Mixed convection heat transfer in the boundary layers on an exponentially stretching surface with magnetic field

An analysis has been carried out to describe mixed convection heat transfer in the boundary layers on an exponentially stretching continuous surface with an exponential temperature distribution in the presence of magnetic field, viscous dissipation and internal heat generation/absorption. Approximate analytical similarity solutions of the highly non-linear momentum and energy equations are obtained. The present results are found to be in excellent agreement with previously published work on various special cases of the problem. Numerical results for temperature distribution and the local Nusselt number have been obtained for different values of the governing parameters. The numerical solutions are obtained by considering an exponential dependent stretching velocity and prescribed boundary temperature on the flow directional coordinate. The effects of various physical parameters like Prandtl number, Hartman number, Grashof number on dimensionless heat transfer characteristics are discussed in detail. In particular, it has been found that increase in Prandtl number decreases the skin-friction coefficient at the stretching surface, while increase in the strength of the magnetic field leads to increase in the local Nusselt number.     

Effect of viscous dissipation in natural convection along a heated vertical plate

The steady laminar boundary layer flow along a vertical stationary heated plate is studied taking into account the viscous dissipation of the fluid. The results are obtained with the numerical solution of the boundary layer equations. Both upward and downward flow is considered for the isothermal and uniform flux case. It is found that the interaction between the viscous heating and the buoyancy force has a strong influence on the results.     

Velocity and temperature distribution in a system consisting of a fluid layer overlying a layer of porous medium

The velocity and temperature distribution in a system consisting of a fluid layer overlying a layer of porous medium is investigated in the presence of buoyancy and surface tension forces. The analysis indicates that buoyancy and surface tension forces are additive and aid the flow by counteracting the effect of permeability. The temperature distribution is sensitive to the variation of the aspect ratio, and conductivities of the media. Further, the inclusion of the viscous dissipation term markedly affects the temperature distribution.     

Free convection effects on the oscillatory flow past a vertical porous plate in the presence of radiation for an optically thin fluid

The purpose of this work is to study the effect of transverse sinusoidal suction velocity on the flow and mass transfer on free convective oscillatory viscous and optically thin grey fluid over a porous vertical plate in the presence of radiation. The flow becomes three-dimensional due to the variation of suction velocity in the transverse direction. Analytical expressions for velocity and temperature fields are obtained using the perturbation technique. The governing equations has been transformed to ordinary differential equations. Numerical solutions are obtained for different values of radiation parameter, Grashof number and Schmidt number. It is found that non-dimensional velocity decreases with increase of radiation parameter, increases with increase of Grashof number, decreases with increase of Schmidt number and non-dimensional temperature decreases with the increase of radiation parameter.     

Series solutions for unsteady laminar MHD flow near forward stagnation point of an impulsively rotating and translating sphere in presence of buoyancy forces

The similarity solution for the unsteady laminar incompressible boundary layer flow of a viscous electrically conducting fluid in stagnation point region of an impulsively rotating and translating sphere with a magnetic field and a buoyancy force gives a system of non-linear partial differential equations. These non-linear differential equations are analytically solved by applying a newly developed method, namely the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The analytic solutions of the system of non-linear differential equations are constructed in the series form. The convergence of the obtained series solutions is carefully analyzed. Graphical results are presented to investigate the influence of the magnetic parameter, buoyancy parameter and rotation parameter on the surface shear stresses and surface heat transfer. It is noted that the behavior of the HAM solution for the surface shear stresses and surface heat transfer is in good agreement with the numerical solution given in reference [H. S. Takhar, A. J. Chamkha, G. Nath, Unsteady laminar MHD flow and heat transfer in the stagnation region of an impulsively spinning and translating sphere in the presence of buoyancy forces, Heat Mass Transfer 37 (2001) 397].     

An unified numerical approach of steady convection between two parallel plates

This paper considers the problem of laminar forced convection between two parallel plates. We present an unified numerical approach for some problems related to this case: the problem of viscous dissipation with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions and the Graetz problem. The solutions of these problems are obtained by a series expansion of the complete eigenfunctions system of some Sturm-Liouville problems. The eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of this Sturm-Liouville problem are obtained by using Galerkin’s method. Numerical examples are given for viscous fluids with various Brinkman numbers.     

柔性圆柱形微管道内的电动流动及传热研究

研究了在纯压力驱动下,流体通过壁面带有某种电荷的聚电解质层（PEL）的微管道，即柔性微管道的电动流动和热传输特性.基于先前得到的电势和速度的解析解以及流向势的数值解,在热充分发展的情况下, 假设壁面热流恒定,利用有限差分法求解了包括黏性耗散和Joule(焦耳)热影响下的能量方程，获得了无量纲温度数值解.通过数值计算，给出了相关的无量纲参数对速度、温度以及Nusselt(努赛尔)数的影响.研究表明,当其他参数固定时,无量纲速度和温度随着无量纲聚电解质层厚度d的增大而减小,随着聚电解质层中等效双电层厚度与双电层厚度之比K_λ的增大而增大；Nusselt数随着Joule热系数S的增大而减小,随无量纲聚电解质层厚度d的增大而减小,随着K_λ的增大而增大.     

恒温平行板间多孔介质通道中的分层耗散流动

利用Darcy模型,研究了平行板间充填饱和多孔介质的通道中,在热量入口处传热的粘性耗散效应．讨论了等温边界情况．求得热量入口处局部温度和体积计算平均温度随Nusselt数的分布．给出了独立于Brimkman数的经充分发展的Nusselt数应为6A·D2并观察到,若忽略粘性耗散影响,将导致熟知的内流现象,此时Nusselt数等于4.93．还给出了有限差分数值解．结果表明解析法和数值法的结果吻合很好．     

Fully-developed free-convective flow of micropolar and viscous fluids in a vertical channel

The problem of fully-developed laminar free-convection flow in a vertical channel is studied analytically with one region filled with micropolar fluid and the other region with a viscous fluid. Using the boundary and interface conditions proposed by previous investigators, analytical expressions for linear velocity, micro-rotation velocity and temperature have been obtained. Numerical results are presented graphically for the distribution of velocity, micro-rotation velocity and temperature fields for varying physical parameters such as the ratio of Grashof number to Reynolds number, viscosity ratio, width ratio, conductivity ratio and micropolar fluid material parameter. It is found that the effect of the micropolar fluid material parameter suppress the velocity whereas it enhances the micro-rotation velocity. The effect of the ratio of Grashof number to Reynolds number is found to enhance both the linear velocity and the micro-rotation velocity. The effects of the width ratio and the conductivity ratio are found to enhance the temperature distribution.     

Couple stress fluid flow with variable properties: A second law analysis

The present work examines the combined influence of variable thermal conductivity and viscosity on the irreversibility rate in couple stress fluid flow in between asymmetrically heated parallel plates. The dimensionless fluid equations are solved by using homotopy analysis method (HAM) and validated with Runge‐Kutta shooting method (RKSM). The convergent series solution is then used for the irreversibility analysis in the flow domain. The effects of thermal conductivity and viscosity variation parameters, couple stress parameter, Reynolds number, Grashof number, Hartmann number on the velocity profile, temperature distribution, entropy production, and heat irreversibility ratio are presented through graphs, and salient features of the solutions are discussed. The computations show that the entropy production rate decreases with increased magnetic field and thermal conductivity parameters, whereas it rises with increasing values of couple stress parameter, Brinkman number, viscosity variation parameter, and Grashof number. The study is relevant to lubrication theory.     

Numerical study of forced and free convective boundary layer flow of a magnetic fluid over a flat plate under the action of a localized magnetic field

The two-dimensional, steady, laminar, forced and free convective boundary layer flow of a magnetic fluid over a semi-infinite vertical plate, under the action of a localized magnetic field, is numerically studied. The magnetic fluid is considered to be water-based with temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. The study of the boundary layer is separated into two cases. In case I the boundary layer is studied near the leading edge, where it is dominated by the large viscous forces, whereas in case II the boundary layer is studied far from the leading edge of the plate where the effects of buoyancy forces increase. The numerical solution, for these two different cases, is obtained by an efficient numerical technique based on the common finite difference method. Numerical calculations are carried out for the value of Prandl number Pr =  49.832 (water-based magnetic fluid) and for different values of the dimensionless parameters entering into the problem and especially for the magnetic parameter Mn, the viscosity/temperature parameter Θ _r and the thermal/conductivity parameter S*. The analysis of the obtained results show that the flow field is influenced by the application of the magnetic field as well as by the variation of the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of the fluid with temperature. It is hoped that they could be interesting for engineering applications.     

等通量壁多孔饱和圆管中粘性耗散对热发展强迫对流的影响

基于Brinkman流动模型，研究了等通量壁多孔饱和圆管中粘性耗散对强迫对流的影响，在热发展区域，进行了数值研究；在充分发展区域，进行了摄动分析并求得温度分布的表达式和Nusselt数。在发展区域，利用数值解得到的充分发展Nusselt数与渐近分析结果进行了比较，吻合很好。     

Nonsimilar boundary layer analysis of double-diffusive convection from a vertical truncated cone in a porous medium with variable viscosity

This work presents a boundary layer analysis about variable viscosity effects on the double-diffusive convection near a vertical truncated cone in a fluid-saturated porous medium with constant wall temperature and concentration. The viscosity of the fluid is assumed to be an inverse linear function of the temperature. A boundary layer analysis is employed to derive the nondimensional nonsimilar governing equations, and the transformed boundary layer governing equations are solved by the cubic spline collocation method to yield computationally efficient numerical solutions. The obtained results are found to be in good agreement with previous papers on special cases of the problem. Results for local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented as functions of viscosity-variation parameter, buoyancy ratio, and Lewis number. For a porous medium saturated with a Newtonian fluid with viscosity proportional to an inverse linear function of temperature, higher value of viscosity-variation parameter leads to the decrease of the viscosity in fluid flow, thus increasing the fluid velocity as well as the local Nusselt number and the local Sherwood number.     

Effects of mass transfer on free convective flow of a dissipative,incompressible fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate with suction

An analysis of the mass transfer effects on the free convective flow of an incompressible, dissipative, viscous fluid past an infinite, vertical porous plate with constant suction, has been carried out. Approximate solutions to coupled non-linear equations governing the flow are derived. The velocity and the temperature profiles are shown graphically for air (P=0·71). The effects of Gr (Grashof number), Gc (the modified Grashof number), Sc (Schmidt number), E (Eckert number) are discussed qualitatively during the course of discussion. It is observed that due to the addition of the foreign mass, there is a rise in the velocity and a fall in the temperature. But the skin-friction increases when Sc?1 and it decreases when Sc ～1. The rate of heat transfer increases for Sc<1 and decreases for Sc>1.     

Numerical study of forced and free convective boundary layer flow of a magnetic fluid over a flat plate under the action of a localized magnetic field

The two-dimensional, steady, laminar, forced and free convective boundary layer flow of a magnetic fluid over a semi-infinite vertical plate, under the action of a localized magnetic field, is numerically studied. The magnetic fluid is considered to be water-based with temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. The study of the boundary layer is separated into two cases. In case I the boundary layer is studied near the leading edge, where it is dominated by the large viscous forces, whereas in case II the boundary layer is studied far from the leading edge of the plate where the effects of buoyancy forces increase. The numerical solution, for these two different cases, is obtained by an efficient numerical technique based on the common finite difference method. Numerical calculations are carried out for the value of Prandl number Pr =  49.832 (water-based magnetic fluid) and for different values of the dimensionless parameters entering into the problem and especially for the magnetic parameter Mn, the viscosity/temperature parameter Θ _r and the thermal/conductivity parameter S*. The analysis of the obtained results show that the flow field is influenced by the application of the magnetic field as well as by the variation of the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of the fluid with temperature. It is hoped that they could be interesting for engineering applications.     

Heat transfer in a Walter’s liquid B fluid over an impermeable stretching sheet with non-uniform heat source/sink and elastic deformation

In this present article an analysis is carried out to study the boundary layer flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics in Walter’s liquid B fluid flow. The stretching sheet is assumed to be impermeable, the effects of viscous dissipation, non-uniform heat source/sink in the presence and in the absence of elastic deformation (which was escaped from attention of researchers while formulating the viscoelastic boundary layer flow problems)on heat transfer are addressed. The basic boundary layer equations for momentum and heat transfer, which are non-linear partial differential equations, are converted into non-linear ordinary differential equations by means of similarity transformation. Analytical solutions are obtained for the resulting boundary value problems. The effects of viscous dissipation, Prandtl number, Eckert number and non-uniform heat source/sink on heat transfer (in the presence and in the absence of elastic deformation) are shown in several plots and discussed. Analytical expressions for the wall frictional drag coefficient, non-dimensional wall temperature gradient and non-dimensional wall temperature are obtained and are tabulated for various values of the governing parameters. The present study reveals that, the presence of work done by deformation in the energy equation yields an augment in the fluid’s temperature.     

Mixed convective heat and mass transfer in an asymmetric channel with peristalsis

This paper describes the fluid mechanics effects of mixed convective heat and mass transfer in an asymmetric channel with peristalsis. The flow is examined in a wave frame of reference moving with the velocity of the wave. The channel asymmetry is produced by choosing the peristaltic wave train on the walls to have different amplitudes and phase. The momentum, energy and concentration equations have been linearized under long wavelength approximation. The analytical solutions for temperature, concentration, velocity and stream function are obtained. The effects of various parameters such as local temperature Grashof number, local mass Grashof number and geometrical parameters on flow variables have been discussed numerically and explained graphically.     

Mixed convection flow of a micropolar fluid from an unsteady stretching surface with viscous dissipation

An analysis is performed to study the unsteady mixed convection flow of a viscous incompressible micropolar fluid adjacent to a heated vertical surface in the presence of viscous dissipation when the buoyancy force assists or opposes the flow. The flow of the fluid and subsequent heat transfer from the stretching surface is investigated with the aid of appropriate transformation variables. The effect of the governing parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics as well as the local skin friction coefficient, wall couple stress and the heat transfer rate are thoroughly examined.     

Intrusive Gravity Currents

Intrusive gravity currents arise when a fluid of intermediate density intrudes into an ambient fluid. These intrusions may occur in both natural and human-made settings and may be the result of a sudden release of a fixed volume of fluid or the steady or time-dependent injection of such a fluid. In this article we analytically and numerically analyze intrusive gravity currents arising both from the sudden release of a fixed volume and the steady injection of fluid having a density that is intermediate between the densities of an upper layer bounded by a free surface and a heavier lower layer resting on a flat bottom. For the physical problems of interest we assume that the dynamics of the flow are dominated by a balance between inertial and buoyancy forces with viscous forces being negligible. The three-layer shallow-water equations used to model the two-dimensional flow regime include the effects of the surrounding fluid on the intrusive gravity current. These effects become more pronounced as the fraction of the total depth occupied by the intrusive current increases. To obtain some analytical information concerning the factors effecting bore formation we further reduce the complexity of our three-layer model by assuming small density differences among the different layers. This reduces the model equations from a 6×6 to a 4×4 system. The limit of applicability of this weakly stratified model for various ranges of density differences is examined numerically. Numerical results, in most instances, are obtained using MacCormack's method. It is found that the intrusive gravity current displays a wide range of flow behavior and that this behavior is a strong function of the fractional depth occupied by the release volume and any asymmetries in the density differences among the various layers. For example, in the initially symmetric sudden release problem it is found that an interior bore does not form when the fractional depth of the release volume is equal to or less than 50% of the total depth. The numerical simulations of fixed-volume releases of the intermediate layer for various density and initial depth ratios demonstrate that the intermediate layer quickly slumps from any isostatically uncompensated state to its Archimedean level thereby creating a wave of opposite sign ahead of the intrusion on the interface between the upper and lower layers. Similarity solutions are obtained for several cases that include both steady injection and sudden releases and these are in agreement with the numerical solutions of the shallow-water equations. The 4×4 weak stratification system is also subjected to a wavefront analysis to determine conditions for the initiation of leading-edge bores. These results also appear to be in agreement with numerical solutions of the shallow-water equations.     

Effect of viscous dissipation on natural convection flow between vertical parallel plates with time-periodic boundary conditions

This article investigates the natural convection flow of viscous incompressible fluid in a channel formed by two infinite vertical parallel plates. Fully developed laminar flow is considered in a vertical channel with steady-periodic temperature regime on the boundaries. The effect of internal heating by viscous dissipation is taken into consideration. Separating the velocity and temperature fields into steady and periodic parts, the resulting second order ordinary differential equations are solved to obtain the expressions for velocity, and temperature. The amplitudes and phases of temperature and velocity are also obtained as well as the rate of heat transfer and the skin-friction on the plates. In presence of viscous dissipation, fluids of relatively small Prandtl number has higher temperature than the channel plates and as such, heat is being transferred from the fluid to the plate.