EPR-g-PS热塑弹性体结构与性能的关系

通过聚苯乙烯大分子单体与乙烯、丙烯共聚得到的乙丙橡胶(EPR)为主干、聚苯乙烯(PS)为支链的接枝共聚物EPR-g-PS,在无化学交联的情况下,模压样品具有与三元乙丙硫化胶可比拟的强度(PS=37.5％,M_(300％)=113公斤/厘米~2,抗张强度=198公斤/厘米~2,伸长率=705％)。聚苯乙烯含量、平均支链数目和成型条件是影响接枝共聚物力学性能的主要因素。聚苯乙烯微区除了以热塑交联网络起到物理交联作用外,在应力作用下本身还发生非弹性形变,起到补强填料的作用,使EPR-g-PS表现出热塑弹性体的性质。     

接枝共聚物EPR-g-PS作PS/EPDM共混体系增容剂的探讨

使用了由大分子单体共聚合制备的以乙丙橡胶(EPR)为主干、聚苯乙烯(PS)为支链的接枝共聚物EPR-g-PS作为PS/EPDM共混体系的增容剂。实验结果表明,共混体系的组成、增容剂加入量以及增容剂分子结构对共混体系冲击强度有很大影响。将这些因素与相差显微镜及扫描电镜研究所揭示的共混物形态的变化相联系,对此类接校共聚物作为不相容体系增容剂的机理作了探讨。     

EPR-g-PS接枝共聚物的大分子单体共聚物合成及表征

将阴离子聚合所得末端带有烯丙基的窄分布聚苯乙烯大分子单体(PSallyl)与乙烯、丙烯在钒催化体系下进行共聚合,得到聚苯乙烯(PS)支链沿乙丙橡胶(EPR)主干无规分布的接枝共聚物EPR-g-PS。接枝效率为70％左右。大分子单体的分子量、加入量,催化剂浓度和聚合温度等对共聚反应及其产物结构有明显的影响。丁酮为选择沉淀剂可分离未反应的聚苯乙烯大分子单体。用紫外光谱、核磁共振、渗透压和凝胶渗透色谱法测定了纯制接枝共聚物的组成和分子量。结果表明所合成的EPR-g-PS的聚苯乙烯含量为5—45％;支链为分子量1.0—7.8×10~4的窄分布((?)=1.05—1.17)聚苯乙烯;平均支链数为1—4。     

接枝共聚物聚苯乙烯－g－聚氧乙烯的微相分离形态研究

本文利用透射电子显微镜技术，以两性接校共聚物聚苯乙烯－ｇ－聚氧乙烯为研究对象，研究了接枝共聚物的微相分离形态结构，发现聚苯乙烯－ｇ－聚氧乙烯能形成微相分离结构，微区的形状和尺寸与共聚物的组成和侧链长度有关．文中还讨论了嵌段共聚物和接枝共聚物在形成微相分离结构时的共性和个性．     

接枝共聚物聚苯乙烯－g－聚氧乙烯的微相分离形态研究

 本文利用透射电子显微镜技术，以两性接校共聚物聚苯乙烯－ｇ－聚氧乙烯为研究对象，研究了接枝共聚物的微相分离形态结构，发现聚苯乙烯－ｇ－聚氧乙烯能形成微相分离结构，微区的形状和尺寸与共聚物的组成和侧链长度有关．文中还讨论了嵌段共聚物和接枝共聚物在形成微相分离结构时的共性和个性．     

HIPS／SBS共混物的形态结构和性能

通常,高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)为多相体系,由连续聚苯乙烯(PS)相和分散的聚丁二烯(PB)颗粒组成。PB含量一般为5～15%,粒径范围为0.5～10μm,PB颗粒是交联的,同时含有接枝的PS,其内部结构由制备工艺决定。HIPS力学性能与其制备工艺、PB含量、PB分子结构、相区尺寸及内部结构密切相关。PS和PB嵌段共聚物(SBS)通常为热塑弹性体,由于PS段和PB段的不相容性而呈现微相分离的结构特征。SBS常用于与其它聚合物共混以增加后者的韧性。本工作研究了HIPS/SBS共混物的形态结构和力学性能。     

聚甲基丙烯酸β羟乙酯在聚乙烯膜上辐射接枝物的形态结构

本文用透射电子显微镜(TEM),光学显微镜(OM),小角X射线散射(SAXS)等方法研究了聚甲基丙烯酸β羟乙酯(HEMA)在聚乙烯(PE)膜上辐射接枝物的形态结构.观察了微相结构随接枝条件变化规律.HEMA为支链的接枝共聚物的基本形态是高度分散的HEMA微区(约几百A)存在于PE连续相中的两相体系.随接枝量增加,微区形态发生变化.SAXS结果进一步证实了接枝共聚物相分离的形态结构,并利用Tsvankin-Buchanan公式计算了共聚物的长周期、无定形层厚及一维结晶度.     

均聚物PS共混对PI-PS-PLA薄膜中微纳米结构的影响

将均聚物聚苯乙烯(PS)与三嵌段共聚物聚异戊二烯-聚苯乙烯-聚乳酸(PI-PS-PLA)以一定摩尔比共混,采用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了均聚物浓度对其薄膜样品中微纳米结构的影响。结果表明:当n(PS)∶n(PI-PS-PLA)为1∶2和1∶1时,薄膜呈现出规则排列的柱状微结构,且柱状微区的尺寸较混合前的样品有所改变;当n(PS)∶n(PI-PS-PLA)为2∶1时,PS与嵌段共聚物PI-PS-PLA的分子链发生了相分离,其中均聚物PS相形成了较大尺寸的岛状微区。     

二元乙丙橡胶的环氧官能化及其增韧尼龙6的研究

在双螺杆挤出机中制备了环氧官能化的二元乙丙橡胶(gEPR) ,采用红外光谱工作曲线法测量了EPR的接枝率.将环氧官能化的EPR与尼龙6 (Nylon- 6 )熔融共混,并对共混体系的相形态、断裂形貌、增韧机理、力学性能进行了研究.结果表明,gEPR的环氧官能团与Nylon- 6的端羧基和(或)端氨基发生了化学反应生成Nylon -6 co EPR共聚物,该共聚物作为界面改性剂降低了Nylon -6与EPR之间的界面张力,使EPR在Nylon -6基体中均匀、稳定地分散,而且随着EPR接枝率的增加,EPR的粒径尺寸逐渐减小.断面形貌观察发现,与Nylon -6 EPR体系相比,Nyon -6 gEPR共混体系呈现明显的韧性断裂特征.通过对Nylon -6 gEPR共混体系缺口冲击形变区的研究得出EPR增韧Nylon -6的机理是橡胶粒子的空洞化和塑料基体的剪切屈服.力学性能测试表明gEPR的引入显著提高了Nylon -6的缺口冲击强度.     

紫外导数光谱法在含苯乙烯链节共聚物组成测定中的应用

人们利用苯环在260nm区域的特征紫外吸收测定共聚物中聚苯乙烯(PS)链节含量时,常假设共聚物的紫外吸收仅来源于PS链节,且共聚物和PS均聚物具有相同的摩尔吸光系数.这些假定并不一定正确,即使共聚单体单元在260nm处不存在特征吸收,对共聚物吸收峰的位置和强度也有明显影响.不少研究者发现苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物中,PS含量和吸光度不存在线性关系.E.J.Mechan发现丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物中聚丁二烯链节在250～300nm范围内有一个宽的背景吸收.我们也发现在聚苯乙烯-g-十八烷基聚氧乙烯(PS-g-SPEO)接枝共聚物中,SPEO的背景吸收严重干扰了PS链节在260nm处的紫外吸收.为     

聚苯乙烯溶胀聚苯乙烯－聚丁二烯－聚苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物微区的研究

嵌段共聚物/均聚物共混体系,各嵌段会形成各自的相,并且嵌段间的连接点一定在两相之间的界面上,这一要求极大地影响了嵌段共聚物/均聚物共混体系的链构象和相行为.     

Morphologies, crystallinity and dynamic mechanical characterizations of polypropylene/polystyrene blends compatibilized with PP-g-PS copolymer: Effect of the side chain length

PP-g-PS copolymers were synthesized with the same polypropylene (PP) backbones and various side chain lengths of PS sequences via reactive comonomer p-allyltoluene (p-AT) by Ziegler–Natta copolymerization and the subsequent living anionic graft-polymerization. ¹H NMR characterized that the PP-g-PS copolymer had grafted 3.15 side chains per 1000 carbons in the PP backbones and the length of PS sequences varied in the range of 25.8–309.9 units. PP/PS blends with the PP-g-PS copolymer as compatibilizer (wt. 75/25/5) were prepared and characterized by SEM, WAXD and DMA to investigate the morphologies, crystallinity and glass transition temperatures of the PP/PS blends. All the results pointed out that the average side chain length (GL) of the graft copolymer (GL is from 25.8 to 309.9) made great effects of the PP/PS blends, such as the PS dispersed phase, the crystallinity of the PP component and the two glass transition temperatures of the blends, which showed the same trend with the increase of the GL. Overall, only with a suitable average side chain length, the PP-g-PS copolymer could achieve optimal compatibilizing efficiency of the PP/PS blends.     

Structure and morphology of polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) in situ blends synthesized by spherical Ziegler-Natta catalyst

Polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-propylene) (iPP/EPR) in situ blends of different composition were synthesized by spherical Ziegler-Natta catalyst, and were fractionated into three portions: the random copolymer (EPR), the block copolymer, and the iPP matrix. The EPR fraction was characterized by ¹³C NMR, and the block copolymer fraction was characterized by crystalline segregation and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The blends showed bi-phase structure with EPR existing in the dispersed phase. Increasing EPR in the blends resulted in increase of the number and diameter of the EPR particles, but there is an upper limit for the particle number. There were only highly irregular spherulites or tiny crystallites in the isothermal crystallized blends. The morphology of the impact fracture surfaces of the blends clearly showed that they were fractured in ductile fashion. There was strong dependence of impact strength of the blends on their morphology, and the sequence distributions of the EPR and segmented copolymer fractions also markedly influenced the mechanical properties.     

An in situ GISAXS study of selective solvent vapor annealing in thin block copolymer films: Symmetry breaking of in-plane sphere order upon deswelling

Thin films of asymmetric poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) block copolymers are studied by means of in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) during solvent vapor annealing in tetrahydrofuran, a solvent selective for the PS majority block of the copolymer. Upon swelling, PS-b-P4VP block copolymers form hexagonal arrays of spherical P4VP microdomains in a PS matrix in films 7–9 layers thick. Deswelling the films induces a transition from hexagonal to face-centered orthorhombic (fco) symmetry, which is stable only at ∼7 layers of spherical microdomains. Dry films show co-existing hexagonal and orthorhombic symmetries when the solvent is removed slowly, whereas instantaneous solvent removal suppresses the fco structure, resulting in films with only hexagonal structure. The in-plane order of microdomains is significantly deteriorated in dry films independent of the solvent removal rate.Spherical block copolymer microdomains are known to undergo a transition from hexagonal to orthorhombic packing in isothermally annealed thin films when the number of sphere layers is increased from 4 to 5. In this paper, in situ GISAXS experiments reveal that a similar transition occurs during solvent vapor annealing in a selective solvent. Interestingly, the transition from hexagonal to orthorhombic packing of spheres occurs as solvent is removed from a thin block copolymer film. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 331–338     

Templated nanostructured PS‐b‐PEO nanotubes

With anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes as wetting templates, nanotubes of the cylinder‐forming polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐PEO) copolymer were generated. The PS‐b‐PEO solution was introduced into the cylindrical nanopores of an AAO membrane by capillary force and polymeric nanotubes formed after solvent evaporation. Because of the water solubility of the cylindrical PEO microdomains and the orientation of the cylindrical PEO microdomains with respect to the nanotube walls, the nanotubes were permeable to aqueous media. PS‐b‐PEO nanotubes were also prepared on the interior walls of amorphous carbon nanotubes (a‐CNTs). Because of the unique water permeability of the PEO microdomains, an avenue for functionalizing the interior of the a‐CNTs is enabled. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2912–2917, 2007     

Ozonolysis efficiency of PS‐b‐PI block copolymers for forming nanoporous polystyrene

A PS‐b‐PI diblock copolymer has been synthesized and blended with a homopolystyrene of a variable molecular weight at a variable weight ratio, resulting in different volume fractions of PS to PI and various morphologies. After being cast as a film, the double bonds in the PI microdomains were cleaved via ozonolysis resulting in the formation of a nanoporous PS. The ease of ozonolysis depended strongly upon the morphology of the PI microdomains. The degree of ozonization after 24‐h reaction was about 90% for lamellar microdomains, about 80% for bicontinuous microdomains, about 70% for cylindrical microdomains, and about 50% for spherical microdomains. These variations were attributed to the decrease in the contact area of PI microdomains with ozone and the total volume of PI microdomains accessible to ozone. All PS‐b‐PI/homopolystyrene samples have turned into nanoporous materials after the removal of PI nanodomains. SEM, AFM, and TEM images indicated that the resulting PS had a pore size of 20–30 nm, and thus was potentially useful for photonic crystals or fuel cell applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. JPolym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 1964–1973, 2008     

Dynamic mechanical and rheological properties of binary S–(S/B)–S triblock copolymer blends

The rheology and dynamic mechanical properties of binary block copolymer blends consisting of a symmetrical triblock copolymer with thermoplastic elastomeric behavior (LN4) and an asymmetrical thermoplastic triblock copolymer (LN3) were investigated. TEM images of the blends show a systematic variation in the morphologies from worms (～20–0 wt % LN3) to cylinders (～60–30 wt % LN3) to lamellae (100–70 wt % LN3) as a function of LN3 content. DMA analysis has revealed that the increase in LN3 content leads to a decrease in miscibility between the PS end blocks and the S/B middle block. The frequency and temperature dependence of the storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and complex viscosity (|η*|) has been studied for LN4 (weakly segregated) and LN3 (strongly segregated) from their master curves. By comparing the rheological properties of these blend compositions at low‐frequency regime, it is observed that with the increase in LN3 content the shear modulus and complex viscosity increase. Blend compositions with 70–100 wt % of LN3 show nonterminal behavior at reduced frequencies due to the presence of highly ordered microdomains when compared to blends with ～0–20 wt % of LN3 content. van Gurp–Palmen plots were constructed to observe the transition from liquid‐ to solid‐like behavior in the vicinity of order‐to‐disorder transition (ODT) temperature. ODT temperature increases as the thermoplastic LN3 content increases which are also confirmed by the Han plots. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 329–343, 2008     

Block copolymer compatibilizers for polystyrene/poly(dimethylsiloxane) blends

Symmetric polystyrene (PS)–poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) diblock copolymers were mixed into a 20% dispersion of PDMS in PS. The effect of adding the block copolymer on the blend morphology was examined as a function of the block copolymer molecular weight (M_n,bcp), concentration, and viscosity ratio (η_r). When blended together with the PS and PDMS homopolymers, most of the block copolymer appeared as micelles in the PS matrix. Even when the copolymer was preblended into the PDMS dispersed phase, block copolymer micelles in the PS matrix phase were observed with transmission electron microscopy after mixing. Adding 16 kg/mol PS–PDMS block copolymer dramatically reduced the PDMS particle size, but the morphology, as examined by scanning electron microscopy, was unstable upon thermal annealing. Adding 156 kg/mol block copolymer yielded particle sizes similar to those of blends with 40 or 83 kg/mol block copolymers, but only blends with 83 kg/mol block copolymer were stable after annealing. For a given value of M_n,bcp, a minimum PDMS particle size was observed when η_r ～ 1. When η_r = 2.6, thermally stable, submicrometer particles as small as 0.6 μm were observed after the addition of only 3% PS–PDMS diblock (number‐average molecular weight = 83 kg/mol) to the blend. As little as 1% 83 kg/mol block copolymer was sufficient to stabilize a 20% dispersion of 1.1‐μm PDMS particles in PS. Droplet size reduction was attributed to the prevention of coalescence caused by small amounts of block copolymer at the interface. The conditions under which block copolymer interfacial adsorption and interpenetration were facilitated were explained with Leibler's brush theory. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 346–357, 2002; DOI 10.1002/polb.10098     

Compatibility of a statistical copolymer p(EMA-CO-MMA) with PS and PMMA

The compositions of coexisting phases and the interface widths in blends of a statistical copolymer of poly(ethylmethacrylate — co — methylmethacrylate) (P(EMA_1,x-co-MMA_x)) and a deuterated polystyrene (PS(D)) as well as a deuterated poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA(D)) have been investigated by neutron reflectometry (NR). Interaction parameters are calculated from the compositions of coexisting phases and the interface width values. Utilizing a novel two dimensional scheme for graphical representation of the interaction parameters, the results are in very good agreement with studies on the interaction parameters for PS/PMMA, PS/PEMA and PEMA/PMMA blends. In particular, X_EMA/MMA deduced from a NR experiment on a P(EMA-block-MMA(D)) diblock copolymer fits excellent into the scheme.