二级供应链中提前期压缩的价格协调机制

提前期压缩是形成供应链战略优势的有利来源.在市场需求预测精度随提前期变化的情况下,采用逻辑证明和数值分析的方法,研究由供应商-零售商构成的两阶段供应链中由供应商承担压缩成本的提前期压缩对供应链及其成员收益的影响,并提出了相应的供应链价格协调机制.结果表明:提前期压缩对供应链成员收益的影响随服务水平和压缩成本不同而不同,通过引入价格协调机制,可以实现供应链成员收益的Pareto改进.最后通过数值算例对结论进行了验证.     

考虑RFID应用的资金约束供应链订购决策研究

RFID技术的应用在有效降低商品库存损耗率的同时,也增加了供应链企业的运营成本,尤其是具有资金压力的供应链中小企业。在零售商具有资金约束的二级供应链下分析RFID技术的应用对资金约束供应链绩效的影响,通过构建贸易信贷下基于批发价合同的Stackelberg博弈模型,对比采用RFID前后资金约束供应链成员的均衡决策及期望收益,探讨了该供应链采用RFID的必要条件。结果显示当RFID标签成本低于某个阈值,或RFID库存损耗恢复率高于某个阈值时,供应链成员会选择采用RFID。此外,当RFID单位标签成本或零售商标签成本分摊系数较低,或RFID库存损耗恢复率较高时,制造商会提供比不采用RFID时更高的批发价;在采用RFID的条件下,零售商订购数量低于不采用RFID时的数量。通过设计收益分享契约实现了采用RFID时资金约束供应链的协调。     

基于提前期压缩的供应链三方利益博弈

讨论基于提前期压缩的供应链利益协调问题。供应商采用批量分解方式向采购商供货,由3 PL承担运输。供应链成员通过提前期赶工压缩提前期,降低成本。基于斯坦克尔伯格博弈模型,设计一种决策原则,对采购商、供应商、3PL和系统四方成本节约情况进行比较并根据决策原则挑选出最佳方案。仿真分析讨论了相关参数变化对决策变量和各方成本节约额的影响。结论表明,三方博弈的结果倾向于选择A模式或D模式,且当采购商单位库存成本较大时,各方成本节约额随采购商订货成本变化波动较大。结论证明了基于提前期压缩的博弈决策方式的有效性。     

基于提前期压缩的两阶段供应链的契约协调

研究了基于提前期压缩的信息对称和信息不对称两种情况下的供应链协调问题,重点解决了在信息不对称时采用线性转移支付策略解决供应链的不协调问题.当压缩提前期时,制造商的成本增加,成本的增加值信息对销售商有对称和不对称两种情况.在信息对称时采用收益共享契约可以实现供应链的协调;在信息不对称,采用收益共享契约时,为了激励制造商,销售商不得不对制造商生产成本的不确定性付出成本,导致利润下降,而制造商由于拥有私有信息而使得利润增加,所以整个供应链并没有达到集中决策时的水平,只得到了帕累托改善的次优结果.创新点在于采用线性转移支付策略实现了供应链的协调,达到了帕累托最优,解决了收益共享契约不能实现供应链协调的问题.最后通过算例进行了说明.     

随机弹性需求下供应链销售价格与提前期联合决策及协调机制

研究了市场需求随机且对销售价格及提前期敏感的条件下,供应链如何制定最优的销售价格、提前期以及库存因子使得利润最大化。首先,分析了集中决策与分散决策供应链的最优决策,发现集中决策与分散决策模式下的提前期与库存因子是相同的,但分散决策下的销售价格更高、期望利润更低,且分散决策与集中决策供应链的利润之比随着需求对价格的敏感程度的增大而增大。然后建立了收入共享与成本分担的协调机制,并分析了其最优决策。研究发现,协调决策机制可以有效地压缩提前期,并能同时使供应链达到帕累托改进,但不能达到完美协调,而且还发现协调决策下制定的最优销售价格比分散决策要低。最后通过数值计算对三种供应链决策模式下的绩效进行了比较分析,结果表明供应链利润随着需求方差增大而减小,提前期压缩程度随着材料成本承担比例增大而增大。上述结论可以为企业制定销售价格与提前期决策以及企业间的协调提供有益的指导。     

商业信用下考虑公平关切的农产品供应链协调研究

在一市场需求随机且受零售商努力水平影响的二级供应链中,供应商向零售商提供商业信用,考虑零售商公平关切行为对供应链契约及协调性的影响.首先,分别给出集中决策和分散决策下的最优订购量和努力水平;其次,论证了批发契约无法实现供应链的协调,设计了收益共享与成本分担契约实现供应链协调.研究结果表明,收益共享与成本分担契约可实现供应链订购量与努力水平的协调,且随零售商公平关切系数的增加,零售商和供应商的谈判空间会缩小;供应商提供较长的信用期则有助于零售商提高订购量和增加努力水平,供应链成员的效用将提高.     

碳限额与交易机制下受资金约束的供应链优化

在碳限额与交易机制下,研究零售商受资金约束的供应链优化问题。构建了制造商占优的两级供应链Stackelberg博弈模型,通过引入减排成本分担机制,分别给出了分散决策和集中决策的最优解。通过收益共享契约,实现了供应链协调和供应链成员利润的帕累托改善。通过算例分析了不同减排成本分担系数、碳交易价格对供应链利润和订购量、碳减排决策的影响,为供应链各成员开展减排合作提供了理论依据。研究结果表明,供应链成员的合作不仅可以提高供应链总绩效,而且有利于为消费者提供更多、更绿色的产品;碳价格的提高,促使供应链更加努力减排,从而提高了供应链总利润。     

供应链主从企业利益协调与激励的Stackelberg博弈分析

如何有效地进行利益协调与激励,对于供应链各成员之间的合作至关重要.在考虑零售商的销售努力对市场需求影响的基础上,构建了一个Stackelberg博弈模型,以考察由一个生产商为主导方、多个零售商为跟随方所构成的二级供应链,探讨各成员之间如何合理地协调利益及相应的激励设置,从而使供应链各成员之间建立起积极的合作关系,并发挥供应链的协同效应.研究发现,生产商通过调整给予零售商的奖金大小,协调各成员的利益,能够以最低的激励成本在不损害零售商利益的前提下提高它们的努力程度,从而实现自身利益的最大化.     

分布自由时基于可控提前期的契约适应性研究

研究表明回购契约与收益共享契约具有等价性,然而二者却适用于不同的供应链。本文从提前期可控的视角并将供应链管理引入需求分布自由的市场环境,研究二者的适应性。首先构建一体化供应链系统的决策模型,基于模型推导其最优生产量和最优生产时点的存在性条件;然后分别以回购契约和收益共享契约作为激励机制,研究契约对单一供应商-零售商构成的二级分散供应链系统的适应性。结果表明,回购契约和收益共享契约均能协调供应链,但二者具有不同的适应性:当单位时间内边际生产成本增幅较大时,供应商偏好选择回购契约;提前压缩期越长,零售商越偏好选择收益共享契约。最后通过数值分析验证文章模型的有效性。     

考虑公平关切的鲜活农产品供应链收益共享契约

研究收益共享契约下供应链成员具有公平关切时的鲜活农产品供应链协调问题。基于鲜活农产品的新鲜度和运输损耗因素,考虑供应链成员的公平关切特性,建立二级鲜活农产品供应链收益共享契约模型。进而分析了仅有零售商或供应商一方考虑公平关切,以及双方都考虑公平关切等不同情形下的供应链协调机制。分析结果表明,考虑供应链成员公平关切特性的情况下,当批发价满足一定条件时,收益共享契约能够使鲜活农产品供应链实现协调,且公平关切对供应链成员的效用有一定影响。最后运用算例对研究结果进行了验证。     

A study on lead-time discount coordination for deteriorating products

Goods flowing through supply chains usually deteriorate. Such goods may corrupt, volatilize, and degenerate over time and thus cause the decline of their values or quantity. This study focuses on lead-time coordination for supply chains with deteriorating products which facilitates member cooperation and long-time relationships, thus increasing profit for the entire supply chain. A two-level supply chain with a single supplier and a single retailer is considered, in which the product deteriorates in the same manner for both the supplier and retailer, which is allowed to have shortages. A lead-time discount coordination strategy is used to maximize the profit of the entire supply chain by appropriately determining the optimal order quantity and lead-time. A numerical example is given, and sensitivity analyses are performed to analyze the influence of various parameters on the overall profit. The results can help managers establish long-term cooperative relationships in supply chains.     

Measurement and optimization of responsiveness in supply chain networks with queueing structures

In this paper we consider supply chains with multiple stages of serial or network structure. The supply chains are endogenous in the sense that they involve queues because each order’s lead-time is dependent on the orders already in the system. We define supply chain responsiveness as the probability of fulfilling customer orders within a promised lead-time and study the problems of measuring and optimizing supply chain responsiveness using queueing network models. We first consider a single-server multi-stage serial supply chain and find a closed form expression for the fulfilment time distribution. For the multi-server multi-stage problem, the closed form evaluation of the fulfilment time distribution becomes intractable due to the dependency of the lead-times in different stages. We circumvent this difficulty by proposing a novel FCFS discipline which enables a closed-form analysis. For the multi-server multi-stage Jackson-type supply chain network, to enable analysis, we convert the system into an equivalent single server single stage system with state-dependent rates. For each case, we present detailed numerical examples for both measurement and the optimization of supply chain responsiveness.     

Minimizing customer order lead-time in a two-stage assembly supply chain

Coordination across different process stages of the supply chain is becoming more common as the information needed for this coordination is easier to obtain and share. With the availability of this information, managers are beginning to recognize that there can be benefits to scheduling processes in a coordinated fashion. Thus, finding good schedules for the entire supply chain has added importance to today’s managers. Coordination of the material as it moves from one stage to the next should lead to improved customer order lead-time performance for the whole chain and thus better customer service overall. We look at a two-stage assembly supply chain with the objective of minimizing the average customer order lead-time. Minimizing lead-time is becoming increasingly important as customers demand quicker response. But beyond this better customer service objective, minimizing lead-time is consistent with keeping inventory costs low. We introduce a number of properties of optimal solutions, results for special problem cases, and a series of lower bounds. We also provide a number of intuitive heuristics for coordinated supply chain scheduling and test them to determine their effectiveness.     

A framework for mapping the RFID-enabled process redesign in a simulation model

Empowered by the possibility to automatically identify unique product instances, the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is expected to revolutionize the supply chain processes. However, in view of the numerous possible ways that RFID can be implemented within the supply chain, the issue of supporting the design choices based on a credible assessment between the current (as-is) and the future (to-be) processes has become a matter of considerable concern and debate for both practitioners and academics alike. To design RFID implementations in the supply chain using a robust dynamic analysis, we resort to discrete event simulation. As a result, this paper conceptualizes the ‘RFID-enabled process redesign’ and proposes a framework regarding all possible types of RFID effects when integrating the technology within the supply chain processes. The research design was based on the empirical evidence through three case studies combined with the development of simulation models and on theoretical constructs regarding the information technology (IT)-enabled process redesign.     

Exploring the impacts of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology on supply chain performance

This paper is aimed at providing a framework to help managers of a supply chain enterprise determine the appropriate operational and environmental conditions under which investing in radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is more beneficial. For this purpose, a four-echelon supply chain that is operated under different levels of collaboration is examined in a comprehensive simulation model. Results from the simulation model show that integrating RFID technology within a supply chain provides significantly greater benefits when the level of collaboration between the participants is more intensive. In addition, the results also show that these benefits are stronger when lead times are longer and/or when demand uncertainty in marketplace is lower.     

提前期需求为模糊随机条件下的连续库存补货策略

考虑提前期内需求为模糊随机变量且提前期为可缩短情形下,建立由购买商和供应商所组成的简单供应链连续库存补货策略优化模型,其中订单量、再订货点和提前期为决策变量.首先推导出模糊随机需求条件下购买商和供应链的成本函数,然后,进一步考虑总需求为三角模糊数,推导出供应商、购买商和供应链的模糊成本函数.在此基础上分别从购买商成本最小和供应链成本最小角度对模型进行求解,结合具体算例对模型进行应用分析和比较分析,结果表明模型具有有效性和实用性,并得出如下结论:从购买商本身角度考虑订购策略所产生的供应链成本总是大于从供应链整体角度考虑订货策略所产生的供应链成本,同时从购买商本身角度考虑订货策略所产生的最优订购量、购买商成本低于从供应链整体角度考虑订货策略所产生的最优订购量、购买商成本.     

Impact of RFID technology on inventory control policy

RFID application can improve operation performance in a supply chain by reducing or eliminating inventory misplacement and shrinkage. In this paper, we present a periodic review inventory model to investigate and characterize the multiperiod inventory control policies in both non-RFID and RFID cases when the firm encounters misplacement and shrinkage. The optimal inventory control policy is proved to be a two-control limit policy. The control limits in both the non-RFID case and the RFID case are analyzed and examined, while considering the impact of shrinkage and misplacement on inventory policies. A critical inventory level is determined to identify the relationship of higher inventory level control limits between the RFID case and the non-RFID case. An intensive numerical study with sensitivity analysis of selling price, misplacement rate, shrinkage rate, inventory recovery rate, and tag price is conducted. We find that when RFID technology is adopted, the inventory control policy in the RFID case is much more stable than that of the non-RFID case, as the misplaced inventory can be recovered perfectly and instantly for sale and the inventory shrinkage can be reduced by RFID technology. In addition, one of our intriguing findings is that when the shrinkage rate is below a threshold value which is independent of parameters, RFID application has no effect on inventory control policy if the misplaced inventory can be recovered in a timely manner by physical audit, which has not been revealed in previous studies.     

Comparing improvement strategies for inventory inaccuracy in a two-echelon supply chain

Classical inventory theory often assumes no discrepancies between recorded inventory and actual inventory. However, inventory records are usually inaccurate due to many reasons in practice. For example, inventory shrinkage refers to the difference between booked inventory that a company should have as a result of its sales, purchasing, and manufacturing processes and actual inventory that it has on hand. This paper concerns the impact of inventory shrinkage to a supply chain and investigates different strategies to deal with inventory shrinkage. We consider a single-period two-echelon supply chain consisting of a Stackelberg manufacturer and a retailer whose inventory is subject to shrinkage errors. Our analysis is based on a single-period newsvendor model and considers the following cases of order decisions: (a) the retailer ignores the inventory errors; (b) the retailer estimates the errors; (c) the retailer shares the inventory error information with the manufacturer; and (d) RFID technology is used to reduce or eliminate the errors. The first case is the base strategy and a common practice for many supply chains, the other two represent certain non-technological strategies of the retailer when dealing with inventory inaccuracy, and the last one represents a technology improvement strategy by the manufacturer to reduce or eliminate inventory shrinkage errors. We compare these improvement strategies and derive critical tag price for RFID implementation as a technological remedy for the inventory inaccuracy problem. Conditions for the profitability of RFID adoption are discussed.