单分散高纯硅胶色谱柱填料的制备

在氨水和氨气催化下使单晶硅粉水解, 合成了单分散、高纯的纳米二氧化硅水溶胶; 再利用聚合诱导胶体凝聚法(PICA)制备单分散脲醛二氧化硅复合微球, 经过高温煅烧后得到球形硅胶色谱柱填料. 通过电感耦合等离子-质谱(ICP-MS)、电子显微镜和BET比表面积测试等手段对球形硅胶的纯度、粒径分布及比表面积进行了表征, 并通过色谱分离对硅胶填料的性能进行了评价. 实验结果表明, 该方法合成的色谱柱填料具有纯度高、粒径分布均匀、机械强度高及分离能力强等优点.     

磷酰胆碱色谱固定相的制备及其在分离生物大分子中的应用

以三氯氧磷、氯化胆碱和甲基丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯(HEMA)为原料合成了含磷酰胆碱的单体2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酰胆碱(MPC). 在硅胶表面嫁接聚合MPC, 得到磷酰胆碱两性离子交换色谱填料. 研究了该填料对标准蛋白的分离性能及pH对蛋白质保留的影响. 结果表明, 该填料对溶菌酶和牛血清白蛋白的动态吸附容量分别为13.8和18.7 mg/g, 其基质磷酰胆碱色谱固定相可同时基线分离两种酸性和两种碱性蛋白.     

表面分子印迹高分子膜修饰硅胶用于血清中茶碱的固相萃取

采用表面引发可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合反应,在硅胶表面修饰了分子印迹高分子膜(MIP-silica)。以元素分析和氮吸附分析对修饰的分子印迹高分子膜进行了表征。与传统采用本体聚合合成的分子印迹高分子相比,MIP-silica具有更好的传质能力。本文合成的茶碱印迹MIP-silica可以作为选择性固相萃取材料从血清中富集、检测微量的茶碱,该法合成的MIP-silica还可用于高效液相色谱和毛细管电色谱等领域。     

活性自由基聚合(Iniferter)法制备聚合物包覆硅胶固定相及其色谱性能评价

应用活性自由基聚合法, 在接枝iniferter的硅球表面键合甲基丙烯酸异辛酯-co-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯聚合层, 制备了聚合物包覆硅胶色谱固定相, 并研究了合成条件对于聚合层及分离效果的影响. 在一定聚合时间中, 接枝聚合物质量与反应时间呈线性关系, 并可以在得到聚合物包覆硅胶的基础上, 利用包覆硅胶中的iniferter再次引发接枝聚合, 体现了活性自由基聚合的特点. 聚合物包覆硅胶对于烷基苯同系物、碱性化合物及羟基苯甲酸酯具有很好的色谱分离能力及柱效, 同时, 由于聚合层能够有效地覆盖硅球表面的硅羟基, 减小了碱性化合物的拖尾. 研究工作提供了新的聚合物包覆硅胶固定相的合成方法.     

人血清白蛋白生物色谱柱的性能研究及应用于铁棒锤中活性成分的筛选

以大孔硅胶为基质,采用羰基咪唑法合成了人血清白蛋白(HSA)生物色谱填料。详细评价了该填料对药物的分离性能,温度和pH对药物保留的影响。结果表明,该种生物色谱填料的分离性能优良,可以在短时间内基线分离4种药物分子。用HSA色谱柱对铁棒锤中有效成分进行了分离,通过LC-MS分析结果显示,该色谱柱可以分离出其中4种活性成分(脱乙酰去氧乌头碱、苯甲酰脱氧乌头碱、乌头原碱、16-O-去甲基乌头次碱)。     

硅胶基质高效液相色谱填料研究进展

高效液相色谱(HPLC)不仅是一种有效的分析分离手段,也是一种重要的高效制备分离技术。色谱柱是HPLC系统的核心,不同性能的填料是HPLC广泛应用的基础。硅胶是开发最早、研究最为深入、应用最为广泛的HPLC固定相基质,其制备方法主要有喷雾干燥法、溶胶-凝胶法、聚合诱导胶体凝聚法及模板法等。近年来,亚2μm小粒径硅胶、核-壳型硅胶、双孔径硅胶、介孔性硅胶、有机杂化硅胶等新型硅胶应用于HPLC并取得了色谱分离技术的飞速发展,例如基于亚2μm填料的超高压液相色谱技术、基于核-壳型填料的快速分离技术、基于杂化硅胶填料的高温液相色谱技术等。硅胶经表面化学键合、聚合物包覆等有机改性可制得先进的大分子限进填料、温敏性填料、手性填料等,大大扩展了HPLC的应用范围。本文对液相色谱用硅胶的制备方法、改性与修饰方法以及硅胶基质固定相的评价方法加以系统综述,概述了新型硅胶在HPLC中的应用进展,并对硅胶基质填料的发展方向与应用前景进行了展望。     

双酚-S-双(3-甲基丙烯酰氧基-2-羟丙基)醚的聚合及其应用

以MMA为起始原料经转变为GMA,再与双酚-S反应合成了一种新的含有砜基的交联剂BisS-GMA。这种双酚-S型交联剂与MMA可以顺利地用紫外光或BPO-胺体系引发聚合。新的双酚-S型交联剂BisS-GMA与双酚-A型交联剂Bis-GMA相比,具有活性高与粘结强度高两个显著优点。它还可以和二氧化硅填料混合组成复合树脂,经光引发或BPO-DHET体系引发聚合,得到的复合树脂其物性已达到国外同类产品的水平。DHET作为促进剂要比DMT性能好,前者配制的交联剂液体组份贮存稳定性好,经半年后而不“失活”,后者配制的液体组份则在较短的时间内“失活”。     

原子转移自由基聚合法制备强阴离子交换色谱填料及其在蛋白质分离中的应用

在大孔硅胶表面引入原子转移自由基聚合的引发基团,通过该技术将甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵聚合于硅胶表面,制得了强阴离子交换色谱填料.详细考察了该填料对标准蛋白质的分离性能及流动相pH、流速、有机溶剂对蛋白质保留的影响.实验结果表明,在流速为0.75 mL/min时,采用线性梯度洗脱,20 min内可快速分离不同体系的三种标准蛋白;并将该填料用于鸡蛋中卵清蛋白的快速分离纯化,取得了很好的效果.     

ATRP技术制备Sil-LMA反相作用色谱固定相及其性能研究

以5μm大孔硅胶为基质,CuBr/Bpy为催化体系,采用原子转移自由基聚合(Atom transfer radical polymerization,ATRP)技术将甲基丙烯酸月桂酯(LMA)键合到硅胶表面,制得Sil-LMA反相作用色谱固定相。采用元素分析对该固定相进行表征,以芳香族化合物为溶质,甲醇-水为流动相,对该键合相的疏水选择性进行了考察。详细研究了甲醇浓度和温度对溶质保留行为的影响,以胺类、酚类化合物为溶质,评价了其色谱性能,并计算了溶质保留过程的热力学参数。经元素分析测得该填料的接枝量高达2.323 3 mg/m2。实验结果表明,在反相模式下该固定相可基线分离5种胺类化合物和5种酚类化合物。与C18反相柱相比,该合成柱的分离时间缩短且分离效果较好。该固定相具有很好的反相色谱性能,符合反相保留机理。     

新型聚合物单分散温敏色谱固定相的制备及其在生物大分子分离中的应用

以2.5 μm的单分散聚苯乙烯为种子,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯 (EDMA)为交联剂,甲苯和环己醇为致孔剂,采用"一步种子溶胀聚合法"制备了单分散微球; 再以过硫酸钾为引发剂将水溶性温敏单体N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)分子引发聚合到微球表面,制备了粒径为7.0 μm、分散系数为0.02的单分散交联温敏色谱填料,温敏单体NIPAM的接枝率为5.2%.考察了该填料对标准蛋白质的分离性能、温敏性能、稳定性和重现性以及动态吸附容量对蛋白保留的影响.实验结果表明,该色谱填料对蛋白的分离性能、温敏性能、稳定性及重现性良好,且对溶菌酶的动态吸附容量为32.3 mg/g.在疏水模式下,该填料不但可以同时基线分离5种标准蛋白,而且通过改变温度可以有效地将3种在低温下保留时间重叠的蛋白(细胞色素-C、β-乳球蛋白和核糖核酸酶)完全分离.     

含酯基包覆聚合物液相色谱柱填料

以丙烯酸甲酯或辛酯和二乙烯苯为原料，在溶液中用游离基聚合法制备了一系列含酯基包覆聚合物反相液相色谱柱填料．用傅立叶红外光谱、电子显微镜和元素分析鉴定了聚合物层，并评价了诸如硅羟基、柱压降、柱效和峰对称性等特性．该类填料适合于含氨基和羟基化合物的分离，作为应用实例，对洛伐他汀（Lovastatin）的分析展示其优良的色谱性能。     

A detailed discussion of the influence of the amount of deposited polymer on the retention properties of polymer-coated silicas

Problems of the modification of the surface of micro-spherical silica gel with layers of polymer and the influence of the quantity of the coated polymer on the chromatographic properties of the resulting sorbents have been considered. The polymer modification of the surface of wide-pore micro-spherical silica gel obtained by means of hydrothermal treatment of the meso-porous silica gel under autoclave conditions is described. The polymer layer itself is formed by an octadecylmethacrylate-methylmethacrylate co-polymer. As a result, packings for RP-HPLC were obtained. An increase of the capacity factor (k) has been observed with an increase of the quantity of the polymer deposited during the polymer modification process. The indicated phenomenon depends on the increase of the number of C18 groups in the packing.     

Structures and chromatographic characteristics of capsule-type silica gels coated with hydrophobic polymers in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Summary Silicone polymer-coated silica gels modified with octadecyl and octyl groups (S/S-C₁₈, S/S-C₈), or “capsule-type silica gels” were developed as packing materials for reversed-phase liquid chromatography. They were obtained by coating the surface of totally porous silica gel with a homogeneous silicone polymer film, and thereafter modifying the coating polymer with octadecyl or octyl groups. Retaining the advantages of silica-based packings, they show strong resistance of alkali-like organic porous polymeric materials.     

Evaluation of high-performance liquid chromatography column retentivity using macromolecular probes. II. Silanophilic interactivity traced by highly polar polymers

A new method of HPLC column retentivity testing utilizes polymeric probes instead of conventional sets of low molar mass substances. The procedure allows at least semiquantitative, separate and independent evaluation of adsorption and partition properties of column packings. In this present work, the method is applied for comparison of the polar interactivities of selected silica gel C18 HPLC columns. It is shown that free silanols which remained on the surface of the end-capped silica C18 column packings are accessible for interaction with highly polar macromolecules. High molar mass polymeric test probes are adsorbed on the surface silanols and their retention volumes increase. As result, deviations from regular size-exclusion chromatographic (SEC) behavior are observed. The extent of retention volume changes depends on both the nature of polymer probes and on column packing type. Adsorption of macromolecules can be suppressed by addition of a highly polar substance to the mobile phase. The amount of polar additive which is needed to attain regular SEC elution of the polymer probe depends on the column packing type and can be used as a characteristic of silanophilic column interactivity. Courses of dependences of retention volumes on sizes of macromolecules indicate the presence of "U-turn" adsorption which allows two and more silanols situated among C18 groups to be occupied simultaneously with the same macromolecule.     

Core–shell SiO2‐coated Fe3O4 with a surface molecularly imprinted polymer coating of folic acid and its applicable magnetic solid‐phase extraction prior to determination of folates in tomatoes

A novel core–shell magnetic surface molecularly imprinted polymer with folic acid as a template was successfully synthesized by the sol–gel method. To generate Lewis acid sites in the silica matrix for the interaction of the metal coordinate with the template, 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane was used as a functional monomer, tetraethyl orthosilicate as a cross‐linker, and aluminum ions as a dopant. The magnetite encapsulated by the silica shell plays an important role as a magnetic‐coated polymer. The synthesized product was characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The powder X‐ray diffraction patterns, FTIR and UV/Vis spectra confirmed the characteristics of the as‐prepared silica coated magnetite and folic acid molecularly imprinted polymer. It was successfully applied for magnetic solid‐phase extraction prior to the determination of folates in tomato samples using high‐performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. The detection limit of the proposed method was 1.67 μg/L, and results were satisfactory, with a relative standard deviation of < 3.94%.     

Influence of the Amount of Bonded Non-Polar Phase and of the Length of Attached Alkyl Chains on Retention Characteristics of Silica-Based Sorbents for Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

The retention characteristics of two sets of chemically bonded non-polar silica packings with a high surface concentration of functional groups have been compared in the reversed-phase mode of liquid chromatography: (i) the conventional packings prepared by chemical modification with trimethylsilyl, heptyl, dodecyl and octadecyl groups, and (ii) mixed-phase materials where differences in the amount of organic bonded phase were achieved by bonding octadecyl and trimethylsilyl groups in different proportions. The retention data of two homologous series of solutes show that these two classes of packings are distinctly different; in particular, the capacity factors and selectivities are always higher on the mixed-phase bonded silica packings at the same percentage of carbon.     

Chemically bonded phases for the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of basic substances

A chemically bonded phase with a peptide group (PB) for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. This packing was prepared by a two-stage modification of the surface of silica gel with mono- and trifunctional 3-aminopropylsilane and then with an appropriate derivative of a fatty acid. Packings prepared in this way were compared with standard C18 materials used in HPLC. Surface characteristics of the packings before and after chemical modification were determined by different physico-chemical methods, e.g., porosimetry, elemental analysis, 13C and 29Si cross-polarization magic angle spinning NMR and HPLC. Chromatographic properties of these packings were evaluated by comparison between log k' of one phase and log k' of a second phase for substances with different chemical natures. The PB packing was found to be especially useful for the separation of basic substances.     

新型离子交换硅胶键合相的制备及评价

二甲基氯硅烷与硅胶表面反应,形成牢固的ＳｉＨ键之后,连接上活泼的中间体——烯丙基缩甘油醚作为柔软的分子臂,最后接上二乙基氨基,由此制得了新型的离子交换硅胶键合相。经漫反射红外光谱、元素分析和高效液相色谱法对键合相进行了鉴定和评价。结果表明：键合反应按预定路线进行,键合相具有较好的色谱性能。此种方法可有效地运用于无孔硅胶填料的制备。     

Polymeric columns for liquid chromatography

Polymeric columns are becoming used more frequently in modern liquid chromatography applications as improvements in polymeric packing materials are realized and as more applications are developed for these materials. Modern polymers have overcome earlier problems associated with their use; higher rigidity now allows them to be used at normal eluent flow rates resulting in faster analyses, and improved synthesis techniques have resulted in efficiencies comparable to the best silica materials, sometimes exceeding 100,000 plates/m. In addition, polymers offer distinct advantages over silica packing for particular applications. Because silica packings are readily degraded by aqueous eluents, they are not always suitable for separations involving ionic species. Polymeric columns are particularly useful in determinations of amino acids, peptides, proteins, organic acids, carbohydrates, and inorganic cations and anions. Polymers are also characterized by exceptional lot-to-lot reproducibility. Reproducibility is often problematic with silica packings, particularly the bonded phases.     

Sequence-defined Pareto frontier of a copolymer structure

The correlations between the sequence of monomers in a macromolecule and its three-dimensional (3D) structure is a grand challenge in polymer science. The properties and functions of macromolecules depend on their 3D shape that has appeared to be dictated by their monomer sequence. However, the progress towards understanding the sequence–structure-property correlations and their utilization in materials engineering are slow because it is almost impossible to characterize an astronomically large number of possible sequences of a copolymer using traditional experimental and simulation methods. To address this problem, here, we combine evolutionary computing and coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulation and study the sequence-structure correlations of a model AB-type copolymer in a solution and assess the impact of sequence on the packing density in its bulk phase. The CGMD-based evolutionary algorithm (EA) screens the sequence space of a single chain copolymer efficiently and identifies a wide range of single-molecule structures including extremal radii of gyration. The data are utilized to estimate the Pareto front of the structure-space of a binary copolymer as a function of its composition. The monomer packings in single-molecule solution phase and multimolecular bulk phase are found to be identical. The work highlights the opportunities of sequence-specific control of macromolecular structure for designing target materials.