are the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind and prove that in this case the exact order of approximation is O（1/n｜nn）     

面向远海岛屿的救助基地选址优化模型及其算法

为解决在远海海域选择岛屿建设救助基地的方案优化问题,建立了基于GIS和智能算法的双目标优化模型,采用自适应拉伸的拥挤距离计算公式,设计了自适应精英保留策略对算法进行改进,通过剖析决策者选择最优方案的基本原则,得到了性价比最高的优化方案。最后,以我国南海南沙群岛选择岛屿建设救助基地的方案优化为例进行分析,得到了较好结果。为验证文中改进算法的有效性,选取多个不同规模的方案进行分析比较,结果显示本文提出的算法在优化结果及解的分布性等方面均更优。本文研究为我国海上岛屿救助基地选址和在资源有限的情况下如何科学配置救助船队提供了分析方法。     

颤振分析中的特征值排序问题

颤振分析中判断颤振临界速度的重要依据是系统V-g和V-f图,即系统特征值随参数的变化曲线.在几乎所有商用软件及自编程序的输出结果中,有时会出现所谓的"窜支"现象,这给颤振临界速度和颤振穿越分支及耦合形式的判断带来很大不便.通过隐函数定理可以证明,除重特征值点以外,系统特征值连续依赖于系统参数变化.依据多元向量值函数连续性,建立对特征值的排列算法,给出系统特征根轨迹的正确曲线,再输出V-g和V-f图数据,从而避免"窜支"现象.编制应用程序,通过几个典型算例对算法进行了验证.该工作能够有效简化颤振分析的后处理工作,提高分析效率.     

Computing a closest bifurcation instability in multidimensional parameter space

Summary Engineering and physical systems are often modeled as nonlinear differential equations with a vector λ of parameters and operated at a stable equilibrium. However, as the parameters λ vary from some nominal value λ₀, the stability of the equilibrium can be lost in a saddle-node or Hopf bifurcation. The spatial relation in parameter space of λ₀ to the critical set of parameters at which the stable equilibrium bifurcates determines the robustness of the system stability to parameter variations and is important in applications. We propose computing a parameter vector λ_* at which the stable equilibrium bifurcates which is locally closest in parameter space to the nominal parameters λ₀. Iterative and direct methods for computing these locally closest bifurcations are described. The methods are extensions of standard, one-parameter methods of computing bifurcations and are based on formulas for the normal vector to hypersurfaces of the bifurcation set. Conditions on the hypersurface curvature are given to ensure the local convergence of the iterative method and the regularity of solutions of the direct method. Formulas are derived for the curvature of the saddle node bifurcation set. The methods are extended to transcritical and pitchfork bifurcations and parametrized maps, and the sensitivity to λ₀ of the distance to a closest bifurcation is derived. The application of the methods is illustrated by computing the proximity to the closest voltage collapse instability of a simple electric power system.