高考化学实验考查与备考研究

实验复习是化学总复习中非常重要的一个环节,它不但可以巩固和强化化学实验知识,也对元素化合物、基本理论与计算等内容的掌握起到促进和深化作用。历年高考都非常注重实验能力的考查(分值约占15%~20%),因此,在平时学习与总复习过程中应给予足够的重视。1对实验考查的研究1.1实验考查内容分析我省近5年高考化学实验试题(见表1),可以发现,化学实验的考查内容一般涉及以下几个方面。表1高考理综卷Ⅱ化学实验综合题年份2002 2003 2004 2005 2006考查内容NH3的制取、收集、干燥、喷泉实验,由喷泉实验原理拓展新的实验方法由FeSO4晶体制取Fe(O…     

2006年高考化学实验试题的特点与启示

化学是一门以实验为基础的学科,高考加强化学实验的考查已成为趋势,研究新形式下的高考化学实验试题的特点是高考复习过程中的重要一环.本文结合2006年高考试题中化学实验试题的特点谈谈今后化学实验复习的建议,供同行参考.     

北京高考化学实验题考查动向及复习启示

结合北京市高考说明实验例题的变化,分析探讨北京市高考化学卷实验试题的考查动向,并就基于新课程理念下的北京高考化学实验备考复习谈几点认识。     

立足实验素养考查的高考“评价型”实验题的命题特点

"评价型"实验题是新课程高考化学实验考查的一种新的重要形式。结合教学实践,就"评价型"实验题对学生实验素养的考查做了一些探讨,其中包括命题立意、考查内容、考查方式等。     

2007年高考化学实验试题的新特点及对高考复习的启示

化学实验在2007年高考试题中的体现形式以及解答方式均出现了新的变化;纵观2007年高考化学试卷(含理科综合卷)发现,化学实验试题及分值占的比例较大,全国卷与各省自主命题的试卷各有特点,研究新课改背景下的化学实验教学和实验高考复习无疑是一个新的课题,认真分析高考试题的新特点无疑也是备考复习过程中的重要一环,本文拟结合2007年全国高考试题中化学实验试题来解读化学实验考查的特点及对化学实验备考复习的启示。1试题设计突破常规模式,注重基本实验设计能力的考查例题1(全国Ⅰ)28(15分)水蒸气通过灼热的焦炭后,流出气体的主要成分是C…     

元素化合物复习教学的定位与设计

在以能力立意为价值取向的高考命题中,元素化合物知识成为考查化学概念与理论、化学方法与能力的载体。高考复习教学中,对元素化合物内容的科学定位是进行有效教学设计的前提,根据当前较为流行的2轮次或3轮次高考复习教学实际,第1轮次复习根据物质类别、按照通性与特性组织教学,第2轮次复习根据高考要求和高考试题特点、按照元素化合物与STS、元素化合物与氧化还原、离子反应,元素化合物与物质的制备、检验等3个专题组织教学,具体介绍复习教学设计的思路。     

从高考化学实验题的特点谈实验复习要"形神"兼备

随着高考改革的深入,能力考查的比重将越来越大。而实验题又正是综合能力考查的首选题型之一。对实验题的特点及导向进行分析会有效地提高化学实验复习的质量。1高考化学实验题的特点及导向分析近几年高考化学实验的都具备以下共同的特点:(1)形式上不再出现大型装置的连接,均是小型的又带有研究性的试题。(2)命题的立意上往往用常规搭建平台考查创新。如2002年化学实验的考查,既有氨气的制备方法的常规考查,又有喷泉实验装置的改进创新;2003年的既有制氢氧化亚铁的常规考查,又有氢氧化亚铁的制取的改进和创新。(3)重操作细节的考查。如2002…     

开设高中环境监测选修课提高中学生化学实验综合能力

高中学生面临着高考升学与提高自身综合素质两大任务。在中学化学教学中,如何使两者有效结合,是我们化学教师始终关心的一个现实问题。化学实验在化学中占有重要地位,对培养学生综合能力有着不可替代的作用。但由于许多原因(如教材的编写体系、教师队伍建设、教学条件以及高考模式等),高中化学实验一直是教学环节中一个薄弱环节,也是学生在考试中失分较严重的部分。部分学生高中毕业之后,在日常生活中不能独立运用化学实验技能解决常见问题,更谈不上自主设计实验、自主研究等较高要求了。笔者在从事高中化学教学的同时,兼任环境监测选修课的教学,在教学过程中,经常思考这个问题：能否通过选修课培养学生对化学实验的强烈兴趣,加强实验技术的掌握和应用,让学生在学习环保知识的同时,能全面提升他们的化学实验综合能力。     

把高考复习的主动权还给学生

高考前的化学总复习,是高中化学教学的最后阶段。在总复习中,教师要根据《高考化学科说明》的要求,制订和实施总复习的教学目标。通过总复习,要使学生的化学知识得到巩固和有序贮存,使学科能力得到较大提高,使心理素质更加符合高考的要求。     

高考有机化学实验题考查分析及对大学有机化学实验的思考

有机化学实验是中学化学实验重要的一部分。在实施新课程以来, 高考逐渐重视对学生有机化学实验能力的考查。通过分析新课程高考中有机化学实验题的考查内容、考查重点和考试结果, 分析总结考生在中学阶段对化学知识尤其是有机实验知识掌握的程度, 对今后的综合实验能力和创新素养以及大学有机化学实验课程的开设提出建议。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。