汇率传递弹性动态变化特征的实证研究——基于状态空间模型的分析

将状态空间时变参数模型应用于汇率传递效应的研究,实证分析了2005M07~2012M06人民币名义有效汇率对通货膨胀传递弹性的动态时变特征.实证分析的结果表明:第一,汇率制度改革后人民币汇率传递弹性总体为正,这与通常认为的升值抑制通货膨胀的观点并不一致;第二,在样本时间段内,汇率传递弹性在0.72至0.73之间变动,汇率传递弹性随时间呈现出先下降后缓慢上升的"U"型趋势,说明外部经济通过汇率机制在一定程度上推高了国内物价水平.最后针对结论给出了相应的政策含义.     

外汇市场、股票市场与房地产市场的风险传染研究——基于三元VAR-BEKK-GARCH模型实证分析

本文将人民币汇率、房价和股价三者纳入一个统一的分析框架中,从水平变动和波动风险两个方面考虑时变异方差和变量间的风险传递效应,使用“二次汇改”后的2010年6月到2017年12月的月度数据,采用三元GARCH和BEKK时序模型研究人民币汇率、房价和股价之间的动态影响关系及其波动风险互动机制。研究发现,三个市场相互之间具有明显的影响,特别是价格波动的风险传染上,房地产市场与股票之间、股票市场与汇率市场之间或长期或短期都存在风险的传递效应。具体而言,市场在均值溢出方面,人民币升值会促进房价和股价的上涨;但房价与股价之间的价格影响关系并不明显。在波动溢出方面,房价和股价之间的波动溢出效应明显,同时存在ARCH和GARCH型波动效应,而股价对汇率的波动影响也同时存在ARCH和GARCH型波动效应,但汇率对股价仅有GARCH型波动效应。     

人民币境内即期汇率与境外NDF汇价互动的四阶段比较分析

汇率改革以来,人民币境内即期汇市与境外NDF汇市的相互作用逐渐加强。通过对汇率弹性不同时期的人民币境内即期汇市与境外NDF汇市进行分段比较分析表明,二者间有较显著的引导作用和波动溢出效应,汇率弹性的增加有助于提升境内市场的价格引导力,过多的汇市干预和严格的波幅限制则会削弱它。越具"弹性化"的境内汇率越具价格引导力。     

基于VAR模型的QE政策下人民币汇率传导机制研究

针对美国实施的量化宽松货币政策,基于Frankel理论,通过建立VAR模型实证分析货币政策的汇率传导机制.研究发现:在美国四轮(2008-2014)QE国际环境下,从长期看,相对货币供给、利差、通货膨胀差、相对真实收入和人民币汇率具有一定长期均衡关系,但单个变量对汇率的影响并不显著,货币政策并不具有汇率有效传导机制;从短期看,上述长期均衡关系是汇率变化的重要因素,汇率的短期波动在很大程度上来自于系统对偏离这种长期均衡的修复,汇率的即期波动也受其自身、货币供给及真实收入的影响,且短期传导机制具有一定滞后性,其中货币供给效应滞后2个月;从中短期看,汇率变化除受到很强的自身相关性影响外,也受相对真实收入、相对利率冲击的影响,且影响滞后持久、深远(至少10个月),具有显著的汇率理论传导效应.据此提出了相关建议.     

人民币汇率、汇率风险对中国对美国出口的经济影响分析

汇率影响出口有两个途径,一是汇率变动(升值或贬值),二是汇率波动(汇率风险).2003年以来,中国一直面临人民币升值的压力,特别是来自美国和日本对人民币重新估值的压力;人民币汇率升值是否对出口产生负面效应,影响程度有多大,一直是这段时期的关注焦点.本文利用1990.01-2007.08间的月度数据主要从时间序列数据的季节效应分解(UCM)、自回归建模(自回归-GARCH)和动态条件相关系数(DCC)三个角度实证的分析了人民币汇率升值对中国对美国出口的经济影响,几个不同的角度,都揭示了人民币汇率升值会减少中国对美国的出口;本文还发现汇率风险的增加会减少出口贸易的增速.通过动态条件相关系数分析发现实际汇率对出口的解释能力为20%-30%;通过汇率对出口的弹性分析发现人民币月度汇率弹性为150～220(亿元/人民币兑美元);此外,近两年实际汇率升值起点滞后名义汇率升值起点1年左右,而中国对美国的出口又滞后实际汇率的升值起点3-4个月.最后,本文指出通过有效地抑制通货膨胀,降低美元储备,转移汇率风险等途径在一定程度上可缓解人民币汇率升值压力和对冲汇率风险.     

人民币汇率波动与我国房价关系的实证分析

分析了汇率影响房价的机制,利用人民币实际有效汇率、房地产价格指数和银行同业拆借利率共30组数据(2005,07～2007,12)建立了向量自回归模型(VAR),并使用协整、Granger因果检验,脉冲响应分析对人民币汇率波动与我国房地产价格之间的关系进行实证检验.研究结果表明,人民币实际有效汇率对房地产价格产生正向影响,人民币升值是引起房价上涨的格兰杰原因.在现阶段,控制因人民币升值而进入中国的境外资金过度流入房地产市场,有利于保持我国房地产价格稳定.     

基于SVAR模型的汇率影响因素分析

为了分析汇率与其他宏观经济变量的关系,本文在信息国际化和虚拟资本脱离实体经济迅速发展的假设下,建立SVAR结构的综合效应汇率模型,并实证检验了诸宏观经济变量对人民币汇率的同期效应及滞后效应。研究发现,人民币汇率不但受到外汇储备等宏观经济变量的滞后影响,也受到了信息变化对市场预期和行为的同期影响;在同期,货币供给量和国内股票总值信息变动对其影响尤其大;人民币对特别提款权汇率比人民币对美元汇率更能反映人民币的价值。因此,本文认为货币当局在汇率管理中可以将直接冲击货币价值的因素(如货币供给量)作为主要变量。     

人民币J-曲线效应的统计分析

在介绍J-曲线效应和相关研究方法基础上,运用向量自回归模型和脉冲响应函数对1995年以后的人民币汇率是否存在J曲线效应进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:人民币实际汇率贬值对贸易收支改善的效应时滞在1-2个季度,这说明我国目前仍然属于贸易合同均以美元表示的、贸易依赖程度较大的开放经济;从而在进出口价格弹性符号短期内不发生变化的情况下,人民币汇率水平向下方调整(升值)不会显示反J-曲线效应现象。因此在人民币升值压力较大时,应选择基准汇率浮动范围较小的汇率改革。     

金融危机后中国跨境短期资本流动与人民币汇率及资产价格波动关联研究

基于综合资产收益率平价理论构建理论模型,研究探讨了中国跨境短期资本流动规模与资产价格及人民币汇率预期变动之间的动态关系.然后在此基础上通过建立VAR模型,采用格兰杰因果检验以及脉冲响应分析等方法实证分析了2010年7月至2015年6月中国跨境短期资本流动、人民币汇率预期波动、利率、房价和股价变动之间的关联关系.实证结果表明:中国房地产市场、股票市场上涨会吸引短期跨境资本流入;美元利率上升和人民币贬值预期会引致短期跨境资本的流出;短期跨境资本流入会造成国内利率降低,但对房地产市场、股票市场的影响不显著;中国房地产市场与股票市场之间会有联动效应,人民币的贬值预期也会引致房地产价格下降.     

人民币汇率弹性调整对我国汇市与股市关系的影响——基于长记忆VAR-(BEKK)MVGARCH模型

针对金融时间序列的长记忆和尖峰肥尾特征,建立残差服从t分布的长记忆VAR-(BEKK)MVGARCH模型,并基于2005汇改后的人民币/美元汇率和上证综指日数据,实证分析了人民币汇率弹性调整对我国汇市和股市关系的影响,结果表明:我国汇市和股市的均值溢出效应虽不是很显著,但存在显著的汇市对股市的单向波动溢出效应,且这种波动溢出效应具有动态起伏性.人民币汇率弹性政策调整虽然没有改变我国汇市和股市间相关性较弱的总体特征,但具有短期冲击影响。人民币汇率弹性的收窄增强了我国股市对汇市的均值溢出效应,减弱了我国汇市对股市的短期波动溢出效应,而人民币汇率弹性的增加则促进了我国汇市和股市的双向波动溢出。     

The Balassa–Samuelson effect in Romania – The role of regulated prices

Due to the Balassa–Samuelson effect, the candidate countries to the European Monetary Union face a possible conflict between the effects of tradable productivity increase on inflation and on the appreciation of the real exchange rate on one hand, and the Maastricht criteria regarding inflation and exchange rate stability on the other hand. A restrictive monetary policy could succeed in reaching inflation criteria, but only with the cost of slowing down real convergence. This paper deals with the Balassa–Samuelson effect in Romania. The main conclusion of the paper is that in the period 1998–2006 the average annual rate of inflation generated by the Balassa–Samuelson effect in Romania was on average 0.6% in the case of the classical model. Due to the existence of government-regulated prices (mostly non-tradable goods) accounting for as much as 21% of the CPI basket in Romania – the price of non-tradables has increased by less than in the case those prices were market prices. If we include these regulated prices in non-tradable, which is named by us extended model, the impact of Balassa–Samuelson on inflation could have been on average 2.46%. Therefore, the Balassa–Samuelson effect is expected to result into higher inflation with future price liberalization for non-tradables.     

人民币汇率波动对我国出口价格的传递效应研究——区分持久性与暂时性汇率变动的不同影响

实体经济的变化和货币政策与金融市场的扰动,分别造成汇率的持久性变动与暂时性变动。为了研究这两种不同的汇率变动对出口价格产生的影响,本文通过研究不完全竞争市场中出口企业的定价行为,建立理论分析框架,并使用Blanchard-Quah方法对汇率变动进行分解,得出两种不同的汇率变动。基于VEC模型,采用1997年1月至2012年12月我国的出口价格数据进行实证分析,结果表明:人民币实际有效汇率的持久性变动和暂时性变动对我国出口价格的传递系数分别为0.84和0.67。因此,加快出口行业的转型与升级以及维持好货币政策与金融市场的稳定,对降低汇率波动对我国出口企业的影响具有重要的意义。     

A note on the classification of consumer demand functions with respect to retailer pass-through rates

Tyagi (1999) derived conditions on the curvature of consumer demand functions which make it optimal for a profit-maximizing retailer to pass-through greater (less) than 100% of a manufacturer trade deal amount. Since the pass-through is customarily evaluated at the optimal wholesale price, then additional sufficient conditions are needed to ensure the existence of an optimal wholesale price. The purpose of this note is to derive the additional required conditions on the curvature of the consumer demand functions for the existence of a greater (less) than 100% retailer pass-through rate at the optimal wholesale price.     

币值低估下对外贸易对物价水平的影响

从货币数量方程出发,运用汇率理论与对外贸易理论,主要讨论了币值低估时,对外贸易对经济体内物价水平的影响.在外贸情况一定时,经济体内物价水平与币值低估程度正相关;当币值低估程度确定,进出口比例与外贸规模也会对经济体内的通胀大小产生影响,具体表现为:外贸顺差越大,通胀越严重;但贸易逆差时,仍然有可能出现通胀;而若要追求贸易平衡的目标,则外贸规模越大,通胀越严重.同时,一国的币值低估还通过对外贸易对他国的物价水平产生影响.     

人民币升值对中国出口品价格的影响研究

人民币升值对中国进出口贸易的影响,主要是通过价格竞争机制完成的.首先分析了人民币升值影响中国出口品价格的传导路径;然后利用计量经济模型估计了各个部门产品的进口需求函数;同时考虑到进口品对国内生产品的替代和部门间的价格传导,利用反映加工贸易的非竞争型投入产出模型分情景分析了人民币汇率上升对中国各个部门加工贸易出口品价格和一般贸易出口品价格的影响,得到了非常具有现实意义的结论.     

区域差异化下汇率与房地产价格关系研究

从理论方面验证了汇率对房地产价格的传导机制,并建立马尔科夫区制转换的向量自回归模型(MS-VAR),在区域差异的基础上研究汇率与房地产价格的非线性互动关系.实证研究表明汇率与我国房地产价格间互动关系在不同区域的情况有差异性:一线城市房地产价格与汇率相互促进,在经济波动较大(区制2)的情况下,响应程度更加明显;三线城市房地产价格与汇率之间的关系很微弱,且在两个区制下响应程度相似.并根据所得结果对房价调控政策提出了建议.     

Valuation and hedging strategy of currency options under regime-switching jump-diffusion model

The main purpose of this thesis is in analyzing and empirically simulating risk minimizing European foreign exchange option pricing and hedging strategy when the spot foreign exchange rate is governed by a Markov-modulated jump-diffusion model. The domestic and foreign money market interest rates, the drift and the volatility of the exchange rate dynamics all depend on a continuous-time hidden Markov chain which can be interpreted as the states of a macro-economy. In this paper, we will provide a practical lognormal diffusion dynamic of the spot foreign exchange rate for market practitioners. We employing the minimal martingale measure to demonstrate a system of coupled partial-differential-integral equations satisfied by the currency option price and attain the corresponding hedging schemes and the residual risk. Numerical simulations of the double exponential jump diffusion regime-switching model are used to illustrate the different effects of the various parameters on currency option prices.     

Economic Order Quantities with Inflation

The classical EOQ formula assumes that all relevant costs and prices are constant. In this paper it is shown that with inflation the choice of the inventory carrying charge used in the EOQ formula depends on the company's pricing policy. If prices change independently of replenishment order timing the inventory charge should be low and independent of the inflation rate. However, when no "double ticketing" is permitted and the company uses a constant percentage mark up the carrying charge is high and depends on the inflation rate and the mark-up. Only if the company is allowed a fixed monetary margin is the classical result for carrying charge valid.     

Stochastic modelling of long-term investment risks

There are many risks that individuals, firms, and societieshave to face, and among them are the uncertainties of futureinvestment variables, which include inflation (both of pricesand earnings), interest rates,exchange rates, and returns onordinary shares (including both dividend income and changesin capital values).These investment risks affect inviduals intheir own financial planning; affect companies in planning investmentprojects and in arrangements for raising capital;affect governmentsand government institutions that have to borrow in the capitalmarkets; and especially affect investment institutions and intermediarieswho take on borrowings, deposits, insurance contracts, or pensionfund liabilities on the one hand and invest assets in loans,ordinary shares, property, or other investments on the other. A great deal of work done by financial economists in recentdecades has established reasonable models for describing movementsof many investment variables in the short run. Typically thesemodels are based on a 'random walk' or Gauss-Wiener continuousdiffusion process. This sort of model has been particularlyvaluable to market-makers and other investment participantswhose time horizon is short. But these short-term models oftendo not provide a satisfactory structure for the long term. Thispresentation will describe some of the author's work in thestatistical analysis of long-term investment series, both inthe United Kingdom and in other countries, based on statisticaltime-series analysis of historical data. Although many of the series could be valued using multivariatemethods, such as vector autoregressive (VAR) models, preliminaryinvestigation showed that many of the series could be investigatedin a 'cascade' fashion, with price inflation being put as theinitial 'driver'. A very long historic series shows long periodswhen changes in prices in successive years could be taken asrandom, with zero drift, and other periods (including most ofthis century) when inflation rates in successive years werecorrelated. A similar pattern has applied in recent years inmany other countries. It is postulated that the prices of ordinary shares in aggregateare closely related to the dividends paid on them, so that theratio between dividend and price, i.e. the dividend yield, isstationary—fluctuating around a constant mean. The dividend-yieldseries can be described by means of a first-order autoregressivetime-series model,while the dividend series can be describedby a model that depends on inflation in the current and precedingyears, with an appropriate time lag. Interest rates, both long-term and short-term, are first decomposedinto an allowance for prospective future inflation and a 'real'rate of interest, comparable to the yield on index-linked stocks.The real rate of interest can also be modelled as a mean-revertingautoregressive model. The allowance for future inflationcanbe derived as a moving average of past inflation rates.In orderto link models for different countries, it is necessary to havea model for currency exchange rates. This can be done by postulatinga hypothetical 'purchasingpower parity' exchange rate, whichexactly allows for changes in inflation, and then by modellingthe deviation of the actual rate from the hypothetical rateby means of yet another autoregressive model. It is necessaryalso to keep an appropriate structure for cross rates betweenany pair of currencies. This series of stochastic models is particularly useful forestimating future scenarios of all the variables in a consistentmanner, and for estimating their likely variability. In some cases this can be done analytically, but in generalit requires ’Monte Carlo‘ simulations. Various possibleapplications of the model in different fields will be described.     

Stock interest rate risk and inflation shocks

In this paper we proceed to estimate a measure of the flow-through capability of the firms listed on the Spanish Stock Exchange. The flow-through capability is defined as the ability of firms to transmit inflation shocks to the prices of the products and services sold by the company. According to a strand of the literature, this flow-through capability can to some extent explain the so called “stock duration paradox”, which is the difference between the theoretical stock duration derived from the DDM model and its empirical estimates. The line of reasoning suggests that if a company can pass on inflation shocks to the prices of its own outputs and then to profits and dividends, nominal interest rate changes due to variations in the expected inflation will have a limited impact on stock prices. So in this paper we first estimate the flow-through capability for different industries and find great differences among them. Then we analyse the link between flow-through capability and stock duration and find a significant negative relationship between them, as claimed by part of the literature.