高分子结构流变学的进展 Ⅰ.非缠结柔性链高分子溶液

高分子结构流变学研究流变性质与长链高分子结构的关系。本文总结了非缠结的柔性链高分子稀溶液与亚浓溶液的结构流变学理论的基本方法与线索、新近的结果和前沿问题。着重介绍微结构动力学方法和标度理论概念。指出珠簧链模型抓住了无规线团长链分子的自相似本质,构成本领域理论发展的主流和进一步发展的基础。在稀溶液范围它能从分子结构解释和预测基本流变性能,具有实用意义。     

聚电解质溶液浓度区域的划分

按照De Gennes提出的标度概念,柔性高分子溶液可以划分为稀溶液,亚浓溶液和浓溶液3个区域,它们之间分别以接触浓度C^**和交叠浓度C^**为分界线．钱人元等根据聚苯乙烯溶液激基荧光强度浓度依赖性的实验结果,提出稀溶液区还应细分为极稀溶液和稀溶液两个区域,它的分     

聚[芳基二甲酸(聚四亚甲基醚二醇)酯]的激基缔合物荧光谱和结晶形态

以聚苯乙烯为例研究了柔性链高聚物在亚浓溶液区激基缔合物荧光的浓度依赖性。发现M_W6.09×10⁶线形窄分布聚苯乙烯θ溶液中的激基缔合物与单生色团荧光的比值I_E/I_M的浓度依赖性在亚浓溶液区是分数幂的,它应归因于动态接触之后相邻线团链段间的硬心体积效应。     

用分子间激基缔合物荧光研究聚苯乙烯良溶剂溶液——从稀区到亚浓区和浓区的转变

本文以分子间的激基缔合物荧光为探针,研究了线型聚苯乙烯-二氯乙烷溶液由稀溶液区到亚浓溶液区和浓溶液区的转交。由六个M_w=9.5·10~3-6.09·10~6单分散试样的激基缔合物荧光与单生色团荧光强度比值的浓度依赖性得到C_s∝M_W~(-0.10)和C~ 无分子量依赖性的结果。C_s是溶液中高分子线团尺寸由于邻近线团的存在而开始收缩的浓度,C~ 是溶液中高分子链段空间密度分布达到连续而大致均匀时的浓度。提出动态接触浓度C_s作为稀溶液与亚浓溶液的界限,C~ 作为亚浓溶液与浓溶液的界限。测定了聚苯乙烯-二氯乙烷溶液的[η]-M关系:[η]_(DCE)~(25℃)=1.545·10~(-2)M~(0.685)毫升/克。     

聚苯乙烯磺酸钠在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐中的流变行为

研究了聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(Na PSS)在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(AmimCl)中的流变行为,并与其在AmimCl/H_2O混合溶剂中的流变行为进行了对比.聚合物浓度单位为每升溶剂中所含链段单元的摩尔数(mol/L).研究发现,Na PSS在AmimCl中表现出与其在无盐、有盐水溶液以及中性聚合物在离子液体(ILs)溶液中不同的流变行为.Na PSS在AmimCl含量不同的AmimCl/H_2O混合溶剂中的流变行为也不相同,随着AmimCl含量的增加,Na PSS在混合溶剂中的特性黏数[η]逐渐降低,表明分子线团逐渐塌缩,溶液的增比黏度随Na PSS浓度变化的标度所表现出的性质由聚电解质无盐水溶液特点逐渐变为中性聚合物溶液在θ状态下特点.当溶剂为纯AmimCl时,0.007~0.8 mol/L的浓度范围在0.29 mol/L处被分成2个浓度区.动态流变行为研究表明c0.29 mol/L浓度区为稀溶液区,溶液的增比黏度和弛豫时间随Na PSS浓度变化的标度关系为:ηsp~c1.4p和τ~c0p,与无盐聚电解质水溶液在缠结区的行为相似;c0.29 mol/L浓度区为溶液的亚浓非缠结区,溶液在该浓度区内增比黏度和弛豫时间随Na PSS浓度变化的标度关系为:ηsp~c3.5p和τ~c1.9p,接近于中性聚合物良溶液在亚浓缠结区的行为.这一特殊现象可能由混合体系中强烈的长程静电耦合作用引起.     

大分子链的溶致凝聚过程

研究大分子链的凝聚从溶液考虑比较合适。溶液从稀溶液向亚浓、浓溶液的转变过程,本质上就是分子链从孤立单链状态向多链穿透、关联、缠结、凝聚的过程,称其为溶致凝聚过程。分子链溶致凝聚的类型十分丰富,包括凝聚成无定形态、结晶态和溶胶-凝胶转变等,讨论了这些过程中分子链溶致凝聚的特点。简要介绍了分子链凝聚过程涉及的基本物理问题:多体问题、复杂关联效应、平均场近似、临界指数,以及研究溶致凝聚的重要方法——标度律方法。     

线形、梳形和星形高分子静态和动态性质的模拟

以梳形高分子为纽带,基于粗粒化分子动力学模拟方法,研究了线形、梳形和星形拓扑结构高分子的静态和动态性质,以揭示稀溶液中高分子链行为与链拓扑结构依赖关系的一般性规律.研究结果表明,随着线形-梳形-星形的链拓扑结构转变,回转半径的标度关系由仅依赖分子聚合度转变为同时依赖链聚合度与臂数或侧链数.分析了星形高分子和梳形高分子的静态和动态性质的特征规律.星形高分子的臂数增加使其尺寸迅速减小,形状则由长椭球形转变为类球形,且扩散系数也随之增加;其均方回转半径(〈R_g〉)和扩散系数(D)与分子聚合度(N)及臂数(f)的标度规律为〈R_g〉~N~(0.581)f~(-0.402),D~N~(-0.763)f~(0.227).梳形高分子的静态与动态性质与分子聚合度及侧链数的依赖关系为〈R_g〉~N~(0.597)f~(-0.212)(每个支化点只有一条侧链)和〈R_g〉~N~(0.599)f~(-0.316)(每个支化点有多条侧链).     

聚[芳基二甲酸(聚四亚甲基醚二醇)酯]分子间激基缔合作用的研究

合成了聚[2,6-萘二甲酸(聚四亚甲基醚二醇)酯](1)和聚[对苯二甲酸(聚四亚甲基醚二醇)酯](2);研究了它们在溶液和本体中的荧光光谱;论证了链间和链内非相邻生色团间有激基缔合作用存在。观察了聚合物1由稀到浓的氯仿溶液的激基缔合物荧光强度与单生色团荧光强度比值的变化,得到溶液中高分子线团的动态接触浓度C_s=0.26g/dL;亚浓区到浓区的转变浓度C~+=7g/dL。在聚合物1的本体中得到基态芳环层叠缔合物直接激发到激基缔合物的实验证据。     

几种聚合物分子间激基缔合作用的研究

作者合成并纯化了聚[对苯二甲酸(聚四亚甲基醚二醇)酯](PPTMGTP)、聚[2、6-萘二甲酸(聚四亚甲基醚二醇)酯](PPTMGNDC)和聚[2,6-萘二甲酸(环氧丙烷-四氢呋喃共聚醚二醇)酯](PCPEGNDC)等三个新聚合物,测定了它们的凝胶渗透色谱和数均分子量,对它们在良溶剂和不良溶剂溶液中的荧光进行了研究, 严格地用实验证明了PPTMGTP溶液中链内非相邻激基缔合作用的存在, 进一步以链内非相邻攀基缔合作用为探针研究了高分子在溶液中的形态随溶剂和浓度的变化, 用激基缔合物荧光相对强度的浓度依赖性测出高分子线团开始感觉到邻近有其它线团存在而收缩的浓度C_s(PPTMGNDC氯仿溶液的C_s = 2.61×10^-3g/ml, PPTMGNDC乙酸乙醋溶液的C_s =4.0×10^-2g/ml)。首次提出用C.划分高分子溶液稀浓区和亚浓区的界限的新欢点,以链内非相邻和链间激基缔合作用为探针确定了高分子溶液链段空间密度趋于均一的浓度C⁺(PPTMGNDC级仿溶液C⁺ = 7.02×10^-2g/ml),认为C⁺是高分子溶液由亚浓区到浓区的转变浓度。     

溶致凝聚过程中分子链构象的演变

详细讨论了稀溶液、亚浓溶液、浓溶液和极浓溶液中分子链构象的演变,考察了在溶致凝聚过程中分子链的链间相互作用、关联作用和分子链尺寸的变化规律,给出了排除体积的严格定义,引入热关联效应、长程关联效应和全高斯链浓度等概念。指出在不同浓度溶液中,分子链在不同尺度上构象状态不同;在从孤立单链态(良溶液中)向多链聚集态的溶致凝聚过程中,单链的尺寸一直在收缩,由Flory尺寸RF缩小至无扰尺寸R0。这是大分子凝聚过程的一个特点。     

Nanosized starlike molecules. Synthesis and optical properties of tris- and tetrakis[oligo(disilanylenebithienylene)dimethylsilyl]benzene

The syntheses of two types of starlike molecules with the arms that extend to three and four directions have been reported. The molecules with the arms consisting of a regular alternating arrangement of a silicon-silicon bond and bithienylene unit that extend to three directions were synthesized by the reactions of 1,3,5-tris(chlorodimethylsilyl)benzene, which was chosen as a core, with the lithio[oligo(disilanylenebithienylene)] derivatives. The starlike molecules with extended arms to four directions were prepared by the reaction of 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(fluorodimethylsilyl)benzene used as a core, with lithio[oligo(disilanylenebithienylene)]s. UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence properties of these starlike molecules have been investigated in a dioxane solution. The present molecules showed absorption maxima in a range of 321-337 nm, and revealed higher fluorescence quantum yields than that of the corresponding linear polymer, poly[(tetraethyldisilanylene)bithiophene].     

Polymer characterization by size-exclusion chromatography with multiple detection.

Size-exclusion chromatography with coupled multiangle light scattering and differential refractometry detectors has been used to obtain molecular mass and radius of gyration distributions of polydisperse polymer samples. From these data the scaling law between dimensions and the absolute molecular mass is obtained with just one sample of each polymer. Three different kinds of polymers are presented: polystyrene which serves as reference polymer, polyphosphazenes which behave abnormally in solution and poly(ethylene oxide) which is soluble in water. Since the relationship between dimensions and molecular mass depends on the extent of interactions between chain segments and solvent molecules, the scaling law provides information about the solution properties of the polymer.     

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF POLYMER SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS

The statistical counting method for the computer simulation of the ther-modynamic quantities of polymer solution has been reviewed. The calculating results fora single athermal chain confirm the theory of the renormalization group. The results forthe athermal solution are consistent with the scaling law of the osmotic pressure with theexponent 2.25. The results for a single chain with the segmental interaction are in a goodagreement with the exact results obtained by the direct counting method. The results forthe polymer solution show us that the Flory-Huggins parameter is strongly dependent onboth the polymer concentration and the interaction energy between segments. Monte carlo simulation; Polymer solution; Thermodynamic quantities;Translational entropy; Conformational entropy; Scaling law     

Phase separation of polymer solutions on a solvent surface

Study of the dynamics of liquid droplets of dilute and semidilute polymer solutions on the surfaces of liquid subphases representing solvents for corresponding polymers has shown that a spot of a rather stable layer is formed on an air–liquid interface. The spot spreads over a liquid subphase surface to yield a monomolecular polymer layer. At the same time, the solvent passes into the solution, so that the polymer or its concentrated solution remains on the subphase surface. The polymer does not dissolve in the bulk subphase for several hours. The stability of the polymer spot has been explained under the assumption that the interfacial surface possesses elastic properties and hinders the penetration of macromolecules into the bulk subphase. Desolvation of macromolecules followed by phase separation occurs on the surface. The initial rate of the phase separation of the solution is rather high, while the time dependence of the diameter of the spreading spot is described by a scaling law with an exponent almost equal to 2/3.     

Influence of molecular topology on the static and dynamic properties of single polymer chain in solution

The influence of molecular topology on the structural and dynamic properties of polymer chain in solution with ring structure, three-arm branched structure, and linear structure are studied by molecular dynamics simulation. At the same degree of polymerization (N), the ring-shaped chain possesses the smallest size and largest diffusion coefficient. With increasing N, the difference of the radii of gyration between the three types of polymer chains increases, whereas the difference of the diffusion coefficients among them decreases. However, the influence of the molecular topology on the static and the dynamic scaling exponents is small. The static scaling exponents decrease slightly, and the dynamic scaling exponents increase slightly, when the topology of the polymer chain is changed from linear to ring-shaped or three-arm branched architecture. The dynamics of these three types of polymer chain in solution is Zimm-like according to the dynamic scaling exponents and the dynamic structure factors.     

Thermal degradation of a heteroarm starlike polymer with fullerene C60 core

The mechanism of thermal degradation of a 12-arm starlike polymer with fullerene C₆₀ core and equal number of polystyrene and poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) arms was studied by thermal desorption mass spectrometry. Thermal characteristics of the heteroarm stars were compared with those of six-arm starlike fullerene-containing polystyrenes and linear poly(tert-butyl methacrylate).     

溶液中柔性树枝状高分子的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了柔性树枝状高分子在无热溶剂中的静态和动态行为. 模拟结果表明: 在分子尺寸和回转半径Rg满足标度律Rg~N1/5(G+1)2/5P2/5(其中N为树枝状分子的聚合度, G为代数, P为链节长度, g为子代代数)时; 随着代数的增加, 树枝状分子和硬球的静态结构因子相似, 表明其内部结构发生了由“类星形”向“近球形”转化. 随着树枝状分子代数和链节长度的增加, 出现了“单元”(Monomer)密度几乎不变的区域. 树枝状分子的回折能力随着链节长度的增加而增强, 随着代数的增加而减弱. 树枝状分子各子代的运动能力不同, 与内层子代相比, 外层子代在短时间内扩散较慢, 但其松弛较快. 相对于Rouse指数, 树枝状分子“单元”运动的标度更接近Zimm指数.     

Applicability of polymer theories to the thermodynamics of proteins at the air/water interface: example of β-lactoglobulin

Knowledge of the equation of state of adsorbed or deposited layers of proteins at the air/water interface is of fundamental interest in the understanding of the surface activity of these molecules. Using scaling laws of current polymer theories, it has been shown that the equation of state of the interfacial layer in the semi-dilute regime should relate the surface pressure to the surface concentration through a power law. The exponent of this power law should reflect the quality of the solvent and the conformation of the adsorbed polypeptide chain. In the case of β-lactoglobulin layers, in the range of surface concentrations that should correspond to the semi-dilute regime, the relationship between surface pressure and surface concentration is expressed as a power law. The exponent of this power law is strongly influenced by the nature of the aqueous substrate and by the net charge of the protein molecule. The use of scaling laws gives a coherent view of the expansion of the polypeptide chain in the interfacial layer and of the relationship between surface concentration and surface pressure in the semi-dilute regime. This result favours a strong similarity between β-lactoglobulin and a polymer chain in the interfacial layer. It is concluded that current theories of polymer adsorption could be applied to interfacial protein layers.     

Universal features of the melt elasticity of interacting polymer nanocomposites

We study the structure and linear viscoelasticity of interacting polymer nanocomposites based on mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) and fumed silica particles. The filler is dispersed within the polymer using two different techniques which lead to different dispersion states. The analysis of the dynamic response of our systems highlights the formation of a stress-bearing network above a critical volume fraction, Φ(c). Extending a two-phase model used to describe weakly interacting systems, we show that above Φ(c) the melt-state elasticity of the composites arises from the independent contributions of a polymer-particle network and a viscous matrix. We also find that, although Φ(c) depends on the initial state of dispersion, the network elasticity scales with volume fraction following a universal power-law, with an exponent ν ≈ 1.8. Such a scaling law has been recently predicted for the stress-bearing mechanism governed by polymer-mediated interactions.     

Phase transition of a single star polymer: a Wang-Landau sampling study

Star polymers, as an important class of nonlinear macromolecules, process special thermodynamic properties for the existence of a common connecting point. The thermodynamic transitions of a single star polymer are systematically studied with the bond fluctuation model using Wang-Landau sampling techniques. A new analysis method employing the shape factor is proposed to locate the coil-globule (CG) and liquid-crystal (LC) transitions, which shows a higher efficiency and accuracy than the canonical specific heat function. The LC transition temperature is found to obey the identical scaling law as the linear polymers. However, the CG transition temperature shifts towards the LC transition with the increasing of the arm number. The reason is that for the star polymer a lower temperature is needed for the attractive force to overcome the excluded volume effect of the polymer chain because of its high arm density. This work clearly proves the structural distinction of the linear and star polymers can only affect the CG transition while has no influence on the LC transition.