Preparation and mechanism of Fe-K/AC for catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

采用正交实验法制备了负载铁、钾的活性炭(Fe-K/AC)热煤气催化氧化脱硫剂,考察了活性组分铁、钾含量、二价铁和三价铁比例、煅烧温度对催化氧化脱硫反应活性的影响.由正交实验极差分析可知,各因素影响程度依次为:钾含量＞铁含量＞煅烧温度＞ Fe2+/Fe3+,最优制备条件为,铁含量0.5％、钾含量5.0％、煅烧温度600℃、Fe2+/Fe3+比0.5.通过对脱硫剂的孔隙结构和表面形貌分析可知,活性炭表面负载的铁金属氧化物具有催化氧化硫化氢生成单质硫的活性,碱金属氧化物具有协同作用,可以改变表面酸碱性,促进硫化氢的催化转化,但过高的金属氧化物负载量会阻塞孔道,减小反应比表面积,从而降低脱硫剂的反应活性.     

改性PAN纤维与Fe3+的配位反应及配合物的催化性能

采用盐酸羟胺和水合肼的混合物分别对PAN纤维进行改性制备了偕胺肟改性PAN纤维(AO-PAN)和混合改性PAN纤维(M-PAN), 并分别与Fe³⁺进行配位反应生成两种改性PAN纤维铁配合物(Fe-AO-PAN和Fe-M-PAN). 研究了配位反应的动力学特性及温度和Fe³⁺初始浓度的影响, 并采用DRS和ESR技术比较了两种不同改性PAN纤维铁配合物对偶氮染料活性红195氧化降解反应的催化性能. 结果表明, 在所设定的温度和浓度范围内, 两种改性PAN纤维与Fe³⁺之间的配位反应平衡符合Langmuir 和Freundlich 吸附等温模型以及Lagergren准二级动力学方程, 并且AO-PAN比M-PAN更容易与Fe³⁺发生配位反应. 在相同条件下AO-PAN与Fe³⁺反应的配合量和反应速率常数均比M-PAN与Fe³⁺反应的高. 两种配合物对染料的氧化降解反应具有催化作用, 暗态条件下Fe-M-PAN比Fe-AO-PAN表现出更高的催化活性, 而光辐射条件下Fe-AO-PAN的催化活性显著增强.     

亚铁离子氧化性实验的改进*

针对教材中验证Fe²⁺氧化性实验现象不明显的问题,改进了Fe²⁺氧化性实验。把锌片剪成细小的锌丝,通过锌丝与亚铁盐溶液反应,反应一段时间后,用磁铁吸引锌丝,锌丝能被磁铁吸引,则证明Fe²⁺被还原为铁单质,体现了Fe²⁺的氧化性。     

不同含羧酸纤维与铁离子的配位反应动力学及配合物的催化降解性能

分别使用具有相似羧基含量的海藻纤维、 丙烯酸接枝改性聚四氟乙烯纤维和聚丙烯纤维(PAA-g-PP 和PAA-g-PTFE)3种含羧酸纤维与Fe³⁺进行配位反应, 研究和比较了反应的动力学特性及影响因素. 将3种含羧酸纤维铁配合物分别作为非均相Fenton反应催化剂应用于染料降解反应中, 分析和评价了其配位结构和表面性能对催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 在所涉及的温度和浓度范围内, 3种含羧酸纤维与Fe³⁺的反应均很好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和Lagergren准二级动力学方程. Fe³⁺初始浓度的增加会降低反应速率常数, 而反应温度的升高则会增加配合物中Fe³⁺的配合量. 在相同反应条件下, 海藻纤维比PAA-g-PP和PAA-g-PTFE更容易与Fe³⁺发生反应, 且反应速率常数和Fe³⁺配合量按照下列顺序排列: 海藻纤维>PAA-g-PP>PAA-g-PTFE. 3种含羧酸纤维铁配合物都能够在染料氧化降解反应中作为非均相Fenton催化剂, 且紫外光比可见光更能够提高其催化活性. 海藻纤维铁配合物比其它2种含羧酸纤维铁配合物具有更好的催化作用, 这与三者在配位结构和表面性能之间的显著差异有关.     

团簇Au/CeO2的制备及其催化CO氧化反应构效关系的研究

负载型Au催化剂因其在诸多反应过程中的高催化活性而备受研究者关注.然而针对负载型催化剂中Au物种结构的有效调控,以及催化过程中真实构-效关系的探索一直充满了挑战.用CeO₂为Au物种担载基底,通过简单煅烧处理引起的CeO₂结构变化,进而实现Au/CeO₂之间界面作用力的调控.此研究发现Au纳米颗粒中Au⁰物种具备更为高效的催化室温CO氧化活性,结合多种原位表征分析,其室温条件下催化转化效率更依赖于CO吸附能力.而相比于单原子Au₁和纳米Au颗粒,所制备的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂在较高温度(>50℃)展现出优异的催化CO氧化反应性能.随着温度升高,催化剂表界面O参与的MvK反应路径更易发生,因此具有更多表界面活性O物种和Au^δ+位点的团簇Au/CeO₂催化剂展现出最为优异的催化CO氧化性能.这些发现为高效负载型Au催化剂的制备提供了新思路并深化了对Au/CeO₂催化作用机制的理解.     

K促进的纳米片状水滑石衍生CoAlO金属氧化物催化碳烟燃烧

采用水热法合成了负载K的纳米片状水滑石衍生CoAlO金属氧化物,其表现出优异的催化碳烟燃烧活性.氢气-程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）实验结果表明,K与Co之间的相互作用提高了催化剂的氧化还原性能.X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析结果表明,K的负载增大了表面Co²⁺/Co³⁺的比例,促进了氧空位的产生,提高了催化剂对气相氧的吸附能力.碳烟-程序升温还原（Soot-TPR）实验结果表明,K的负载增加了表面吸附氧数量.动力学实验结果表明,K的负载增加了单位质量催化剂上的活性氧数量、反应速率和转化频率（TOF）,从而提高了催化剂的本征活性.另外,碳烟颗粒可以分散在纳米片的层间,与活性位点的接触效率得到提高,也有利于提高催化碳烟燃烧活性.     

高温气化条件下煤直接液化残渣中矿物质演化行为的研究

利用XRD和FT-IR分析了高温(1 100~1 500 ℃)气化条件下液化残渣中矿物质的演变行为,并利用穆斯堡尔谱仪对残渣灰中的含铁相及铁的价态铁进行了定量分析。结果表明,煤直接液化残渣中的主要矿物质为石英、硫酸钙、紫铝铁矾、磁黄铁矿、高岭石和方解石。高温气化条件下残渣灰中主要矿物质为钙长石、钙黄长石、磁赤铁矿和磁铁矿。由于钙长石、钙黄长石等含钙化合物低温共熔作用,使得残渣灰具有较低的熔融温度。残渣灰中的含铁相主要为磁赤铁矿、磁铁矿、铁橄榄石和玻璃体,并且随温度的升高,玻璃体中的铁含量逐渐增加。同时,残渣灰中Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺出现先增加后降低再增加的变化趋势。当温度由1 100 ℃升高至1 200 ℃时,由于磁赤铁矿的还原,Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺由1.08升高至2.39;1 200 ℃以上Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺的变化不明显。另外,玻璃体中铁含量的增加是引起残渣灰液相含量随温度升高而增加的重要原因,铁含量高是导致残渣灰熔融温度低的主要原因。     

球磨微米硫化零价铁活化双氧水降解有机污染物的研究

报道了机械球磨方法制备的微米硫化零价铁（S-ZVI）可以快速活化H₂O₂降解各类有机污染物.S-ZVI/H₂O₂降解苯酚的单位比表面积反应速率常数是ZVI/H₂O₂的5倍以上,且苯酚的降解不存在初始抑制阶段.探针化合物乙醇的淬灭反应结合电子顺磁共振（EPR）实验证明S-ZVI/H₂O₂体系产生的氧化活性物质为·OH.反应前后S-ZVI颗粒的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线衍射（XRD）表征结合电化学测试和苯酚降解结果表明S-ZVI中FeS取代ZVI表面的钝化膜（铁氧化物）,加速了电子从Fe⁰传递到H₂O₂,更快地释放Fe²⁺,引发Fenton反应.在这过程中FeS主要作为电子的导体而非Fe²⁺的释放源.     

改性活性焦负载Ni-Ce双功能催化剂富氧一体化脱除NO和CO

采用等体积浸渍法制备的改性活性焦（AC-N）负载Ni-Ce过渡金属催化剂可同时催化氨选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR）反应和CO氧化反应,实现低温富氧条件下NO和CO的一体化脱除。Ni-Ce/AC-N催化剂在175–250℃可实现NO和CO的高效转化,NO和CO转化率在175-250℃均高于95%。硝酸改性后活性焦载体与金属组分之间有更强烈的相互作用,有利于活性组分在催化剂表面更好的分散,提高催化剂的比表面积和氧化还原能力;Ni、Ce之间存在协同作用,使得催化剂表面出现更多的Ni²⁺和Ce³⁺,有利于催化活性提高。     

高硫化氢合成气制甲硫醇新型钼基催化剂研究

研究了一系列负载型钼基催化剂催化含高硫化氢合成气制甲硫醇的性能,用XPS和ESR对其进行表征.活性测试显示,钾促进的钼基催化剂催化的反应产物中甲硫醇成为主导产物.几种钼基催化剂合成甲硫醇的活性大小顺序:K₂MoO₄/CoO/SiO₂>K₂MoO₄/SiO₂>MoO₃/K₂CO₃/SiO₂>K₂MoS₄/SiO₂>MoS₂/K₂CO₃/SiO₂.ESR表征显示,反应后的催化剂可以检测到"oxo-Mo(V) "和"thio-Mo(V)"物种.XPS表征显示反应后催化剂中的Mo包含着Mo⁴⁺,Mo⁵⁺和Mo⁶⁺,S包含着S^2-,(S-S)^2-和S⁶⁺三种价态.添加CoO后,"oxo-Mo(V)"含量减少,而"thio-Mo(V)"含量增加,(S-S)^2-物种的生成得到抑制,S^2-物种的量增多.(Mo⁴⁺+Mo⁵⁺)/Mo⁶⁺峰强度比为0.75以及S^2-/(S-S)^2-接近1有利于甲硫醇的生成.本文提出甲硫醇的合成与"Mo-S-K"相关联的反应机理.     

Catalytic Systems for the H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S Wet Oxidation at room Temperature

The catalytic wet oxidation process is the most attractive process for small-scale hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) removal from natural gas. The catalytic wet oxidation process is anticipated to be cost effective and simple so that it can be used for treating sour gases containing small amounts of H₂S and can be easily operated even in isolated sites. The development of effective catalyst is the key technology in the wet catalytic oxidation of H₂S. The scale of operation for the process has to be flexible so its use will not be limited by the flow rates of the gas to be treated. The heterogeneous catalytic wet oxidation of H₂S has been attempted on activated carbons, but the H₂S removal capacity still shows the low removal efficiency. The catalytic wet oxidation of H₂S was studied over Fe/MgO for an effective removal of H₂S. In order to develop a sulfur removal technology, one has to know what surface species of catalyst are the most active. This article discusses the following systematic studies: (i) the catalytic preparation to disperse Fe metal well on MgO support for enhancing H₂S removal capacity, (ii) the effect of the catalytic morphology on the activity of Fe/MgO for the H₂S wet oxidation, (iii) the influence of precursor and support on the activity of Fe/MgO for catalytic wet oxidation of H₂S to sulfur.     

Effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of Fe2O3/SiO2 catalysts for oxidation of hydrogen sulfide

The effect of the calcination temperature on the properties of supported iron oxide catalysts for hydrogen sulfide oxidation prepared by impregnation of silica with iron(III) nitrate has been studied. An increase in the calcination temperature was found to diminish the catalytic activity of the Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ catalysts in hydrogen sulfide oxidation. This behavior can be explained by the agglomeration of iron oxide particles and by a decrease in the surface concentration of active sites. It has been shown that an increase in the calcination temperature makes the catalyst more stable towards the sulfidation of the active component (Fe₂O₃) to the iron disulfide phase.     

活性炭及表面性质对Ru基氨合成催化剂性能的影响

 采用N2物理吸附和He-TPD等表征手段考察了不同活性炭及其经HNO3和氧化处理后的孔结构性质及表面基团的变化,并用CO化学吸附分析了其对活性组分Ru分散度的影响. 结果表明,活性炭较发达的中孔结构可显著提高Ru的分散度. 活性炭的部分表面含氧基团是Ru的分散中心,它们的量会明显影响催化剂的Ru分散度及活性. 活性炭经HNO3处理虽然可以使含氧基团的量增加,但同时也使不稳定基团的量增加,这些不稳定基团在催化剂还原过程中分解,不利于Ru的分散. 活性炭的气相热处理可以调变其表面结构及表面基团,从而提高 Ru的分散度及催化剂活性.     

催化臭氧氧化降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯中催化剂构效关系

采用传统焙烧和微波辐射制备了不同活性炭 (AC) 负载 Ru 催化剂, 并用于催化臭氧氧化降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯 (DMP) 反应中, 探讨了催化剂的构效关系. 结果表明, 所有 AC 和催化剂均能提高臭氧氧化 DMP 过程中 TOC (总有机碳) 去除率, 其活性顺序为 Ru/coal-AC > nutshell-AC > Ru/nutshell-AC > Ru/coconut-AC ≈ coal-AC > coconut-AC. 负载的 Ru 颗粒扩散到 AC 大孔中, 增加了反应的传质阻力, 使得反应物与 AC 内表面的活性位和金属 Ru 的接触机会减少, 这是 Ru/nutshell-AC 和 Ru/coconut-AC 活性低于 Ru/coal-AC 的一个原因; 催化剂表面 Ru 分散度也是导致其活性差别的原因之一. 微波加热引起 nutshell-AC 表面活性官能团发生变化, 从而导致其负载的 Ru 催化活性降低. 相对于传统焙烧, 微波辐射热处理能够提高 coal-AC 表面 Ru 的分散度, 从而提高催化剂活性.     

Effect of calcination temperature on the performance of nano-size iron oxide catalysts for ethylbenzene dehydrogenation

The effect of calcination temperature on the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of nano-sized Fe-K oxides for ethylbenzene dehydrogenation was investigated. The catalyst calcined at 600°C showed the highest activity. The catalytic activity of the catalysts clearly depended on the structure of the nano-sized iron catalysts.     

Influence of final calcination temperature and calcium addition on the properties of titania-based sulfur recovery catalysts

Compared to traditional alumina Claus catalysts, titania based sulfur recovery catalysts demonstrate improved initial activity for the recovery of elemental sulfur from both hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide and are less prone to aging by sulfation. The influence of the preparation mode on the properties of titania catalysts is studied in detail: With increasing calcination temperature, surface area drastically decreases, whereas mechanical strength goes through a minimum, with only minor modifications of total pore volume and catalytic activity. Addition of calcium during catalyst preparation hinders the loss of mechanical properties while allowing a higher calcination temperature. Hydrothermal aging of such catalysts is therefore limited during operation in the plant.     

Copper supported on porous activated carbon obtained by wetness impregnation: Effect of preparation conditions on the ozonation catalyst's characteristics

An activated carbon-supported copper heterogeneous catalyst based on (Cu/AC) was developed using a wetness impregnation process. The effect of preparation conditions on the catalyst's characteristics was examined. This work focuses on two key parameters: impregnation rate and calcination conditions (temperature and time). Catalysts were characterized by means of nitrogen sorptiometry at 77 K, Boehm analysis and pH_pzc analysis. It was found that the catalyst properties and the functional surface groups were affected by the operating conditions. The highest measured surface area, i.e. 1040 m²/g, was obtained for activated carbon (AC) impregnated with 12% of Cu loading after calcination at 550 °C for 2 h. The effect of adding copper on the surface of activated carbon on its adsorption capacity was also examined. The obtained results showed that after impregnation, the adsorption capacity of activated carbon was improved. Additionally, the performance of the Cu/AC catalyst on nitrobenzene ozonation was investigated. Our results show that the use of Cu/AC for heterogeneous catalytic ozonation enhanced significantly the degradation efficiency of nitrobenzene (NB) compared with simple ozonation and with ozonation catalyzed by AC without metal addition.     

利用硫酸氧钒制备钒炭催化剂用于烟气脱硫

利用硫酸氧钒制备钒炭催化剂用于烟气脱硫。研究发现,负载在活性炭上的硫酸氧钒极易被氧化为五价钒硫酸盐,这些五价钒硫酸盐具有很高的氧化SO₂的活性,极大地促进了SO₂在活性炭上的脱除。而且,通过煅烧可以将五价钒硫酸盐分解为五价钒氧化物,最佳煅烧温度为500℃,由于煅烧后用于储存硫酸的微孔孔容增加,SO₂的吸附容量得到了进一步提高,由此表明,利用硫酸氧钒可以制备传统的V₂O₅/AC催化剂。为了获得完全氧化的钒物种,对煅烧后的催化剂进行了空气中预氧化,但由于含氧官能团的形成、炭载体的烧蚀以及钒的还原,预氧化不利于脱硫。此外,研究中得到初步证据证明脱硫过程中V₂O₅/AC催化剂中五价钒氧化物转变成了五价钒硫酸盐,结合五价钒硫酸盐所表现出的氧化SO₂的能力,推测SO₂在V₂O₅/AC上的脱除遵循以下机理:五价钒氧化物先转变为五价钒硫酸盐,后者催化氧化SO₂为硫酸。     

Decomposition of methane over alumina supported Fe and Ni–Fe bimetallic catalyst: Effect of preparation procedure and calcination temperature

Catalytic decomposition of methane has been studied extensively as the production of hydrogen and formation of carbon nanotube is proven crucial from the scientific and technological point of view. In that context, variation of catalyst preparation procedure, calcination temperature and use of promoters could significantly alter the methane conversion, hydrogen yield and morphology of carbon nanotubes formed after the reaction. In this work, Ni promoted and unpromoted Fe/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been prepared by impregnation, sol–gel and co-precipitation method with calcination at two different temperatures. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ physisorption, temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The catalytic activity was tested for methane decomposition reaction. The catalytic activity was high when calcined at 500 °C temperature irrespective of the preparation method. However while calcined at high temperature the catalyst prepared by impregnation method showed a high activity. It is found from XRD and TPR characterization that disordered iron oxides supported on alumina play an important role for dissociative chemisorptions of methane generating molecular hydrogen. The transmission electron microscope technique results of the spent catalysts showed the formation of carbon nanotube which is having length of 32–34 nm. The Fe nanoparticles are present on the tip of the carbon nanotube and nanotube grows by contraction–elongation mechanism. Among three different methodologies impregnation method was more effective to generate adequate active sites in the catalyst surface. The Ni promotion enhances the reducibility of Fe/Al₂O₃ oxides showing a higher catalytic activity. The catalyst is stable up to six hours on stream as observed in the activity results.     

Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂对渣油加氢反应的影响

使用模型化合物在微型反应釜中研究了载体炭黑对渣油内部氢转移反应的影响。结果表明，炭黑可以明显地促进四氢萘到蒽的氢转移反应。使用等体积浸渍法制备了Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂并对Fe/炭黑催化剂进行了XRD、SEM表征，结果表明，金属硫化物附着在炭黑颗粒的表面，直径为1μm左右。在高压反应釜中研究了载体炭黑和以炭黑为载体的催化剂对克拉玛依常压渣油430℃加氢反应的影响，并于传统的水溶性分散型催化剂的抑焦性能进行了对比。 结果表明，Fe/炭黑、Ni/炭黑催化剂可以明显地抑制渣油加氢反应的生焦，水洗后的催化剂效果比未经水洗的催化剂抑制生焦的效果好；Ni/炭黑催化剂抑焦效果比Fe/炭黑催化剂好；Fe/炭黑催化剂比同等浓度的水溶性Fe催化剂抑焦效果好。对反应产物馏分的分析表明，Fe/炭黑催化剂可以有效地抑制渣油缩合生焦，同时在一定程度上抑制裂化反应。