AOT-水-正庚烷微乳液中脂肪酶催化拆分消旋布洛芬的研究

以手性高效液相色谱分析法为检测手段，研究了AOT-水-正庚烷微乳液反应介质中，脂肪酶催化消旋布洛芬的不对称酯合成反应。结果表明，在此反应介质中，消旋布洛芬与正辛醇能顺利地进行酯合成反应，转化率达0．3613，产物为光学纯度很高的S-构型布洛芬辛酯，其对映体过量值为0．9732。微乳液中的含水量叫。值（水与表面活性剂的摩尔数比）及AOT浓度主要影响酯合成反应转化率，对产物对映体过量值没有太大的影响；不同链长的脂肪醇不仅影响酯合成反应速率及其对应的最佳ω0值，还影响产物的对映体过量值。     

反相高效液相法测定空气氧化青霉素衍生物反应的转化率

 在空气氧化青霉素衍生物合成亚砜的反应中 ,用溶胶 凝胶法包容催化剂乙酰丙酮钴 (Ⅲ ) ,使反应在非均相条件下进行。采用反相高效液相法测定了该反应的转化率。采用的柱为C1 8反相柱 (4 6mmi d × 1 50mm ,1 0 μm) ,流动相为甲醇 水 (体积比为 85∶1 5)溶液。在 2 70nm检测波长下 ,青霉素G 对甲氧基苄基酯亚砜(PGPMBO)检测量在 0 0 5g·L- 1 ～ 0 40g·L- 1 时 ,与其峰面积具有良好的线性关系 ,线性相关系数为 0 9992。在不同反应条件下反应的最高转化率为 98 8%。该方法可直接对反应体系进行测定 ,可以快速准确地测定出反应的转化率 。     

SBS辐射接枝α-甲基丙烯酸(MAA)及含量的测定

采用辐射接枝共聚法制备了苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯嵌段聚合物（SBS）接枝α-甲基丙烯酸（MAA）的接枝聚合物（SBS-g-MAA）.研究了辐射接枝反应中单体转化率、接枝率的变化规律.结果表明：当单体浓度为0.10g/mL时,接枝率可达到10.9%;辐照前滤去多余含有单体的清液,会使接枝率下降,可同时减少单体的均聚,由于滤出的液体可重复使用,提高了单体的利用率,从而降低成本.用滴定法和红外分光光度法结合,建立了以SBS-g-MAA中1 705cm^-1羰基峰的峰面积与SBS的1 493cm^-1苯乙烯的特征峰作为内标峰的峰面积之比,与滴定分析测定的接枝量,通过线性拟合得到了红外定量分析工作曲线与公式,二者具有良好的相关性,该表达式可用于快捷表征SBS-g-MAA中MAA的含量.     

流动注射-毛细管电泳分流式电动进样歧视效应特征的研究

以碱性药物盐酸伪麻黄碱和酸性药物布洛芬为对象研究了分流式电动进样(一种用于流动注射-毛细管电泳(FI-CE)联用系统的新进样方法)歧视效应的特性。结果发现:在样品介质与运行缓冲液一致的条件下,FI-CE分流式电动进样产生的歧视效应与电动进样相似,但获得的校正曲线的线性明显优于电动进样,而与没有歧视效应的压力进样所获得的线性相似。利用这些特征提高了同时测定复方布洛芬片中少量组分盐酸伪麻黄碱和主要组分布洛芬的分析性能。在24次/h的采样频率下,盐酸伪麻黄碱的检测限为0.7 mg/L,比采用压力进样的毛细管电泳法所得的检测限低30%。连续进样11次分析含有13.1 mg/L盐酸伪麻黄碱和81.4 mg/L布洛芬的试样溶液,峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为2.8%(盐酸伪麻黄碱)和1.2%(布洛芬),明显优于采用压力进样的毛细管电泳法。用该法测定了两批复方布洛芬片中两种组分的含量,所得结果与高效液相色谱法的测定结果一致。     

氨布洛芬合成工艺的优化

对氨布洛芬的合成工艺进行了优化。以甲苯为溶剂,布洛芬经酰氯化制得布洛芬酰氯;K2CO3作缚酸剂,布洛芬酰氯与乙醇胺完成酰胺化反应合成了氨布洛芬,收率94.4%,纯度99.09%。     

三种工业废料对石油焦CO2气化动力学的影响

以造纸黑液、煤渣、污泥为催化剂,用加压热天平考察了石油焦与CO2催化与非催化气化动力学特性。结果表明,非催化气化时,反应速率随着转化率的增大先增大后减小,呈单峰曲线;催化气化时,反应速率随着转化率的增大而减小,不存在峰值。给出的正态分布函数模型很好地描述了石油焦CO2的非催化与催化气化动力学。计算得到石油焦与CO2非催化气化的活化能为197.7 kJ/mol。三种催化剂活性的差异与其所含金属元素的质量分数密切相关,其中富含Na元素的造纸黑液活性最好,反应速率是非催化气化的6倍。     

以七-(2,6-二-O-甲基)-β-环糊精为核磁共振手性溶解剂测定布洛芬的光学纯度

研究了七-(2,6-二-O-甲基)-β-环糊精(DM-β-CD)作为核磁共振手性溶解剂在识别布洛芬对映体及测定布洛芬光学纯度中的应用。在DM-β-CD存在下,布洛芬对映体混合物~1H-NMR谱的某些吸收峰裂分成两组信号,分别对应两个对映体,可以用于确定布洛芬的绝对构型。DM-β-CD可以使布洛芬~(13)C-NMR谱的某些核磁信号裂分成两个完全没有重叠的吸收峰,不但可以确定布洛芬的绝对构型,而且可以测定布洛芬对映体混合物的光学纯度。     

气相色谱法测定催化裂化轻汽油及其醚化产物中6种组分的含量北大核心CSCD

选用150m长的DB-1色谱柱,在程序升温的条件下,用气相色谱法分离并测定了催化裂化(FCC)轻汽油及其醚化产物中甲醇、异戊烷、3-甲基-1-丁烯、2-甲基-1-丁烯、2-甲基-2-丁烯及叔戊基甲醚等6种组分。根据相应组分的峰面积Ai及其相对响应因子Ri,用校正归一法计算上述6种组分的含量;在计算相对响应因子时,取碳及氢的相对原子质量(分别为12.011,1.008 0)为基础。甲醇的检出限为0.002%,其余5种组分的检出限均为0.001%。应用该方法分析了醚化FCC轻汽油样品,测得上述6种组分测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)依次为0.82%,0.64%,1.1%,0.54%,0.33%,1.3%。用标准加入法测定了6种组分的回收率,所得回收率在88.9%～99.0%之间。为对催化裂化装置的催化剂反应性能作出评价,可从预反应器出口物料、醚化蒸馏塔顶物料和后反应器出口物料中分别取得样品,应用该方法对其中相应组分进行测定。异戊烷在此反应工艺中不参与反应,根据每个反应器入口和出口的异戊烯与异戊烷的比值可以计算出异戊烯在整个工艺过程中的转化率。经计算得异戊烯在预反应器中的转化率为66.5%,在醚化蒸馏塔中的转化率为76.1%,在后反应器中的转化率为37.5%,醚化反应的总转化率为95.0%。     

催化裂化轻汽油及其醚化产品的分析

采用气相色谱-质谱、气相色谱-红外、色谱保留值法、化学法、转化率计算法等技术对催化裂化轻汽油中的组分特别是活性烯烃及其醚化产物进行了结构确定,用色谱峰面积校正归一法测定醚化产品中醚的含量;方法被用于催化裂化轻汽油的醚化催化剂评价和工艺研究。     

丙烯腈与衣康酸在DMSO/H_2O中的聚合及聚合物性能表征

采用丙烯腈 (AN)与衣康酸 (IA)为共聚单体 ,以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂在混合介质二甲基亚砜 水(DMSO H2 O)中自由基沉淀共聚合 ,合成了高分子量的聚丙烯腈 .通过正交设计方法研究了聚合反应条件 ,如反应温度、单体浓度、混合介质DMSO H2 O配比等对聚合反应的转化率的影响 ,还重点探讨了混合介质DMSO H2 O配比对转化率和粘均分子量的影响 .采用DSC ,TG ,IR等手段研究了PAN均聚物及 (PAN co IA)的结构与性能 .研究结果表明 ,增加反应温度 ,降低单体浓度 ,降低喂料AN IA配比中IA的含量 ,均有利于提高聚合反应的转化率 .AN与IA共聚反应的转化率随着反应介质中DMSO含量的增加而降低 ,同时聚合物的粘均分子量也降低 .对于喂料AN IA配比中IA含量相同的P(AN co IA)共聚物 ,高分子量P(AN co IA)共聚物比常规低分子量的放热峰起始温度低 ,放热峰宽     

Determination of the enantiomeric composition of ibuprofen in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography

A normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method, using a hexane-ethyl acetate solvent system, for the determination of the enantiomeric composition of ibuprofen in human plasma is described. The method is based on the resolution of the diastereoisomeric amides formed on reaction of the ibuprofen enantiomers with S-1-(naphthen-1-yl)ethylamine using p-chlorophenoxy-acetic acid as internal standard. The application of the method for the determination of the enantiomeric composition of ibuprofen in human plasma following the repeated oral administration of the drug to two volunteers is reported. The plasma concentrations of the S-(+) enantiomer were always greater than that of the R-(-), the ratio of the areas under the enantiomer plasma concentration-time curves (S/R) being 1.8 and 1.6.     

Determination of fenfluramine enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary zone electrophoresis

Summary Capillary zone electrophoresis has been used for the enantiomeric separation of racemic ortho-fenfluramine and meta-fenfluramine employing a phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 added with cyclodextrins. The cyclodextrin type and concentration strongly influenced the chiral resolution. The uncharged β-cyclodextrin polymer gave enantiomeric resolution of both ortho and meta isomers, while γ-cyclodextrin was a good chiral selector for only ortho-fenfluramine; heptakis-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin permitted base line separation of meta-fenfluramine enantiomers but only partial resolution of racemic ortho-fenfluramine. The optimized electrophoretic method was applied to the quantitative analysis of 1-meta-fenfluramine (minor component in the mixture) and d-meta-fenfluramine in a commercial pharmaceutical formulation. Good reproducibility for migration time and corrected peak areas (R.S.D. <0.8 % and <1.2 %, respectively) was achieved and the presence of the minor component of the mixture was found to be in accord to previous determinations performed by other analytical methods.     

Determination of fenfluramine enantiomers in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary zone electrophoresis

Summary Capillary zone electrophoresis has been used for the enantiomeric separation of racemic ortho-fenfluramine and meta-fenfluramine employing a phosphate buffer at pH 2.5 added with cyclodextrins. The cyclodextrin type and concentration strongly influenced the chiral resolution. The uncharged β-cyclodextrin polymer gave enantiomeric resolution of both ortho and meta isomers, while γ-cyclodextrin was a good chiral selector for only ortho-fenfluramine; heptakis-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin permitted base line separation of meta-fenfluramine enantiomers but only partial resolution of racemic ortho-fenfluramine. The optimized electrophoretic method was applied to the quantitative analysis of 1-meta-fenfluramine (minor component in the mixture) and d-meta-fenfluramine in a commercial pharmaceutical formulation. Good reproducibility for migration time and corrected peak areas (R.S.D. <0.8% and <1.2%, respectively) was achieved and the presence of the minor component of the mixture was found to be in accord to previous determinations performed by other analytical methods.     

Kinetic resolution of acyclic secondary allylic silyl ethers catalyzed by chiral ketones.

Kinetic resolution of acyclic secondary allylic silyl ethers by chiral dioxiranes generated in situ from chiral ketones (R)-1 and (R)-2 and Oxone was investigated. An efficient and catalytic method has been developed for kinetic resolution of those substrates with a CCl(3), tert-butyl, or CF(3) group at the alpha-position. In particular, high selectivities (S up to 100) were observed for kinetic resolutions of racemic alpha-trichloromethyl allylic silyl ethers 7 and 9-15 catalyzed by ketones (R)-2. Both the recovered substrates and the resulting epoxides were obtained in high enantiomeric excess. On the basis of steric and electrostatic interactions between the chiral dioxiranes and the racemic substrates, a model was proposed to rationalize the enantioselectivities and diastereoselectivities in the chiral ketone-catalyzed kinetic resolution process.     

Resolution of racemic 2-aminocyclohexanol derivatives and their application as ligands in asymmetric catalysis

A preparatively easy and efficient protocol for the resolution of racemic 2-aminocyclohexanol derivatives is described, delivering both enantiomers with >99% enantiomeric excess (ee) by sequential use of (R)- and (S)-mandelic acid. A simple aqueous workup procedure permits the isolation of the amino alcohols in analytically pure form and the almost quantitative recovery of mandelic acid. Debenzylation of enantiopure trans-2-(N-benzyl)amino-1-cyclohexanol by hydrogenation and subsequent derivatization give access to a broad variety of diversely substituted derivatives. Furthermore, the corresponding cis isomers are readily available. Applications of these optically active aminocyclohexanols in catalyzed asymmetric phenyl transfer reactions to benzaldehydes and transfer hydrogenations of aryl ketones lead to products with up to 96% ee.     

Use of evaporative light scattering detector in the detection and quantification of enantiomeric mixtures by HPLC

Routinely used in our laboratories at analytical scale, an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) has proved to be versatile in the detection of enantiomeric resolution using chiral stationary phases by HPLC. Though this kind of detector has been widely used in various domains, its application in enantiomeric resolution has not been discussed in the literature and is found to have very specific features especially in the quantitative perspective. In contrast with the UV detection, the peak area from ELSD for both enantiomers of a racemic mixture may not be the same. This complicates the assessment of the enantiomeric purity of unknown samples. This current work deals with some practical aspects in the detection of enantiomers and in accurate quantitative determination of enantiomeric purity by ELSD. Effects of analyte nature (more precisely molecular weight and volatility), peak shape and peak shape difference between enantiomers on the quantitative integration by ELSD are discussed in connection with the UV-detection results. The calibration for quantitative enantiomeric analysis and its effectiveness are demonstrated.     

Chiral capillary electrophoresis as predictor for separation of drug enantiomers in continuous flow zone electrophoresis

Separation of the enantiomers of chlorpheniramine and methadone in acidic buffers containing carboxymethyl-betacyclodextrin (CMCD) as chiral selector was investigated by capillary zone electrophoresis. For a range of pH and CMCD concentrations, the mobility difference and resolution of the enantiomers were determined. Then, conditions known to provide well resolved enantiomers and optimized chiral separation were applied to chiral continuous flow electrophoresis. In that approach, a thin film of fluid flowing between two parallel plates is employed as carrier for electrophoresis. The electrolytes and the sample are continuously admitted at one end of the electrophoresis chamber and are fractionated by an array of outlet tubes at the other. The number of pure enantiomeric fractions obtained by chiral continuous flow electrophoresis was found to be directly dependent on the enantiomeric mobility difference. For racemic chlorpheniramine separated in a betaine-acetic acid buffer at a total throughput of 5 mg/h, complete enantiomeric separation is shown to require a mobility difference of about 3 x 10(-9) m2/V s. Furthermore, compared to the previous investigations with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, CMCD was found to permit improved fractionation of methadone enantiomers. With a total racemic drug throughput of about 15 mg/h, continuous flow zone electrophoresis processing with CMCD as chiral selector is shown to have the potential of providing pure enantiomers on a mg/h scale. The results indicate that chiral capillary zone electrophoresis data can be employed as predictor for preparative scale chiral separations based upon continuous flow zone electrophoresis.     

Enantioselective analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in wastewater and environmental water samples

A highly sensitive and reliable method for the enantioselective analysis of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in wastewater and environmental water samples has been developed. These three pharmaceuticals are chiral molecules and the variable presence of their individual (R)- and (S)-enantiomers is of increasing interest for environmental analysis. An indirect method for enantioseparation was achieved by the derivatization of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers to amide diastereomers using (R)-1-phenylethylamine ((R)-1-PEA). After initial solid phase extraction from aqueous samples, derivatization was undertaken at room temperature in less than 5 min. Optimum recovery and clean-up of the amide diastereomers from the derivatization solution was achieved by a second solid phase extraction step. Separation and detection of the individual diastereomers was undertaken by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Excellent analyte separation and peak shapes were achieved for the derivatized (R)- and (S)-enantiomers for all three pharmaceuticals with peak resolution, R(s) is in the range of 2.87-4.02 for all diastereomer pairs. Furthermore, the calibration curves developed for the (S)-enantiomers revealed excellent linearity (r(2) ≥ 0.99) for all three compounds. Method detection limits were shown to be within the range of 0.2-3.3 ng L(-1) for individual enantiomers in ultrapure water, drinking water, surface water and a synthetic wastewater. Finally, the method was shown to perform well on a real tertiary treated wastewater sample, revealing measurable concentrations of both (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of ibuprofen, naproxen and ketoprofen. Isotope dilution using racemic D(3)-ibuprofen, racemic D(3)-ketoprofen and racemic D(3)-naproxen was shown to be an essential aspect of this method for accurate quantification and enantiomeric fraction (EF) determination. This approach produced excellent reproducibility for EF determination of triplicate tertiary treated wastewater samples.     

Analysis of metoprolol enantiomers in human serum by liquid chromatography on a cellulose-based chiral stationary phase

Metoprolol is a lipophilic, cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent commercially available as a racemic compound. A normal phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to directly determine individual enantiomeric concentrations of metoprolol in human serum. Separation of the enantiomers was accomplished by a cellulose-tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase. Metoprolol enantiomers were detected by means of fluorescence with excitation and emission wavelengths of 275 and 315 nm, respectively. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range 12.5-400 ng/ml for each enantiomer. Within-day coefficient of variation was less than 15% at all concentrations and the between-day coefficient of variation ranged from 4.1 to 11.2%. The limit of detection was determined to be 5 ng/ml for each enantiomer and the stereoselective resolution (alpha) of R- and S-metoprolol was 3.08. The assay was employed to determine enantiomeric serum concentrations of metoprolol in healthy male volunteers.     

直链淀粉-三[(S)-1-苯乙基氨基甲酸酯]手性固定相拆分布地奈德对映体及其制剂含量的测定

22R-布地奈德的药物活性比22S-布地奈德的强2~3倍,开发布地奈德对映体拆分和定量分析方法,可为其药物研发及质量控制提供重要依据。目前,主要以反相C₁₈固定相对布地奈德对映体进行拆分,而采用手性固定相对其进行拆分少有报道。通过考察固定相、流动相和柱温对布地奈德对映体拆分的影响,建立了基于直链淀粉-三[(S)-1-苯乙基氨基甲酸酯]手性固定相快速拆分和检测布地奈德对映体的高效液相色谱方法,其色谱条件如下:色谱柱为Chiralpak AS-RH色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5.0 μm),流动相为乙腈-水(45∶55, v/v),柱温40 ℃,流速1.0 mL/min,二极管阵列检测器(DAD),检测波长246 nm,进样量10 μL。在该色谱条件下,布地奈德的两个对映体得到较好拆分,22R-布地奈德和22S-布地奈德的保留时间分别6.40 min和7.77 min,分离度为4.64; 22R-布地奈德和22S-布地奈德分别在各自范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(R²)均为0.9999,检出限分别为0.05 μg/mL和0.07 μg/mL,定量限分别为0.16 μg/mL和0.20 μg/mL; 4个添加水平的样品加标回收率为102.63%~104.17%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.08%~0.57%(n=6)。将该方法应用于1批次4个吸入用布地奈德混悬液实际样品进行检测,22R-布地奈德和22S-布地奈德的含量分别为283.15~284.63 μg/mL和259.86~261.51 μg/mL。该方法操作简便,分析时间短,重复性好,准确度高,可用于布地奈德对映体的拆分及其制剂的质量控制。