Generation of Coherent Radiation in the Near X-Ray Band by a Cascade FEL with a Two-Frequency Undulator

Generation of X-ray radiation in a cascade self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser (SASE FEL) using the harmonics of a two-frequency undulator is studied. The advanced phenomenological model of a one-pass FEL that accounts for the main losses in real FELs is presented: the electron energy spread in the beam, the beam divergence, diffraction, and the fact that emission losses are greater at higher harmonics than in the main frequency range. The FEL mathematical model was performed using the Mathematica software and calibrated within the experiment carried out at the operating SPARC facility via complex three-dimensional numerical simulations. The phenomenological model is used to analyze FEL dynamics for generation of a high-energy X-ray emission at a relatively short length. It is proposed to use a two-frequency undulator for the initial electron grouping and subsequent frequency multiplication in a cascade FEL with higher harmonic amplification (HGHG). The advantages of the two-frequency undulator are presented for electron grouping at higher harmonics of the undulator radiation (UR). The operation of several types of FEL is simulated with amplification of the seed laser wave frequency in two and three cascades to generate the soft X-ray radiation. A seed laser with a wavelength of 11.43 nm corresponding to the peak reflectivity of mirror coatings with MoRu/Be is proposed for generating the intensive X-ray laser radiation with λ ~ 1.27–3.37 nm. Here, the intensive radiation power reaches 50 MW at a length of only 35 meters; the radiation shows good temporal coherence corresponding to the performance of a low-power seed laser with a lower frequency.     

Possible application of X-ray optical elements for reducing the spectral bandwidth of an X-ray SASE FEL

A new design for a single pass X-ray Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) FEL is proposed. The scheme consists of two undulators and an X-ray monochromator located between them. The first stage of the FEL amplifier operates in the SASE linear regime. After the exit of the first undulator the electron bunch is guided through a non-isochronous bypass and the X-ray beam enters the monochromator. The main function of the bypass is to suppress the modulation of the electron beam induced in the first undulator. This is possible because of the finite value of the natural energy spread in the beam. At the entrance to the second undulator the radiation power from the monochromator dominates significantly over the shot noise and the residual electron bunching. As a result the second stage of the FEL amplifier operates in the steady-state regime when the input signal bandwidth is small with respect to that of the FEL amplifier. Integral losses of the radiation power in the monochromator are relatively small because grazing incidence optics can be used. The proposed scheme is illustrated for the example of the 6 nm option SASE FEL at the TESLA Test Facility under construction at DESY. As shown in this paper the spectral bandwidth of such a two-stage SASE FEL (Δλ/λ 5 × 10⁻⁵) is close to the limit defined by the finite duration of the radiation pulse. The average brilliance is equal to 7 × 10²⁴ photons/(s × mrad² × mm² × 0.1% bandw.) which is by two orders of magnitude higher than the value which could be reached by the conventional SASE FEL. The monochromatization of the radiation is performed at a low level of radiation power (about 500 times less than the saturation level) which allows one to use conventional X-ray optical elements (grazing incidence grating and mirrors) for the monochromator design.     

Development of a two-color interferometer for observing wide range electron density profiles with a femtosecond time resolution

A two-color interferometer for preformed plasma characterization is developed. We observe the electron density distribution of preformed plasmas on a 5 μm-thick copper target irradiated with a high-intensity Ti:sapphire laser. The two-color interferometer extended the observable electron density region using a fundamental (800 nm) probe beam to cover the lower density region and a second harmonic (400 nm) probe beam to cover the higher density region, simultaneously. This characterization of the electron density distribution of preformed plasmas with femtosecond time resolution significantly contributes to the understanding of high-intensity laser–thin-foil interactions during high-energy electron, ion, and X-ray generation. PACS 52.38.-r; 52.50.Jm; 52.70.-m     

样品添加剂对激光诱导等离子体辐射的增强效应

为了改善激光诱导等离子体的辐射特性,利用由高能量钕玻璃脉冲激光器、组合式多功能光栅光谱仪和CCD数据采集处理系统构成的光谱测量装置,以国家土壤标样为靶,研究了NaCl样品添加剂对激光等离子体辐射强度的影响,并由光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体的电子温度和电子密度。实验结果表明:随着NaCl加入量的增加,激光等离子体的光谱强度、信背比、电子温度和电子密度均呈现出先增大而后减小的趋势。当NaCl加入量为15%时,等离子体的辐射强度最大,元素Mn,K,Fe和Ti的谱线强度分别比无添加剂时提高了39.2%,42.5%,53.9%和33.8%,光谱信背比分别提高了64.4%,84.3%,44.5%和58.2%,而等离子体的电子温度和电子密度比无添加剂时分别提高了0.17倍和0.36倍。     

Effect of KCI additive on laser-induced soil plasma radiation

In order to improve laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for low-level elements testing capability, the enhancement effects of KCl additive on the emission spectra of soil samples were studied. The laser spectrum analytical system is composed of a high-energy neodymium glass laser ablating samples, a multifunctional and automatic scanning spectrometer, and a CCD data acquisition system recording plasma spectra. The electron temperature and electron density of plasmas were calculated by measuring spectral line intensity and stark broadening respectively. The experimental results showed that with the increase in the KCl additive, the spectral intensity, signal-to-background ratio, the electron temperature and the electron density all went up firstly and then down. When 15% KCl was added, the radiation intensity of plasma reached the maximum value, the spectral lines intensity of element Mn, Fe, and Ti increased by 2.23, 1.13 and 2.04 than that without additive respectively, the spectral signal-to-background ratio increased by 1.33, 0.89 and 0.94 times respectively; while the electron temperature and electron density of plasmas were heightened by 14% and 38% respectively.     

KCl添加剂对激光诱导土壤等离子体辐射强度的影响

为了提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术对低含量物质成分的检测能力,实验研究了KCl添加剂对土壤样品发射光谱的增强效应。利用高能量钕玻璃脉冲激光器烧蚀样品,由组合式多功能光栅光谱仪和CCD数据采集处理系统记录等离子体光谱,并通过测量光谱线的强度和Stark展宽分别计算了等离子体的电子温度和电子密度。实验结果证明,随着KCl加入量的增加,激光等离子体的光谱强度、信背比、电子温度和电子密度均呈现出先增大而后减小的规律。当KCl加入量为15%时,等离子体辐射最强,元素Mn,Fe,和Ti的谱线强度分别比无添加剂时提高了2.23,1.13和2.04倍,信背比分别提高了1.33,0.89和0.94倍;而等离子体的温度和电子密度比无添加剂时分别提高了14%和38%。     

激光电子散射中的最大可能增益

借鉴自由电子激光(FEL)发展之初Madey对自由电子激光器中受激辐射引起的增益的讨论,通过在激光场中的量子电动力学(QED)的模型中引入激光电子系统初态态密度以及由不确定的系统初态到确定光子末态的跃迁速率,推导了激光电子正碰过程中受激辐射至单一电磁模式产生的最大可能增益。采用成功得到X射线或$\gamma $射线光子的三个激光电子Compton背散射实验的实验参数计算了激光电子散射过程中的最大可能增益,与第一台X射线自由电子激光(XFEL)中的最大可能增益作比较,进而对激光电子散射作为激光光源的可行性进行评估。计算结果表明,现有的能够得到X射线光子或$\gamma $射线光子的激光电子散射实验中的最大可能增益远低于第一台XFEL中的。本工作未能找到合适的激光电子参数以获得比第一台XFEL中更高的最大可能增益,但是在入射电磁波位于射频波段范围内找到了能够实现较高增益的参数组合。     

Identification of the Amplification Mechanism in the First Free-Electron Laser as Net Stimulated Free-Electron Two-Quantum Stark Emission

We find that the electron phase with respect to the incident laser radiation must be random in the first freeelectron laser （FEL） and, hence, the incident laser radiation works as a relaxation force to keep a Maxwellian distribution. We formulate the threshold laser intensity for amplification which agrees with the measured value in the order of magnitude in the first FEL. The magnetic wiggler must produce an electric wiggler whose period is the same as that of the magnetic wiggler. We find that net stimulated free-electron two-quantum Stark （FETQS） emission driven by this electric wiggler is the mechanism responsible for the measured gain and the measured laser intensity at the plateau in the first FEL.     

Behaviour of scintillators under XUV free electron laser radiation

Free electron lasers (FEL) are new generation accelerator-based short wavelength light sources providing high pulse intensity and femtosecond pulse duration, which enable investigation of interaction of elementary excitations in solids under extreme conditions. Using the FLASH facility of HASYLAB at DESY (Hamburg, Germany), we investigated the response of different materials with scintillating properties based on intrinsic emissions to the 25.6 and 13.8 nm FEL radiation by means of time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy. FLASH delivered single pulses of 25 fs duration having energy per pulse up to 30 μJ resulting in power densities of ～10¹² W/cm² on crystals. As a function of excitation density we observed the shortening of lifetime and non-exponential behaviour of emission decays in CaWO₄, while the emission spectra recorded are comparable to those obtained at conventional excitation sources.     

SASE自由电子激光起振问题及统计特性的数值模拟

 介绍一种自放大自发辐射自由电子激光（SASE FEL）的自发辐射和电子束噪声的数学描述，运用修正的一维非定态程序，对SASE FEL 起振问题及光场统计特性进行了数值模拟，分析了自发辐射谱的发展过程及一定频带宽度内光场随机特性的统计规律，数值模拟结果与理论结果符合较好。     

Plasma effects in a free electron laser

The introduction of a plasma and a strong guide magnetic field in a free electron laser (FEL) slows down the phase velocity of radiation, significantly reducing the requirements on beam energy for generating frequencies below the electron-cyclotron frequency (ω₁≲ω_c). Around plasma resonance (ω₁~ω_p), the FEL mode couples to two-stream instability (TSI), attaining a large growth rate, comparable to that of the wiggler-free TSI. At plasma densities comparable to beam density, the beam-induced local depression in the electron density of the plasma acts as a waveguide for guiding any high-frequency radiation when the beam current is ≳17 kA     

矩形波导中超短脉冲电子束的相干同步辐射

考虑了当射频调制的超短脉冲电子束径向长度远小于辐射波长时，将其理想化为δ时间函数，提出了用波导本往模展开的方法来计算矩形波导中超短脉冲电子束的相干同步辐射及其频率特性。结果表明：（１）当谐振频率等于调制电子束微脉冲时间隔的射频的整数倍时，辐射模式表现为“纯”的波导本征模。（２）波导效应使得超短脉冲电子束在两个频率处发生相干同步辐射，而且低频支的辐射功率高于高频支的。最后指出波导自由电子激光器单横模     

慢波介质自由电子激光器

本文采用一维流体模型导出了慢波介质自由电子激光器的线性色散方程,建立了电子和波相互作用的同向回旋同步机理和反向回旋同步机理.     

Compact free electron lasers: From Cerenkov to waveguide free electron lasers

The basic principles of free electron generators of coherent radiation and the practical considerations related to the development of far infrared and sub-millimeter wave sources are discussed in this paper. The attention is focused on compact devices, which reduce the size and cost issue. A review of the main results obtained at the Frascati FEL Facility is presented together with the planned experiments.     

HL-2A装置送气和加料的脱靶特性

HL-2A装置辐射偏滤器实验采用边缘补充送气和分子束加料等方法来提高主等离子体密度,降低边缘等离子体温度、增加辐射功率分额,获得脱靶等离子体。偏滤器室内进行主动补充送气或者注入惰性气体杂质,降低偏滤器等离子体温度,获得脱靶等离子体,并首次获得了超声分子束注入产生脱靶等离子体的实验结果。利用HL-2A装置偏滤器同一极向截面内外中性化板上安装的嵌入式探针阵列和偏滤器室安装的电动探针系统,测量了偏滤器靶板上和偏滤器室的等离子体参数及其分布,并进行了相关分析和改善约束以及偏滤器脱靶等离子体运行模式下等离子体行为的研究。     

Nichtgleichgewichtsdichten inhomogener Plasmen mit Photoabsorption

The electron and population densities in nonequilibrium plasmas are computed. For these computations rate equations dependent on geometrical dimensions were used. Such rate equations result if the unknown radiation intensity is eliminated. This is achived by using the radiative transport equation. Our density computations are valid for a quasi neutral plasma. The total pressure or the density of the heavy particles and the distribution of the electron energy have to be assumed. For homogeneous plasmas the inelastic collision processes and the radiation processes are considered. For inhomogeneous plasmas the diffusion processes of the excited atoms are considered in addition to the collision and radiation processes. Using this method of calculation the electron and population densities of a cesium plasma are computed. We assumed maxwellian distributions and a total pressure of 1 Torr.     

Harmonic operation of high gain harmonic generation free electron laser

In high gain harmonic generation (HGHG) free electron laser (FEL), with the right choice of parameters of the modulator undulator, the dispersive section and the seed laser, one may make the spatial bunching of the electron beam density distribution correspond to one of the harmonic frequencies of the radiator radiation, instead of the fundamental frequency of the radiator radiation in conventional HGHG, thus the radiator undulator is in harmonic operation (HO) mode. In this paper, we investigate HO of HGHG FEL. Theoretical analyses with universal method are derived and numerical simulations in ultraviolet and deep ultraviolet spectral regions are given. It shows that the power of the 3rd harmonic radiation in the HO of HGHG may be as high as 18.5% of the fundamental power level. Thus HO of HGHG FEL may obtain short wavelength by using lower beam energy.     

相干谐波储存环自由电子激光

相干谐波自由电子激光不用光学谐振腔及反射镜,可望工作在紫外和真空紫外光波段,是第四代同步辐射光源的可能途径之一。由于对束流品质要求很高,相干谐波自由电子激光首先是以储存环作为驱动器而发展起来的。由于光阴极微波电子枪的发展和直线加速器技术的进步,目前,已开始有直线加速器驱动的高增益相干谐波自由电子激光的建议。文章介绍了相干谐波储存环自由电子激光的原理、现状及展望。     

FEL光学速调管的升级性能分析

通过三维磁场的有限元计算,给出了自由电子激光（FEL）研究用光学速调管升级后的磁参数。国家同步辐射实验室合肥光源（HLS）电子储存环能量可以日常运行在200～800 MeV间,为了与电子储存环能量匹配,并在较高束电子能量下进行实验和得到较多的相干辐射光子,光学速调管从原来的对称结构升级成非对称结构,用于HLS储存环谐波产生FEL实验。给出了升级后非对称光学速调管的几组匹配磁参数,用于在HLS储存环注入能量和可以运行的最高能量下进行谐波FEL实验。初步计算表明,HLS 储存环电子束性能优越,能散很低,FEL实验用最高能散仅为2.05×10-4,相应FEL辐射的能散修正因子在0.96以上,可以忽略不计。     

Harmonic operation of high gain harmonic generation free electron laser

In high gain harmonic generation (HGHG) free electron laser (FEL), with the right choice of parameters of the modulator undulator, the dispersive section and the seed laser, one may make the spatial bunching of the electron beam density distribution correspond to one of the harmonic frequencies of the radiator radiation, instead of the fundamental frequency of the radiator radiation in conventional HGHG, thus the radiator undulator is in harmonic operation (HO) mode. In this paper, we investigate HO of HGHG FEL.Theoretical analyses with universal method are derived and numerical simulations in ultraviolet and deep ultraviolet spectral regions are given. It shows that the power of the 3rd harmonic radiation in the HO of HGHG may be as high as 18.5% of the fundamental power level. Thus HO of HGHG FEL may obtain short wavelength by using lower beam energy.