如何理解混合溶剂的良、劣性

对于高聚物,混合溶剂的性能往往不能直接从相应的两种组分溶剂的性能来推演。本文从溶度参数理论、高分子对溶剂的择优吸附以及体系的分子特征,尤其是基于分子间相互作用对混合溶剂的良劣性作了较为详细的讨论。     

高分子的离子效应

在传统理论中,离子通常被作为点电荷处理,其对高分子性质的影响主要基于离子强度效应.然而,高分子体系中许多重要实验现象都无法简单地通过离子强度效应加以理解,这需要从超越离子强度概念的角度来考虑高分子的离子效应.本专题论述将主要讨论高分子体系中的离子特异性效应、离子氢键效应、离子亲/疏水效应以及多价离子效应.离子特异性效应普遍存在于带电高分子体系以及中性高分子体系,且可以在不同溶剂体系中观察到;离子氢键效应可被应用于调控强聚电解质刷的水化、润湿、黏附等多种性质;离子亲/疏水效应不但可以调控界面接枝聚电解质的性质,还可以调控聚电解质溶液以及聚电解质凝胶的性质;通过多价离子交联作用,多价离子效应可被应用于调控聚电解质刷以及高分子凝胶的性质.这些高分子的离子效应拓宽和加深了我们对离子与高分子间相互作用的理解,为基于不同离子效应调控高分子性能奠定了基础,并可进一步拓展至其他类型重要的离子-高分子间相互作用.     

高效液相色谱表征高聚物*

最常用的测试高聚物的分子量和分子量分布的体积排除色谱(SEC)是高效液相色谱 (HPLC)的一个重要分支,HPLC的另一个重要分支是相互作用液相色谱, 它是20世纪90年代开始用于高分子分离和表征的研究领域。相互作用液相色谱可以根据高分子的化学结构（如共混物组成、共聚物组成、端基）来分离,它比SEC 有更高的分离效率。本文介绍了高聚物液相色谱的分离模式,并就高聚物体积排除色谱、相互作用液相色谱、临界液相色谱和全二维液相色谱用于分离和表征高聚物的研究进展进行了较系统的综述,并对该技术目前存在的问题和今后可能的发展前景进行了探讨。     

AB_g型超支化聚合反应中的环化效应

研究了ABg型超支化聚合反应中的环化效应,给出高分子代数生长的微分动力学方程,并通过环化反应的内在特征确定了环化反应与分子间反应的速率常数.进而利用Monte Carlo模拟方法得到了树状高分子和含环高分子的数量、环的尺寸分布以及高分子数均和重均分子量等,讨论了环化效应对聚合体系平均特征的影响.结果表明,环化效应取决于单体体积分数、溶剂效应和官能度之间的协同作用,其中单体的体积分数在环化反应中起着主导作用,而溶剂效应和官能度之间则相互竞争.     

强聚电解质在DMSO/THF中溶剂化状态的变化

高分子中电离基团的电离状态取决于分子链溶剂化层的极性.极性大,电离基团离解,体系以静电斥力为主;极性小,电离基团成为离子对,偶极吸引在体系中占主导地位.磺酸基共聚凝胶在二甲基亚砜(ＤＭＳＯ)和四氢呋喃(ＴＨＦ)混合溶剂中的体积相变从宏观上表现出上述两种状态可以互相转变[1-3],相应的线型聚电解质在此混合溶剂中的溶解与沉淀也是这种转变的表现[1].然而,由于优先溶剂化的存在,溶剂组成并不与高分子链溶剂化层的组成相同.揭示聚电解质分子溶剂化层的变化规律对于研究该体系相互作用的转变及凝聚态结构变化具有重要意义.　　将荧光发…     

高聚物溶液中大分子链尺寸的研究（Ⅲ）—一种测算高分子…

将高聚物溶液中大分子链尺寸对浓度的依赖关系与Ｚｉｍｍ稀溶液第二维里系数的统计力学硬球模型相结合，借助聚合物的特性粘数、Ｍａｒｋ－Ｈｏｕｗｉｎｋ方程或分子量，计算聚合物－溶剂体系在稀溶液浓度范围内π／Ｃ或Ｈ·Ｃ／τ的模拟实验值。再以π／Ｃ或Ｈ·Ｃ／τ与浓度线型回归中的始斜率求体系的第二维里系数Ａ２，计算了３０种聚合物－溶剂体系的２９５个不同分子量的Ａ２值，结果均与其实验值吻合较好，且明显优于其它理论     

高分子间相互作用的特点及意义

高分子间的相互作用与小分子间的相互作用有着显著的区别，导致高分子物质在凝聚态结构和诸多性能上明显地有别于小分子物质。本文就如下七个方面：特别强的高分子间相互作用、特殊的高聚物溶解过程、马克三角形原理、特征温度、特有的单链凝聚态、凝聚缠结和超分子体系来讨论高分子间相互作用的重要性及其对高聚物的结构和性能的影响。     

溶胀法测定高聚物的交联度

由于高分子与溶剂分子大小相差悬殊,它們的热运动相距甚远,因此高聚物在室溫时的溶解过程往往需要很长的时间,在溶解时溶剂分子不断扩散和渗透进入高聚物,使高聚物体积膨大成为松软的凝胶,这过程一直进行到高分子以分子状态分散在溶剂中为止,达完全溶解。交联的高聚物在分子鏈之間以化学鍵的形式相互鍵合,形成三向的网状結构,它不能为溶剂所分散,但能吸收大量溶剂而溶胀,形成溶胀的条件与线型高分子形成溶液相同,溶胀的凝胶实际上是高聚物的浓溶液,具有显著的弹性行为,溶胀的交联高聚物固体积增大引起三向結构分子网的伸展,降低了交联点     

混合溶剂作淋洗剂的体积排除色谱(SEC)中溶剂化高分子峰和溶剂峰的关系

以混合溶剂作淋洗剂的体积排除色谱(SEC)中高分子样品一般会出现2个峰, 分别是溶剂化高分子峰和自由溶剂峰. 理论分析结果表明, 溶剂化高分子峰面积( A3eff )是“裸高分子”峰面积(A3)和被束缚溶剂峰面积(A1*)的加和, 被束缚溶剂峰面积(A1*)和自由溶剂峰面积(A2*)大小相等符号相反. 以聚苯乙烯(3)-氯仿(1)-甲醇(2)体系为研究对象, 分别对A3eff, A3及A2*进行了实验测定, 证实了理论推断的正确性, 表明由高分子峰和由溶剂峰来求算优先吸附系数是等价的.     

聚乙烯醇水溶液反复冷冻过程中的溶剂化效应

采用示差扫描量热技术(DSC)对聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液反复冰冻过程中的溶剂化效应进行研究.引入水化数的概念来表征溶剂化效应的大小.结果表明不同浓度区间的PVA水溶液其在反复冰冻过程中溶剂化效应显著不同,主要归因于高分子链分子内和分子间缠结程度对溶剂分子"参与"溶剂化的程度和方式的不同.作者把极稀高分子溶液的研究结果拓展到高分子稀溶液或亚浓溶液区间,阐述了高分子溶液中高分子链的物理图像.冷冻次数的增加导致链间缠结增加,部分溶剂则被包裹在由链间缠结点所形成的网圈内成为分子链的一部分.溶液溶剂化程度的变化受到包裹溶剂与高分子链脱溶剂化的综合影响.     

Styrene-methyl acrylate copolymers and acrylate homopolymers in solution

Molecular weight determinations by light scattering and osmometry and intrinsic viscosity measurements were made in various solvents on fractions of styrene–methyl acrylate copolymers with different compositions and on acrylate homopolymers prepared by free-radical reaction. Relations between intrinsic viscosity [η] and molecular weight M thus established are compared with those reported by other authors. 2-Methylcyclohexanol was found to be a theta solvent for the copolymers and both parent homopolymers, and isoamyl acetate was a theta solvent for poly(methyl acrylate). From theta point viscosity data obtained with these solvents, unperturbed chain dimensions were estimated. The results are compared with the unperturbed dimensions estimated from the [η]–M relations obtained in good solvents. On the basis of the experimental data it was found that the unperturbed dimension depends linearly on the copolymer composition, in contrast to the case of styrene–methyl methacrylate copolymers. Composition dependences of the theta temperature and of the parameter describing the long-range interactions between nonadjacent segments in polymer chains were investigated. The result implies that long-range interactions between monomeric units never disappear even when those between the same monomeric units vanish. The Huggins constant for copolymer is discussed in terms of the excluded volume variable.     

Mean‐field‐theory for polymers in mixed solvents. Thermodynamic and structural properties

Theoretical aspects of polymers in mixed solvents are considered using the Edwards Hamiltonian formalism. Thermodynamic and structural properties are investigated and some predictions are made when the mixed solvent approaches criticality. Both the single and the many chain problems are examined. When the mixed solvent is near criticality without solute, addition of a small amount of polymers shifts the criticality towards either enhanced compatibility or induced phase separation depending upon the value of the parameter describing the interaction asymmetry of the solvents with respect to the polymer. The polymer‐solvent effective interaction parameter increases strongly when the solvent mixture approaches criticality. Accordingly, the apparent excluded volume parameter decreases and may vanish or even become negative. Consequently, the polymer undergoes phase transition from a swollen state to an unperturbed state or even takes a collapsed configuration. The effective potential acting on a test chain in strong solutions is calculated and the concept of Edwards screening discussed. Structural properties of ternary mixtures of polymers in mixed solvents are investigated within the Edwards Hamiltonian model. It is shown that the effective potential on a test chain in strong solutions could be written as an infinite series expansion of terms describing interactions via one chain, two chains etc. This summation can be performed following a similar scheme as in the Ornstein‐Zernike series expansion.     

Dilute solution behaviour of amylose tributyrate. Light scattering,viscosity and osmotic pressure measurements in non-ideal solvents

Amylose tributyrate has been prepared and fractionated; the dilute solution behaviour of the polymer has been studied in four solvents, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, carbon tetrachloride and tetrahydrofuran. The Mark-Houwink relations have been established for each solvent and the exponent γ varies between 0·72 and 0·86, for different solvents. Perturbed dimensions have been measured for the polymer dissolved in two solvents and an estimate of the unperturbed dimensions has been made; the latter appear to be solvent dependent. Heterogeneity corrections were applied using data established by gel permeation chromatography measurements. Values of the effective bond length b of between 17 and 19·5 × 10^?8 cm and the Kuhn statistical segment A_m of 70 to 180 x 10^?8 cm, indicate that amylose tributyrate behaves like a moderately stiff coil in good solvents, with a chain stiffness intermediate between the vinyl and cellulosic polymers.     

Temperature dependence of unperturbed dimensions for isotactic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

The unperturbed dimensions of isotactic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) were evaluated from intrinsic viscosity measurements in water, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butanol under θ conditions over the temperature range of 3.7–32.1°C. The smallest value of unperturbed dimensions (K_θ) and the largest negative temperature dependence of unperturbed dimensions and the polymer–solvent interaction parameter (B) were obtained in aqueous θ solvent relative to the corresponding organic θ solvents. These results were interpreted by the hydrophobic interaction between the hydrophobic groups of isotactic PHEMA and water solvent. The temperature coefficient of the unperturbed dimensions, d ln〈r〉/dT, obtained in this study has a negative value of ?1.44 × 10^?3 deg^?1 under chemically similar θ solvents such as ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butanol where specific solvent effects are eliminated or minimized. In order to obtain the thermodynamic parameters for mixing between isotactic PHEMA and solvents, the plots of the polymer–solvent interaction parameter versus reciprocal absolute temperature (1/T) were carried out. Both the entropy of dilution and enthalpy of dilution show the negative values for water, methanol, and t-butanol, whereas the positive ones for ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butanol. This result indicates that the solution of isotactic PHEMA behave as exothermal systems in the former class of solvents and endothermal ones in the latter class of solvents.     

Unperturbed dimensions of amylose tributyrate from viscosity data in non-ideal solvents

The unperturbed dimensions of amylose tributyrate have been estimated from viscosity measurements in non-ideal solvents. The validity of several methods of extrapolation has been assessed for this polymer. A small solvent dependence of the unperturbed dimensions has been observed and the characteristic ratio C_∞ has been found to vary between 5·6 and 6·8. One can conclude from this that the ester chain is only slightly more extended than the native amylose, assuming that the ring conformation in the backbone remains unaltered when the ester is formed.     

Etude des dimensions moleculaires des polymeres dissous dans des melanges binaires de solvants polaires et non polaires—I. Polyvinyl-2 pyridine

We have studied the molecular dimensions of poly-2-vinylpyridine in solution in binary solvent mixtures consisting of a non polar and a polar component, viz. benzene-ethanol and benzene-chloroform. We have also studied the preferential solvation of the same polymer in the above mixtures using light scattering. We have observed a conformational transition of P2VP taking place in a composition region for each solvent mixture. This transition shows as a discontinuity in the unperturbed dimensions, in the long range interactions parameter and in the parameter of preferential solvation of the polymer. We think that this transition is related to the existence of two ordered structures of the polymer chain, one stable before and the other after the transition region.     

PVP在水/四氢呋喃混合溶剂中粘度的研究

The dilute solution viscometer is used to research the ternary solution of Poly（N-vinylpyrrolidone） （PVP） in mixed solvents H2O/ THF. H2O is the good solvent of PVP,and THF the non-solvent. The viscometric study indicates that the intrinsic viscosity η of PVP may be higher in the mixed solvents than in the pure solvent H2O and change with the variation of the volume fraction of THF,Ф. It is found that at first η increases slowly and then decreases rapidly with the adding of THF. A maximum value of η appears at Ф20. 3,which decreases after the adding of Na2SO4,but the value of Ф,at which the maximum value of η appears,varies relatively little. The change in values of η and coil dimensions in mixed solvents are discussed in terms of the molecular characteristics of the system and intermolecular interactions,especially in terms of the form of new structure—clathrate hydrate structure,and the relative influence upon the nature of solvent. It is stated that the properties of ternary systems （polymer / mixed solvent）might not be deduced directly from those of the binary systems composed of each component liquid.     

Cellulose acetate butyrate in solution. I. Hydrodynamic behavior

Cellulose acetate butyrate has been studied in regard to its hydrodynamic properties in several solvents. The polymer was fractionated by precipitation, and the molecular weight distribution of the polymer fractions was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The number-average molecular weight was estimated by osmometry. The Mark–Houwink–Kuhn–Sakurada relations between viscosity and molecular weights were established, and the unperturbed dimensions of the polymer chains were evaluated. In light of these data, current theories of polymer solutions are discussed. A new method of estimating unperturbed dimensions is proposed for semiflexible linear polymers.     

Molecular Dimension and Interaction Parameters of Polyacrylamide in Water‐N,N‐Dimethylformamide Mixtures

The intrinsic viscosities [η] of polyacrylamide (PAM) having different average molecular weights are measured in various mixtures of water (good solvent) and N, N dimethyl formamide (DMF, nonsolvent) at different temperatures. The observed results show a significant variation of cosolvency as a function of solvent composition (?_DMF). The nature of curves in [η] vs. ?_DMF plot at different temperatures indicates the existence of two antagonistic effects. The unperturbed dimensions (K_θ) of the polymer are determined by a number of methods, which agree well with each other. The temperature coefficient of unperturbed dimension (K′), molecular extension factors (α_n), characteristic ratio (C_α) and chain rigidity (σ) are evaluated and the effects of temperature, solvent composition are discussed. The volume related parameter V_E and shape factor ν were also computed, which shows the shape of polymer molecules to be more or less spherical in solution.     

Dynamic relaxations of polymers in mixed solvents

Dynamic relaxations of ternary solutions of polymers in mixed solvents are investigated theoretically. The formalism is based on a combination of the Edwards Hamiltonian method and the Langevin equation with a random white noise. Two parameters play a crucial role in defining the mechanism of relaxations. The first parameter is the interaction dissymmetry of the solvent vis‐à‐vis the polymer. This parameter describes the difference in affinity of the polymer on the one hand and the two solvents on the other hand. The second parameter is the interaction between the two solvents and their degree of compatibility. The theory predicts two modes. One reflects the polymer concentration fluctuations and the other describes the solvent composition fluctuations. If the interaction dissymmetry parameter is small, these two modes are decoupled and reflect classical results of polymer solution dynamics and solvent dynamics. If the dissymmetry parameter is large, the two relaxation modes are coupled. The extent of coupling depends upon the interaction between the two solvents. If this interaction is small, only slight numerical differences are obtained with respect to the case of decoupled modes. If the interaction between the two solvents is large, then one observes a strong coupling between the modes reflecting polymer concentration fluctuations and solvent composition fluctuations. The frequencies and amplitudes of these modes are studied here in terms of polymer size, concentration, polymer‐mixed solvent interaction dissymmetry parameter and the solvent‐solvent interaction parameters.