纳米晶WC-Co-Ni复合材料的制备及其电催化性能

采用喷雾干燥-气固反应法制备了具有介孔结构的纳米晶碳化钨-钴-镍(WC-Co-Ni)复合材料. 通过XRD, SEM, EDS和粒径分析等测试手段对样品的形貌、物相组成、化学成分、粒径分布进行了表征, 采用线性扫描法对WC-Co-Ni复合材料在氢析出反应中的电催化性能进行了评价. 结果表明, WC-Co-Ni复合材料由缺碳六方WC相、立方Co相和立方Ni相组成, 化学成分为W, C, Co和Ni, W与C的原子比接近1∶1; WC-Co-Ni复合材料具有空心球状或层状形貌, 其表面具有介孔结构; 样品颗粒的粒径集中分布在3～30 µm, 该区间内样品分布呈单分散性, 其中位径(d50)为10 µm; 在碱性溶液中, 复合材料对氢析出反应的电催化性能明显强于具有介孔结构的碳化钨样品.     

ZrO_2-8mol%Y_2O_3纳米晶的碱性水热法合成及其烧结体的电性能研究

以湿化学法制得Zr(OH)_4和Y（OH）_3的共沉淀为前驱体，在碱性介质中用水 热法合成了ZrO_2-8 mol% Y_2O_3立方相纳米晶。研究发现，不同水热反应温度、 时间及pH值均对立方相纳米晶晶粒大小有较显著影响。将ZrO_2-8 mol% Y_2O_3纳 米晶在较低温度（1400 ℃）下烧结制备了致密的固体电解质陶瓷样品，比通常高 温固相反应法采用的烧结温度（> 1550 ℃）降低了150 ℃以上。测定了陶瓷样品 600 - 1000 ℃下的氧浓差电池电动势及氧泵（氧的电化学透过）性能。结果表明 ，用本研究方法制得的烧结体在高于800 ℃时的氧离子迁移数为1，具有优良的氧 离子导电性能。     

溶胶凝胶法制备片状氧化硅/氧化锆纳米复合材料(英文)

以氧氯化锆和二甲基二乙氧基硅烷为前驱体,在无任何表面活性剂的条件下,利用溶胶-凝胶法制备了片状SiO_2/ZrO_2复合材料.采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、透射电镜等分析了产物的结构和形貌,并探讨了SiO_2/ZrIO_2纳米复合材料的取向生长机理.结果表明,在正丁醇和水的混合溶液中制备的SiO_2/ZrO_2纳米复合材料的粒径为18nm,将干凝胶的500℃空气气氛中焙烧2h可以得到四方相片状氧化锆晶体.化合物中的硅原子通过Si—O—Zr化学键与锆原子相连;硅的引入仅影响氧化锆晶体的形貌,而不导致四方相氧化锆结构和尺寸的改变.本文所述方法可望拓展用于制备其他具有类似分级结构的无机功能纳米材料.     

纳米材料掺杂液晶复合材料的研究进展

纳米材料与液晶材料是两种性能优异的功能材料,两者形成的复合材料除表现出各组分自身的性质外,由于相互作用会展现出新的特性,因而将二者进行复配成为当下研究热点。可应用于掺杂的纳米粒子分为金属纳米粒子、金属氧化物纳米粒子、碳纳米管等。本文论述了纳米材料掺杂液晶复合材料的研究进展,根据掺杂不同的纳米材料,考察了纳米材料在液晶分子中的分散排列,纳米材料对液晶的相转变温度的影响,以及对复合材料光电性能和导电性能的影响等。     

锐钛矿型二氧化钛/碳复合材料的水热法制备及性能研究进展

锐钛矿型二氧化钛是二氧化钛的低温相,作为一种n型半导体在400 ℃以下稳定存在。将其与碳材料进行复合形成复合材料,利用碳的高导电性可有效改进二氧化钛的导电能力,使其比容量与能量密度显著提升,从而使二氧化钛/碳复合材料在锂电池、超级电容器、光催化等领域具有较大的发展潜力。本文综述了锐钛矿型二氧化钛/碳复合材料的水热法制备现状,以及锐钛矿型二氧化钛/碳复合材料的电化学性能和光催化性能研究进展。     

空心球形In2O3/ZrO2-TiO2纳米复合材料多模式光催化

本文以聚苯乙烯(PS)胶球为模板,通过一步水浴法结合煅烧后处理制备了不同比例的In_2O_3/ZrO_2-TiO_2空心球状复合材料(简写为In_2O_3/ZrO_2-TiO_2-H)。通过X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、X-射线光电子能谱、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱和氮气吸附-脱附等测试手段对该系列复合材料的结构、组成和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,In_2O_3/ZrO_2-TiO_2复合材料经PS模板处理后呈现空心球状结构,球壁由纳米粒子堆积而成。将In_2O_3与ZrO_2-TiO_2复合后其光吸收性能呈现了一定的红移现象,且In_2O_3/ZrO_2-TiO_2-H(1∶4)的比表面积较大(66.92m~2·g~(-1))。同时,为了考察该复合材料的光催化性能,在多模式光催化条件下对甲基橙的降解情况进行了研究。结果表明,In_2O_3/ZrO_2-TiO_2-H(1∶4)表现出较好的光催化性能,其光催化活性高于P25、ZrO_2、In_2O_3/ZrO_2-TiO_2及其他体积比的In_2O_3/ZrO_2-TiO_2-H。     

TiO2纳米微粒对聚苯胺性能的影响

纳米微粒具有量子尺寸效应, 其光、电、声及磁等方面的性能与常规材料有显著的不同, 其中以TiO2纳米微粒的电荷载体、光电活性中心、光学微腔和光电特性等特征[1,2]尤为引人注目. 导电聚合物的纳米复合材料是纳米材料的研究热点之一, 在导电材料、电流体和高密度信息存储材料等方面具有良好的应用前景[3]. 在导电聚合物中, 聚苯胺(PANI)因其具有较高的电导率, 原料便宜, 稳定性好而成为目前最有希望获得实际应用的导电聚合物[4～6]. 将纳米微粒和PANI制成复合材料, 其光电性能等与PANI相比均有所改变. 目前已相继有PANI-ZrO2, PANI-MnO2, PANI-SiO2纳米复合材料的报道[7,8], 而有关PANI-TiO2研究工作尚少见报道. 本文制备了PANI-TiO2纳米复合材料, 通过红外光谱、紫外可见光谱及透射电镜等探讨了复合材料的微结构及性能.     

纳米TiO2薄膜光阳极的制备及性能

本文以钛酸正丁酯为前驱物、乙醇作为分散剂、二乙醇胺作为螯合剂、聚乙二醇作为表面活性剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备得到一种TiO2溶胶,并通过乙酸或氨水作用后制得另外两种溶胶,分别在室温于ITO导电玻璃上涂制,得到5种单一粒径范围纳米TiO2薄膜和具有两种粒径范围膜层的6种纳米TiO2薄膜;XRD和SEM等测试结果表明,纳米TiO2薄膜为锐钛矿相或锐钛矿与金红石相的混合相,其粒径分布范围在15～30nm,30～50 nm,40～80 nm区间。采用浸渍法将所制备的膜进行染料的敏化,得到染料敏化纳米TiO2薄膜半导体光阳极,测试结果表明,在所制备的纳米TiO2薄膜中,具有两种粒径范围膜层的纳米TiO2薄膜的光电性能相对较好。     

碳膜夹层锂硫电池的电化学性能

选取Super-P（SP）、KB或MWCNTs导电碳膜夹层,并置于硫电极与隔膜间组装成扣式锂硫电池.相关评估结果表明,碳膜夹层可显著提高锂硫电池循环性能,硫电极（载硫量为80%,by mass,下同）循环40周后比容量均在800 mAh·g^-1以上. 上述三种碳膜的物理性质有较大差异,导致相应电池具有不同电性能. KB碳膜夹层电池呈现较强的电化学极化效应;SP碳膜夹层电池循环初期可释放出最高的比容量,而循环稳定性较差;MWCNTs碳膜可视为较适宜的导电碳夹层材料.     

高分子/石墨复合材料的制备与导电性能的研究进展

介绍了近年来高分子/石墨复合材料制备方法和导电机理的研究进展。通过氧化、插层以及插层后加热可以在石墨碳层上引入极性基团,提高其比表面积,有利于高分子进行插层。用处理后比表面积高的石墨制备复合材料可以降低材料的渗滤值,提高材料的导电性能。复合材料的导电机理可以用渗滤理论来解释。     

纳米复合膜在膜分离领域的研究进展

基于纳米材料的独特性质,将其引入高分子膜所制得的纳米复合滤膜有望解决目前制约膜技术发展的“上限平衡”问题。 本文综述了碳纳米管、石墨烯、SiO2、TiO2、分子筛、ZrO2以及纳米银颗粒等纳米复合膜在膜分离领域的研究进展。 这些纳米材料对于提高复合膜的机械稳定性、亲水性、选择性、渗透性及抗污染能力等有显著的效果。 此外,对纳米复合膜的发展与应用做了展望,也对其研究中存在的问题和解决方法进行了阐述。     

Mesoporous carbon/zirconia composites: a potential route to chemically functionalized electrically-conductive mesoporous materials

Mesoporous nanocomposite materials in which nanoscale zirconia (ZrO(2)) particles are embedded in the carbon skeleton of a templated mesoporous carbon matrix were prepared, and the embedded zirconia sites were used to accomplish chemical functionalization of the interior surfaces of mesopores. These nanocomposite materials offer a unique combination of high porosity (e.g., ～84% void space), electrical conductivity, and surface tailorability. The ZrO(2)/carbon nanocomposites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen-adsorption porosimetry, helium pychnometry, powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Comparison was made with templated mesoporous carbon samples prepared without addition of ZrO(2). Treatment of the nanocomposites with phenylphosphonic acid was undertaken and shown to result in robust binding of the phosphonic acid to the surface of ZrO(2) particles. Incorporation of nanoscale ZrO(2) surfaces in the mesoporous composite skeleton offers unique promise as a means for anchoring organophosphonates inside of pores through formation of robust covalent Zr-O-P bonds.     

Macroporous ZrO2 ceramics prepared from colloidally stable nanoparticles building blocks and organic templates

ZrO2 macroporous materials with well-ordered structures were prepared using nano-ZrO2 particles as the building materials and polystyrene spheres as the organic templates. A well-dispersed nano-ZrO2 suspension with a narrow particle size distribution was prepared by deagglomeration of as-received nano-ZrO2 powders via ultrasonication, and then centrifugation was performed to remove agglomerated bigger particles. Negatively charged polystyrene spheres were uniformly coated with positively charged nano-ZrO2 particles by means of electrostatic attraction at pH 4. Green samples were prepared by slip casting from colloidally stable suspension of nano-ZrO2 coated polystyrene spheres. ZrO2 macroporous materials with well-ordered microstructure derived from the nano-ZrO2 coated polystyrene spheres.     

水滑石基催化剂催化合成碳纳米材料的研究进展

碳纳米材料是一类推动能源存储、 多相催化、 高性能复合和生物医药等领域发展的重要材料, 可控合成碳纳米材料对相关领域的发展具有重要意义. 水滑石(LDHs)材料具有层板金属种类及含量可调等特点, 经焙烧、 还原后可制备出金属种类、 密度和粒径分布各异的高分散、 高稳定金属纳米催化剂, 可实现高效催化生长各种类型的碳纳米材料. 此外, 通过调控反应条件和反应器等, 可以影响LDHs基金属纳米催化剂催化生长的碳纳米材料的结构和性能. 本文总结了LDHs基金属纳米催化剂的可控制备、 碳纳米材料结构调控以及利用LDHs基催化剂制备的碳纳米材料的应用等方面的研究工作, 并阐明了催化剂的可控制备是控制合成碳纳米材料的核心手段, 这为利用LDHs基催化剂进一步合成更高性能碳纳米材料的研究指明了方向. 此外, 本文还结合近些年在光、 电及光热催化方面的研究进展, 展望了基于新型LDHs纳米结构生长碳纳米材料的研究前景.     

Phase stabilization in nitrogen-implanted nanocrystalline cubic zirconia

The phase stability of nanocrystallites with metastable crystal structures under ambient conditions is usually attributed to their small grain size. It remains a challenging problem to maintain such phase integrity of these nanomaterials when their crystallite sizes become larger. Here we report an experimental-modelling approach to study the roles of nitrogen dopants in the formation and stabilization of cubic ZrO(2) nanocrystalline films. Mixed nitrogen and argon ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) was applied to produce nitrogen-implanted cubic ZrO(2) nanocrystallites with grain sizes of 8-13 nm. Upon thermal annealing, the atomic structure of these ZrO(2) films was observed to evolve from a cubic phase, to a tetragonal phase and then a monoclinic phase. Our X-ray absorption near edge structure study on the annealed samples together with first-principle modelling revealed the significance of the interstitial nitrogen in the phase stabilization of nitrogen implanted cubic ZrO(2) crystallites via the soft mode hardening mechanism.     

Remarkable nanosize effect of zirconia in Au/ZrO2 catalyst for CO oxidation

Nanosize effect of ZrO2 in Au/ZrO2 catalyst was studied by deposition-precipitation of Au nanoparticles in similar sizes (4-5 nm) on ZrO2 nanoparticles of varying sizes. The catalysts were characterized with XRD, TEM, XPS, and nitrogen adsorption to understand the effect of ZrO2 particle size on the catalytic nanostructures. Nanocomposite Au/ZrO2 catalysts consisting of comparably sized Au-metal (4-5 nm) and ZrO2 (5-15 nm) nanoparticles are found advantageous over those containing similarly sized Au-metal but larger ZrO2 (40-200 nm) particles for CO oxidation. This finding may have important implications on the designed preparation of advanced nanostructured catalysts and other chemical materials.     

Chlorination and solvothermal treatment of Zr(C5H5)2Cl2: a synthetic combination to produce nanometric tetragonal ZrO2

A novel synthetic strategy based on the combination of the chlorination of an organometallic precursor followed by solvothermal treatment is found to be successful in the synthesis of tetragonal nano-ZrO(2) or nano-ZrO(2), embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix, depending on the solvent employed in the solvothermal step. The chemical and structural features (chemical composition, size and surface defects) of the intermediate and final materials have been determined experimentally mainly by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and Z-contrast images. These local techniques reveal that the nanoparticles consist of tetragonal ZrO(2) with an average size of 1.7 ± 0.4 and 6.2 ± 0.9 nm for the embedded in carbon and the free nano-ZrO(2), respectively.     

Recent Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials for microRNA Electrochemical Sensing

MicroRNA (miRNA) is an important tumor marker in the human body, and its early detection has a great influence on the survival rate of patients. Although there are many detection methods for miRNA at present such as northern blotting, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, and others, electrochemical biosensors have the advantages of low detection cost, small instrument size, simple operation, non-invasive detection and low consumption of reagents and solvents, and thus they play an important role in the early detection of cancer. In addition, with the development of nanotechnology, nano-biosensors show great potential. The application of various nanomaterials in the development of electrochemical biosensor has greatly improved the detection sensitivity of electrochemical biosensor. Among them, carbon nanomaterials which have unique electrical, optical, physical and chemical properties have attracted increasing attention. In particular, they have a large surface area, good biocompatibility and conductivity. Therefore, carbon nanomaterials combined with electrochemical methods can be used to detect miRNA quickly, easily and sensitively. In this review, we systematically review recent applications of different carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphitic carbon nitride, carbon dots, graphene quantum dots and other carbon nanomaterials) for miRNA electrochemical detection. In addition, we demonstrate the future prospects of electrochemical biosensors modified by carbon nanomaterials for the detection of miRNAs, and some suggestions for their development in the near future.     

Interaction of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and zinc ions enhances cytotoxicity of zinc ions

More and more nanomaterials enter the environment along with their production, application and deposal. They may alter the biological effect of pollutants already existing in the real environment by different interactions. Therefore efforts should also be paid to investigate the combined toxicity of nanomaterials and pollutants. Herein, we studied the combined toxicity of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (O-MWCNTs) and zinc ions on cells. It is found that cytotoxicity of the combined O-MWCNTs and zinc ions elevates significantly, compared with O-MWCNTs or zinc ions alone. This result comes from the assays of cell morphology, cell viability and proliferation, cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis. Mechanism studies indicate that O-MWCNTs absorb zinc ions and form slight aggregation. These enhance remarkably the cellular uptake of O-MWCNTs, and thus induce the death of cells by bringing in more zinc ions into cells. Our study indicates that the existence of nanomaterials could change the bioconsequence of other pollutants and emphasizes the importance of the combined toxicity research in the presence of nanomaterials.