温敏型微球表面接枝交联复合凝胶的制备及性能

为改善高分子微球复合凝胶响应速率慢及韧性差的缺陷,采用非交联温敏型疏水单体组装的高分子微球作为交联剂,在不外加交联剂的条件下制备微球表面接枝交联聚丙烯酰胺复合凝胶.由于微球内部无化学交联结构,因此可通过自身可逆性结构及形态改变对复合凝胶机械性能和刺激响应特性进行调控.复合凝胶具有良好的韧性,断裂伸长率和断裂强度分别可达2400%和80 k Pa,且凝胶机械强度可通过温度进行调控.由于温敏型微球交联点的存在,采用非敏感型聚丙烯酰胺为基质的复合凝胶对温度具有良好的响应性,其响应速率较传统聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺有机凝胶提升5~10倍.     

以微凝胶为基质的杂化材料制备及应用研究进展

水凝胶微球即尺寸较小的球形水凝胶,除了凝胶特性外,其特点主要是具有较小的尺寸和球形形貌。由于其网络结构和快速的刺激响应性,使其作为模板制备具有独特性能的杂化材料而备受关注。本文主要从几个方面阐述了以微凝胶为基质制备杂化材料的方法及其应用。包括了磁性金属氧化物-凝胶杂化材料、金属单质-凝胶杂化材料、生物活性-凝胶杂化材料及功能化的球形和膜状杂化材料,最后介绍了本实验室以微凝胶为基质制备表面图案化杂化材料的方法。     

不同结构形态二氧化硅/高分子复合微凝胶材料制备研究

敏感性二氧化硅/高分子微凝胶复合材料既具有二氧化硅良好的化学稳定性、低毒性和易于功能性,又具有敏感性高分子微凝胶对外界环境(如温度、pH等)的刺激响应特性,因而广泛应用于药物控释、吸附分离、载体和微反应器等重要领域。本文根据二氧化硅和敏感性高分子复合结构的不同,对二氧化硅/高分子核-壳型复合微凝胶、高分子/二氧化硅核-壳型复合微凝胶及杂化网络结构二氧化硅-高分子复合微凝胶等三类复合材料的制备研究进展进行较为详尽地阐述和分析。     

pH响应性阳离子微凝胶-纳米Pd催化剂的制备及性能

以聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(PEGMA)为大分子稳定剂,通过乳液聚合制备稳定性良好的具有pH响应性聚甲基丙烯酸二乙基氨基乙酯(PDEA)微凝胶,以其为模板将一定量的四氯钯酸钠(Na2PdCl4)溶液通过静电作用充分络合到高分子微凝胶的网络结构中,并以NaBH4为还原剂,原位合成法制备pH响应性阳离子微凝胶-纳米Pd催化剂.利用透射电镜(TEM)、动态光散射(DLS)、紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)、热重分析(TGA)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分别对阳离子微凝胶-纳米Pd催化剂的形貌、pH响应性、静电力、Pd负载量和Pd晶型进行了表征及分析.结果表明,制备得到的纳米Pd的平均粒径约为3.5 nm;紫外吸收光谱图中,PDEA-Na2PdCl4复合体系在波长280 nm出现吸收峰,证明PdCl42-与微凝胶之间存在相互作用力;pH响应性阳离子微凝胶-纳米Pd催化剂还原4-硝基苯酚具有很好的催化活性,其催化活性与微凝胶网络的pH响应性有一定关系.此外对阳离子微凝胶-纳米Pd催化剂循环使用的状况进行了初步研究.     

用于软骨修复的水凝胶*

在软骨组织修复与再生中,水凝胶支架能够为细胞的增殖与分化提供更接近于天然软骨细胞外基质的微环境,是软骨组织修复的一种理想材料。本文介绍了近年发展起来的一些具有新结构和新性能的水凝胶,包括高强度水凝胶以及结构中包含功能蛋白和多肽的水凝胶。重点介绍了对温度、pH值及对生物分子产生响应的刺激响应型水凝胶和自组装水凝胶。具有α-螺旋结构和自组装水凝胶通过两个或多个卷曲螺旋结构聚集形成水凝胶,而通过多肽自组装形成的具有纤维结构的水凝胶在微观的结构上更接近软骨细胞外基质。此外,DNA的分子和序列也用来设计基于DNA的新型水凝胶。本文最后介绍了能在力学、生物学和可注射性等多方面更好地满足软骨修复需要的复合型水凝胶支架、干细胞与水凝胶的复合以及生长因子、基因和一些力学刺激对软骨再生的促进作用。     

固定pH敏感微凝胶和刚果红复合凝胶膜的传感性能与应用

以化学交联的聚乙烯醇(PVA)凝胶为基质,固定由沉淀聚合法制备的聚(丙烯酰胺-co-甲基丙烯酸)[P(AM-co-MAA)]微凝胶和刚果红,构筑了对p H有光学响应性的新型复合凝胶膜。采用连接有紫外-可见分光光度计的测试系统对复合凝胶膜的传感性能进行了研究,并考察了复合凝胶膜的响应时间和稳定性。结果表明,P(AM-co-MAA)微凝胶和刚果红对光吸收性能有明显的协同增效作用,复合凝胶膜的p H响应范围为4.1~0.5,响应时间小于100 s,显示出比固定单一p H敏感物更优越的性能。     

两性pH敏感凝胶溶胀理论的有限元方法

两性pH敏感凝胶同时拥有可电离的酸性基团和碱性基团,与普通凝胶相比,它具有更好的溶胀特性和生物相容性,从而被广泛应用在生物医学、药物输送系统、微流体控制等领域。因其独特的pH敏感特性和非线性溶胀行为,目前还缺乏用于描述两性pH敏感凝胶的有限元方法。据此本文采用修正过的两性pH敏感凝胶平衡溶胀理论,发展了能够描述凝胶溶胀力学行为的有限元计算方法,计算两性pH敏感凝胶在均匀溶胀和非均匀溶胀下的力学行为。结论显示,该有限元方法可以很好地与凝胶溶胀理论的(半)解析解拟合,既可以为生物体中某些关键指标提供重要参数和力学上的理论参考,也可为以聚合物凝胶为材料的微流体控制阀的设计提供重要参考。     

海藻酸盐-壳聚糖复合微/纳米凝胶研究进展

综述了海藻酸盐-壳聚糖复合微/纳米凝胶研究进展.指出海藻酸盐与壳聚糖的生物相容性、黏附性和降解性良好,以其为原料制备微/纳米凝胶具有方法简便安全、对药物包载效果好等优点,且与常规尺寸凝胶相比分散性和透过性较好.两者复合制备微/纳米凝胶主要采用一步交联、两步交联、自组装等方法,与单一组分凝胶相比优势明显,在药物输送等领域具有良好的应用前景.     

微凝胶胶体晶体研究进展

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM)微凝胶粒子是一种软的胶体粒子.和单分散的SiO_2、PS、PMMA等硬的胶体粒子一样,单分散的PNIPAM微凝胶粒子也可以自组装成为高度有序的胶体晶体.微凝胶粒子软物质的特性及其对外部刺激的响应性赋予其不同于硬球的组装行为.微凝胶胶体晶体的高度有序结构及其刺激响应性使其在诸多领域有重要用途.本文分别介绍了三维及二维微凝胶胶体晶体组装的研究进展,并对已开发的基于微凝胶胶体晶体的应用进行了总结.     

智能纳米水凝胶的刺激响应性研究进展

智能纳米水凝胶在药物输送与可控释放、医学诊断、生物传感器、微反应器、催化剂载体等方面有良好的应用前景。结合本课题组近年来的研究成果,分别介绍了具有温度刺激响应性、pH刺激响应性、光刺激响应性、磁场刺激响应性、分子识别刺激响应性和多重刺激响应性智能纳米水凝胶的研究进展。另外,对这几种智能纳米水凝胶目前存在的问题和今后的发展方向提出了一些粗浅的看法。     

Uptake and release of surfactants from polyampholyte microgel particles

Polyampholyte microgel particles, containing both methacrylic acid and 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (a weak base), in a mainly N-isopropyl acrylamide network, have been prepared by free-radical dispersion polymerisation. The swelling properties of the particles have been shown to be pH and temperature dependent and to exhibit a minimum in size at the iso-electric point. The uptake and release of cetylpyridinium chloride and Triton X-100, into and from, the polyampholyte microgel particles have been investigated as a function of pH. The absorbed amounts at different pH values have been related to various specific interactions between the surfactant and the microgel network.     

Synthesis of Polyampholyte Janus-like Microgels by Coacervation of Reactive Precursors in Precipitation Polymerization

Controlling the distribution of ionizable groups of opposite charge in microgels is an extremely challenging task, which could open new pathways to design a new generation of stimuli-responsive colloids. Herein, we report a straightforward approach for the synthesis of polyampholyte Janus-like microgels, where ionizable groups of opposite charge are located on different sides of the colloidal network. This synthesis approach is based on the controlled self-assembly of growing polyelectrolyte microgel precursors during the precipitation polymerization process. We confirmed the morphology of polyampholyte Janus-like microgels and demonstrate that they are capable of responding quickly to changes in both pH and temperature in aqueous solutions.     

Synthesis of Polyampholyte Janus‐like Microgels by Coacervation of Reactive Precursors in Precipitation Polymerization

Controlling the distribution of ionizable groups of opposite charge in microgels is an extremely challenging task, which could open new pathways to design a new generation of stimuli‐responsive colloids. Herein, we report a straightforward approach for the synthesis of polyampholyte Janus‐like microgels, where ionizable groups of opposite charge are located on different sides of the colloidal network. This synthesis approach is based on the controlled self‐assembly of growing polyelectrolyte microgel precursors during the precipitation polymerization process. We confirmed the morphology of polyampholyte Janus‐like microgels and demonstrate that they are capable of responding quickly to changes in both pH and temperature in aqueous solutions.     

Plum-pudding gels as a platform for drug delivery: understanding the effects of the different components on the diffusion behavior of solutes

The internal structure of composite gels made of responsive microgel particles inserted into a bulk hydrogel (N-isopropylacrylamide microgel particles in a cross-linked dimethylacrylamide matrix) has been investigated from the diffusion behavior of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) probes through the network, in the absence of specific interactions between the diffusing molecules and the system. The effect of the different components has been examined, for example, the size of the probe, the bulk structure, and the microgel nature. Particles were characterized prior to their insertion into the hydrogel in order to describe their properties as a function of size and cross-linker content, thus revealing different swelling behaviors. The biggest effects on the diffusion of the PEG probes were related to the bulk structure, and no major effects were registered by the addition of different microgels into the hydrogel network. We attempt to rationalize this behavior in terms of the composite gel structure and discuss the results in terms of their meaning for controlled drug delivery strategies.     

Fractal-type particle gel formed from gelatin + starch solution

Using confocal microscopy and small-deformation rheology, we demonstrate the formation of stable thermoreversible gelatin-based gels with colloidal fractal-type microstructure. The opaque particle gels were made by cooling of transparent mixed aqueous solutions of gelatin (1-3 wt %) and starch (7 wt %) from 40 to 24 degrees C. The mechanism involves starch-induced gelatin self-association into phase-separated gelatin-rich microgel particles, followed by diffusion-limited cluster aggregation into a particle gel network.     

Rheological aspects of colloidal gels in thermoresponsive microgel suspensions: formation,structure, and linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity

This review focuses on the rheological aspects of colloidal gels that are a three-dimensional sparse network made of aggregated attractive particles formed in the aqueous suspensions of microgels composed of thermoresponsive polymers. Heating changes the dominant interparticle interactions from repulsive to attractive because of the hydrophilic-to-hydrophobic transition. Under appropriate conditions, the hydrophobic microgel suspensions form colloidal gels behave as a yield fluid. The elastic and yielding features of the colloidal gels are considerably different from those of the repulsive glass which is formed by the dense packing of the hydrophilic microgels at low temperatures. The thermoresponsive microgel suspensions undergoing colloidal gelation have attracted much attention from not only the academic interests but also the potentials as a functional suspension because they show interesting and marked changes in viscoelasticity when subjected to temperature variation. We discuss the criteria and dynamics of colloidal gelation, the structure, and linear and nonlinear viscoelasticity of the colloid gels with an emphasis on the results of the experimental studies.     

Polyampholyte gels: swelling,collapse and interaction with ionic surfactants

Two series of polyampholyte gels formed from sodium methacrylate and diallyldimethylammonium chloride with variable composition were synthesized in water and in aqueous salt solution. It is shown that the swelling properties of polyampholyte gels are directly related to their chemical structure, which is defined by the process of gel synthesis. The swelling ratio of the polyampholyte gels prepared in salt solution is large compared with the gels prepared in pure water i.e. the polyampholyte gels with balanced stoichiometry show minimal swelling.The interaction of the polyampholyte gels with ionic surfactants (cationic, cetylpyridinium chloride and anionic, sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate) was studied. It was shown that for polyampholyte gels with an excess of the charges of one sign the addition of oppositely charged surfactant leads to the collapse of the gel. It was found that the efficiency of surfactants absorption is determined by the ratio of positive and negative charges in the chains of polyampholyte gels.     

聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)水凝胶微球体积相变的研究

窄分散的聚（Ｎ 异丙基丙烯酰胺）水凝胶微球用乳液聚合方法制备，并用动态和静态光散射对其体积相变进行了研究．与水中聚（Ｎ 异丙基丙烯酰胺）线性单链比较，水中凝胶微球的体积相变温度较高，对温度的响应比较平缓．相变是连续的，有别于大块凝胶非连续的体积变化．在体积相变过程中，凝胶微球始终是密度均一的热力学稳定球体．从相变过程网络密度的变化可以确定，绝大部分的水在收缩过程被排了出来，但在紧缩的凝胶微球中仍含有约７０％的水．     

Impact of Polymer Network Inhomogeneities on the Volume Phase Transition of Thermoresponsive Microgels

Thermoresponsive polymer gels exhibit pronounced swelling and deswelling upon changes in temperature, rendering them attractive for various applications. This transition has been studied extensively, but only little is known about how it is affected by nano‐ and micrometer‐scale inhomogeneities in the polymer gel network. In this work, droplet microfluidics is used to fabricate microgel particles of strongly varying inner homogeneity to study their volume phase behavior. These particles exhibit very similar equilibrium swelling and deswelling independent of their inner inhomogeneity, but the kinetics of their volume phase transition is markedly different: while gels with pronounced micrometer‐scale inhomogeneity show fast and affine deswelling, homogeneous gels shrink slowly and in multiple steps.     

Synthesis of polyampholyte microgels from colloidal salts of pectinic acid and their application as pH-responsive emulsifiers

A novel method for obtaining cross-linked microgels of apple pectin has been introduced. This method is based on the Ugi four-component condensation in colloidal suspensions of pectinic acid and amines. Using various processing parameters (the polysaccharide concentration, the type and density of crosslink, and the optimal pH range), particles with controlled colloidal properties have been obtained. Lightly cross-linked polysaccharide chains acquire anionic character due to deprotonation of the carboxyl groups at pH?9–10. Increasing the degree of cross-linking leads to a polyampholyte microgel, which can be protonated in acidic medium or deprotonated in basic medium. Polyampholyte microgels derived from apple pectin have proved to be an effective Pickering emulsifier at low concentrations and pH?2–3, forming stable oil-in-water emulsions. These Pickering emulsions exhibited pH-responsive behavior: raising the solution pH to 10 resulted in immediate demulsification due to the destabilization of microgel network at the oil–water interface.