有机-硅胶杂化整体柱的制备及应用研究进展

有机-硅胶杂化整体柱结合了有机聚合物整体柱和硅胶整体柱的优势, 具有制备简单、机械强度高和通透性好等优点, 近年来备受关注. 有机-硅胶杂化整体柱的制备方法主要有常规溶胶-凝胶法、“一锅法”和其它聚合方法. 目前, 杂化整体柱已被广泛应用于微纳尺度分离分析、样品预处理和固定化酶反应器基质中. 本文综述了有机-硅胶杂化整体柱的制备方法及应用研究进展, 并展望了其今后的发展前景.     

微纳尺度无机-有机杂化凝胶固定化木瓜蛋白酶研究

以吸附-絮凝耦合方法制备了微纳尺度的纳米TiO₂-聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide, PAM)杂化凝胶固定化酶. 利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱面扫描(EDS)、粒度分析表征了杂化凝胶絮凝酶形貌、尺寸及分散性. 通过对酸碱度有效调控, 以及表面Zeta电位分析, 探寻了酶-纳米复合凝胶静电作用机制. 结果表明, 静电相互作用力对酶的负载和颗粒粒度分布影响较大, 在pH＝7.0, TiO₂和木瓜蛋白酶(papain, PA)质量比为7.5∶1时, 固定化酶负载量达121.84 mg/g, 负载率91.38%|杂化凝胶固定化酶尺寸约为0.444 μm左右, 固定化酶在杂化凝胶载体上高度分散. 该杂化凝胶絮凝酶经过5批次反应后相对酶活力能保持在50%以上. 可见由吸附-絮凝法制备的微纳尺度的杂化凝胶固定化酶, 分散性好, 稳定性好, 酶负载量高, 这是一种利用纳米材料和微纳结构进行固定化酶的新途径.     

SiO2-HA/PNIPAm核壳温敏微凝胶的合成及其溶胀性能

以SiO₂纳米颗粒为核,以透明质酸（HA）和聚异丙基丙烯酰胺（PNIPAm）的杂化凝胶（HA/PNIPAm）为壳制备了一系列无机-有机杂化核壳结构单分散微凝胶.该微凝胶具有很好的温度敏感性,其最低临界转变温度（LCST）在34 ℃附近;该微凝胶具有负触变性,且温度高于LCST时负触变性更明显.用动态光散射（DLS）测定了微凝胶颗粒的水动力学粒径随温度的变化关系,实验数据可以用我们早前建立的硬核高分子凝胶分子热力学模型进行关联计算,结果表明只需较少的模型参数就可较好地描述温度响应的核壳结构高分子凝胶的溶胀行为.     

微尺度水凝胶与组织工程

水凝胶已被广泛应用于组织工程、药物控释、生物传感器等生物医学领域。随着微制造技术的发展,在纳微米尺度范围内制备形状和尺寸与自然组织相匹配的工程化水凝胶为解决血管化困难、复杂组织结构模拟、多细胞接种等组织工程难题带来了曙光。本文将主要讨论微尺度水凝胶在组织工程领域的研究现状,重点介绍微尺度水凝胶的合成方法及其在血管化和复杂组织结构模拟方面的应用。     

壳聚糖-硅基凝胶微球作为固定化金属螯合亲和色谱基质的研究

采用溶胶凝胶及微乳液技术制备了以壳聚糖-硅基杂化材料为骨架并带有金属离子螯合官能团的球形基质(CSHB),并对该基质的制备条件及结构形貌进行了研究与表征。实验表明,当微乳液反应体系的组分为:100mL壳聚糖溶液(2%m/V)、100mL Span乳化剂、250mL环己烷、13.3mL四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)、1.33mL 3-缩水甘油丙氧基三甲氧基硅烷(GPTMS)和亚氨基二乙酸(IDA)0.802g时,可获得粒径均匀,刚性较好的微球。红外光谱证明了该基质是一种多组分的杂合材料,差热分析数据表明该杂合材料的热稳定性随反应体系中GPTMS的含量增加而增大。CSHB通过动态吸附金属离子Cu2 与Ni2 后,可对金属螯合蛋白产生配位吸附作用。Cu2 -CSHB柱对牛血清蛋白(BSA)具良好的可逆吸附能力,蛋白能被咪唑等金属离子螯合剂洗脱,回收率达76.6%。BSA在CSHB柱上的吸附率只有4.7%,表明CSHB对蛋白的非特异吸附较低。Ni2 -CSHB柱对过氧化氢酶(CAT)也显示出初步的纯化效果,一步纯化倍数为2.43倍。该基质有望用于具有组氨酸纯化标签的基因工程表达蛋白的分离与纯化。     

交联壳聚糖水凝胶填充层状微胶囊的制备与性能

在甲基丙烯酸和乳酸接枝修饰的水溶性壳聚糖(CML)存在下, 合成了尺寸均匀的球形CML杂化碳酸钙微粒. 通过层层组装(LBL)技术在该微粒表面形成了聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(PSS)/聚烯丙基胺盐酸盐(PAH)多层膜, 去除碳酸钙微粒后得到内部含有CML的聚电解质微胶囊. 进一步采用紫外光引发CML聚合, 将CML转化为CML微凝胶, 得到内部填充凝胶的微胶囊. 通过扫描电镜、光学显微镜和透射电镜等技术表征了微胶囊的结构. 与传统的LBL微胶囊不同, 凝胶填充的微胶囊干燥时尺寸收缩, 但仍可保持球形; 再次水化后, 能够膨胀恢复其原有尺寸和形态. 各种具有不同电荷性质、分子量和亲疏水性的染料分子及蛋白质均可有效地装载到微胶囊内.     

气凝胶微球的制备及应用

气凝胶由于其优异的理化性能和广阔的应用前景,近年来的发展十分迅速。然而传统的气凝胶多为块体材料,一定程度上忽略了特殊应用场景下对尺寸和形状的特定需求。将气凝胶材料制备成微球,一方面能够拓宽气凝胶材料的应用领域,另一方面也丰富了多孔微球材料的内涵。本文从几类主要的气凝胶体系(氧化硅气凝胶、纤维素气凝胶、间苯二酚-甲醛(RF)/碳气凝胶和石墨烯气凝胶)出发,综述了这些气凝胶微球的制备方法及其应用实例,并对气凝胶微球的研究现状及发展趋势做了简要评述。     

PNIPAM温敏微凝胶在生物医学领域中的应用研究

水凝胶因其良好的生物相容性及环境刺激响应性而在生物医学领域有着广泛的用途,但仍存在机械强度差、响应速度慢、不能生物降解等缺点。针对这些问题,特别是宏观水凝胶响应慢的问题,我们近年来以具有温度敏感性的聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)微凝胶为基础,设计制备了一系列生物材料,分别应用于药物控释、生物传感以及组织工程等生物医学领域。我们设计制备了具有良好葡萄糖敏感性的PNIPAM微凝胶,实现了可自我调控的胰岛素可控释放。以PNIPAM微凝胶为基础,提出了新的聚合胶态晶体阵列光学传感方法,设计制备了多种可快速响应的新型生物光学传感器。实现了PNIPAM微凝胶的实时凝胶化,并将其发展成为一种新型的可注射细胞支架材料。进一步利用该体系的可逆性,提出了制备在药物筛选、肿瘤研究以及组织工程等领域有重要用途的多细胞球的新方法。     

DNA杂化水凝胶的构建及性能

以纯DNA水凝胶为主体,引入3种不同类型的杂化因子,依次对纯DNA水凝胶进行编码和结构改造,制备了DNA杂化水凝胶.研究了DNA杂化水凝胶的微观结构、机械性能和生物毒性.结果表明,二元编码因子(海藻酸钠/琼脂糖)DNA杂化水凝胶符合机械强度和生物安全效应双评价指标,生物安全性优异,且机械性能提高了3个数量级.本文研究结果为DNA水凝胶的编程改造提供了新思路,拓展了其在生物医学领域的应用.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备光学杂化功能材料

在简述溶胶-凝胶法基本原理的基础上,介绍了设计杂化材料的原则及预掺杂法、后掺杂法和原位化学合成法三种溶胶-凝胶法制备光学杂化功能材料的途径;综述了稀土发光材料、波导材料和光致变色材料三种光学杂化功能材料,并结合国内外的研究提出开展光学杂化功能材料研究的重要方向.     

An injectable mPEG-PDLLA microsphere/PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA hydrogel composite for soft tissue augmentation

Injectable filling material is a simple and efficient method for soft tissues reconstruction and is extremely popular in not only plastic surgery but also cosmetic industry. However, there is a lack of soft tissue fillers with perfect performance on the market currently. Here, we constructed a new microsphere/hydrogel composite and evaluated its potential as a candidate for soft tissue augmentation. mPEG-PDLLA microspheres were prepared by utilizing a SPG membrane emulsifier which endowed micros...     

Aggregation behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microspheres

Electrophoretic mobility and aggregation in suspensions of three types of microspheres (Ms 1, Ms 2 and Ms 3) are studied at different pH, ionic strengths and temperatures of the medium. Here Ms 1 is a core particle composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-styrene). Ms 2 is a core-shell microsphere consisting of Ms 1 as the particle core covered with a surface layer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel. Ms 3 is also a core-shell microsphere composed of MS-1 covered with a surface layer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogel. The charge density zN and the softness parameter 1/λ of the microspheres were obtained from the electrophoretic mobility data on the basis of an electrokinetic theory of soft particles. It is shown that when zN is large, suspensions of microspheres are always stable, showing no aggregation. When zN is small, the suspensions are stable for large 1/λ but show strong aggregation for small 1/λ.     

Hydrogels from Amorphous Calcium Carbonate and Polyacrylic Acid: Bio‐Inspired Materials for “Mineral Plastics”

Given increasing environmental issues due to the large usage of non‐biodegradable plastics based on petroleum, new plastic materials, which are economic, environmentally friendly, and recyclable are in high demand. One feasible strategy is the bio‐inspired synthesis of mineral‐based hybrid materials. Herein we report a facile route for an amorphous CaCO₃ (ACC)‐based hydrogel consisting of very small ACC nanoparticles physically cross‐linked by poly(acrylic acid). The hydrogel is shapeable, stretchable, and self‐healable. Upon drying, the hydrogel forms free‐standing, rigid, and transparent objects with remarkable mechanical performance. By swelling in water, the material can completely recover the initial hydrogel state. As a matrix, thermochromism can also be easily introduced. The present hybrid hydrogel may represent a new class of plastic materials, the “mineral plastics”.     

Hydrogel Microellipsoids that Form Robust String‐Like Assemblies at the Air/Water Interface

Soft colloidal particles such as hydrogel microspheres assemble at air/water or oil/water interfaces, where the soft colloids are highly deformed and their surface polymer chains are highly entangled with each other. Herein, we report the formation of robust one‐dimensional, string‐like colloidal assemblies through self‐organization of hydrogel microspheres with shape anisotropy at the air/water interface of sessile droplets. Shape‐anisotropic hydrogel microspheres were synthesized via two‐step polymerization, whereby a hydrogel shell was formed onto preformed rigid microellipsoids. The shape anisotropy of the hydrogel microspheres was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and high‐speed atomic force microscopy as well as by light‐scattering measurements. The present findings are crucial for the understanding of natural self‐organization phenomena, where “softness” influences microscopic assembled structures such as those of Nostoc bacteria.     

Controlling degradation of acid-hydrolyzable pluronic hydrogels by physical entrapment of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) microspheres

Chemically crosslinked biodegradable hydrogels based on di-acrylated Pluronic F-127 tri-block copolymer were prepared by a photopolymerization method. Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres were physically entrapped within the Pluronic hydrogel in order to modulate the local pH environment by acidic degradation by-products of PLGA microspheres. The PLGA microspheres were slowly degraded to create an acidic microenvironment, which facilitated the cleavage of an acid-labile ester-linkage in the biodegradable Pluronic hydrogel network. The presence of PLGA microspheres accelerated the degradation of the Pluronic hydrogel and enhanced the protein release rate when protein was loaded in the hydrogel.SEM image of photo-crosslinked Pluronic hydrogel entrapping PLGA microspheres.     

Interfacial synthesis of hollow TiO2 microspheres in ionic liquids

An interfacial sol-gel synthesis of inorganic hollow microspheres in room-temperature ionic liquids is newly developed. When metal alkoxides such as titanium tetrabutoxide, Ti(OBu)4, are dissolved in anhydrous toluene and injected into 1-buthyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim]PF6) under vigorous stirring, hollow titania microspheres are formed. The present technique is widely applicable to the reactive metal alkoxides such as Zr(OBu)4, Hf(OBu)4, Nb(OBu)4, and InSn3(OR)x, giving a general route to the metal oxide microspheres. When gold nanoparicles and carboxylate-containing dyes such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) are dissolved in the toluene microdroplets, they are stably immobilized in the microsphere shells. Calcination of the titania gel microspheres gives anatase TiO2 microspheres. The present method provides the first example of inorganic hollow microspheres formed in ionic liquids, and the ability to modify microspheres with metal nanoparticles or functional organic molecules would be widely applied to the design of smart organic/inorganic hybrid materials.     

Elastic, superporous hydrogel hybrids of polyacrylamide and sodium alginate

A novel approach was developed to prepare a superporous hydrogel with superior mechanical and elastic properties. According to this method, a synthetic monomer was polymerized and crosslinked in the presence of a water-soluble alginate polymer. Later in the process, the alginate part of the synthesized hydrogel was treated with metal cations, which resulted in a hydrogel hybrid with an interpenetrating network structure. In this article, a hydrogel hybrid of acrylamide and alginate is highlighted because of its unique swelling and mechanical properties. This hydrogel hybrid shows resilience and a rubbery property in its fully water-swollen state, which not previously been reported. To help understand the underlying mechanism responsible for such unique properties with hydrogel hybrids, the ionotropic gelation of the alginate polymer was also studied in more detail.     

Graphene oxide-based supramolecular hydrogels for making nanohybrid systems with Au nanoparticles

In the presence of a small amount of a proteinous amino acid (arginine/tryptophan/histidine) or a nucleoside (adenosine/guanosine/cytidine), graphene oxide (GO) forms supramolecular stable hydrogels. These hydrogels have been characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and rheology. The morphology of the hydrogel reveals the presence of nanofibers and nanosheets. This suggests the supramolecular aggregation of GO in the presence of an amino acid/nucleoside. Rheological studies of arginine containing a GO-based hydrogel show a very high G' value (6.058 × 10(4) Pa), indicating the rigid, solid-like behavior of this gel. One of these hydrogels (GO-tryptophan) has been successfully utilized for the in situ synthesis and stabilization of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) within the hydrogel matrix without the presence of any other external reducing and stabilizing agents to make Au NPs containing the GO-based nanohybrid material. The Au NPs containing the hybrid hydrogel has been characterized by using UV/vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In this study, gold salt (Au(3+)) has been bioreduced by the tryptophan within the hydrogel. This is a facile "green chemical" method of preparing the GO-based nanohybrid material within the hydrogel matrix. The significance of this method is the in situ reduction of gold salt within the gel phase, and this helps to decorate the nascently formed Au NPs almost homogeneously and uniformly on the surface of the GO nanosheets within the gel matrix.     

A Polysaccharide-based Hydrogel and PLGA Microspheres for Sustained P24 Peptide Delivery: An In vitro and In vivo Study Based on Osteogenic Capability

A bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2) derived synthetic oligopeptide, S [PO4]KIPKASSVPTELSAISTLYLDDD(P24), has shown great potential for facilitating bone regeneration. However, P24 cannot be directly used onto bone defects, while a continuous sustained delivery of P24 may lead to a better formation of bone tissue. Based on this issue, we have developed a sustained delivery system incorporating P24-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) microspheres and nano-hydroxyapatite(n-HA) into the composite hydrogel. The P24-contained compound material was characterized with NMR, FTIR and SEM to demonstrate the fomiation of compound structure containing P24, PLGA and n-HA. A continuous drug release of P24 was observed for over 60 d that evidently enhanced the efficiency in promoting the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and the secrete of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in vitro. Moreover, the osteoinduction eflect of the hydrogel system with P24 peptide niicrospheres was demonstrated in vivo and manifested by the result of immunohistochemistry. This novel injectable composite hydrogel is expected to be applied to improving the bone defect treatment in bone tissue engineering.     

光/还原双重响应水凝胶微球的制备及在细胞三维(3D)培养中的应用

设计合成了一种光/还原双响应水凝胶微球, 该微球可在温和的刺激条件下实现三维(3D)细胞的大规模培养和无酶无损捕获. 水凝胶微球组分中包含一个双响应功能单体(M1), 其中邻硝基苄酯功能基团可在紫外光照下与氨基化合物发生光偶联作用, 从而在水凝胶微球表面实现黏附蛋白的有效固定, 并通过蛋白质-整合素相互作用介导细胞的黏附. 微球表面细胞生长增殖后, 其中的二硫键基团可被谷胱甘肽还原, 从而介导细胞无酶无损温和释放. 这种通过调节水凝胶微球表面生物活性分子的固定与释放介导细胞黏附与捕获的新方法为细胞工程提供了一种通用而有效的手段.