水中爆炸激波对水泥试样作用的数值模拟分析

通过对水中爆炸激波在水泥净浆试样中传播的数值模拟,再现了爆炸激波的传播过程,采用对典型单元受到的激波作用和应力进行分析的方法,得出了水泥试样各个区域损伤破坏的成因,数值模拟结果和实验现象吻合。     

岩石爆破的粉碎区及其空腔膨胀

本文根据爆炸冲击波的理论分析,讨论了柱形装药和球形装药的粉碎区半径、炮孔近区的压缩比、爆破空腔及其空腔的发展时间。通过分析,给出柱形装药的爆炸近区参数。计算结果表明:2号铵梯岩石炸药柱形装药在岩石介质中产生的粉碎区半径一般是炮孔半径的1.65～3.05倍,球装药在岩石介质中产生的粉碎区半径是球形装药半径的1.28～1.75倍;柱形装药在孔壁处的冲击波波长与炮孔半径属于同一量级;粉碎区内的平均压缩比为1.05～1.10。     

爆炸塔内120kgTNT当量爆炸载荷的数值分析

爆炸塔设计中常采用等当量集中装药估算爆炸塔内部载荷。为研究该方法的合理性,本文采用有限体积方法离散求解积分型Euler方程组;利用瞬时爆轰模型描述炸药爆炸初场,分别计算了乳化炸药和TNT集中装药爆炸对爆炸塔的内部加载情况;给出了塔体及封头内壁面9个特征点的压力时间曲线。结果表明:可以采用集中装药模拟乳化炸药对爆心截面处的超压作用,但不可以采用集中装药模拟乳化炸药对封头中心处的超压作用。因为在封头中心处乳化炸药爆炸会聚产生的超压极值约为TNT集中装药的2倍;塔体柱段的爆心截面处与封头中心处为超压作用最强的部位,两处冲量大致相当;压力最大值出现在封头中心处,由反射冲击波会聚产生。建议塔体建筑设计时对封头中心处和塔体爆心截面处采取相应的防护措施。     

湍流的诱导及其对瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰和爆炸波的作用

在实验的基础上,研究了管内瓦斯爆炸过程中湍流的诱导及其对瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰和爆炸波的影响作用.研究结果表明,管道面积突变对瓦斯爆炸过程中湍流的产生具有重要影响.管道面积突变(变大、变小)时,产生附加湍流,并使下游火焰气流的湍流度增加,瓦斯爆炸过程中火焰的传播速度迅速提高,并可诱导激波的产生.在80×80mm等截面直管中(瓦斯浓度为理论上最猛烈的爆炸浓度9.5%),瓦斯爆炸最大火焰传播速度为40.8m/s,管内各点均为压力波信号,当管道加装一Φ300mm圆管形成面积突扩11倍和突缩11倍两断面后,面积突扩处(L/D=22)火焰速度增大5.05倍,达到64.4m/s,面积突缩处(L/D=28)火焰速度为156.0m/s, 增大4.55倍,并在L/D=48倍处形成激波(超压1.6976atm、波速416.7m/s),在L/D=98倍处,激波强度最大.在面积突变管内加装加速环可使瓦斯爆炸过程中湍流度加剧,火焰的传播速度更高,激波生成的位置(L/D=28)、最强点位置(L/D=70)均前移,激波强度增大.研究结果对指导现场如何防治瓦斯爆炸,减轻瓦斯爆炸的威力具有一定的指导意义.     

地面和埋置爆炸土中地冲击作用分区数值模拟及试验研究

为研究爆炸条件下土中应力波的时空分布,基于黄土中接触爆炸和半埋爆炸试验,验证了ANSYS/AUTODYN软件建立的计算模型,并在此基础上开展了土中爆炸地冲击效应研究。结果表明:随着土介质深度的增加,感生地冲击峰值减小,而直接地冲击峰值增大,最终,压力和竖向应力时程曲线中的2个峰值减少为1个峰值,据此特征可将土中应力波场分为3个区域,即地表区、近地表区和中心区;当装药比例埋深为?0.05～0.075 m/kg1/3时,随着装药比例埋深的增大,中心区迅速扩大,地表区迅速缩小,近地表区逐渐扩大;当装药比例埋深为0.1～0.4 m/kg1/3时,地冲击作用区的分布趋于稳定;爆炸耦合进入空气和土介质中的动能受炸药类型影响,但在一定范围内,地冲击作用区角度与地面空气冲击波超压冲量和直接地冲击应力冲量之比呈线性相关关系。     

爆炸复合中起爆区不定常段的确定

对2岩石炸药的定常爆轰形成过程进行了实验研究;对起爆端稀疏波效应进行了计算。实验结果表明,距起爆端约10倍装药厚度以内为不定常爆轰区。距离起爆端小于5倍装药厚度时,飞板速度及碰撞角增幅较大,5～10倍装药厚度,两者增幅趋缓,10倍装药厚度以后,爆速、飞板速度及碰撞角逐步进入定常状态。飞板碰撞角的工程计算与实验结果的一致性较好。     

球形和等长径圆柱装药在爆炸近区内载荷差异的实验研究

为了研究爆炸近区内装药形状对爆炸载荷的影响,运用压杆法测量了爆炸容器内壁的压力。通过 实验发现,对于圆柱装药径向方向上的正反射爆炸载荷,等长径圆柱装药的压力峰值、冲量与相同当量下球形 装药对应量的比最大超过2。还通过实验验证了数值模拟,并运用数值模拟获得2种装药形状下爆炸载荷的 静水压、密度、粒子速度,得到爆炸近区内2种装药形状载荷的差异以及该差异随爆心距离的变化规律。     

弹体对混凝土材料先侵彻后爆炸损伤破坏效应的数值模拟研究

基于Kong-Fang混凝土材料模型和LS-DYNA的流固耦合和重启动算法,开展了某新型钻地武器先侵彻后爆炸对混凝土靶体的毁伤破坏效应研究。通过模拟大口径缩比弹侵彻实验和预制孔爆炸实验,验证了材料模型及其参数的可靠性。在此基础上,进一步对预制孔装药爆炸建模、不考虑弹壳的重启动建模和考虑弹壳的重启动建模3种方法进行了比较。数值计算结果表明,由于爆轰产物的外泄,不考虑侵彻预损伤的预制孔装药爆炸方法得到的爆坑直径仅为3倍弹径,且损伤破坏模式与其他2种方法得到的损伤破坏模式区别较大。重启动建模方法继承了弹体侵彻过程中累积的损伤,爆坑直径在原有侵彻损伤破坏的基础上明显增大;且由于弹壳变形破碎消耗部分能量,考虑弹壳时模拟得到的爆坑直径（约14.5倍弹径）略小于不考虑弹壳时模拟得到的爆坑直径（约16倍弹径）;但由于破碎弹头的二次侵彻作用,考虑弹壳时模拟得到的爆坑深度比不考虑弹壳时模拟得到的爆坑深度增加约5%。上述研究结果可为进一步开展钻地武器先侵彻后爆炸毁伤破坏效应的实验研究提供参考。     

单点起爆形成多模式EFP的可行性研究

针对同一成型装药形成多模毁伤元问题,利用LS-DYNA 程序,研究了单点起爆位置对爆炸成型 侵彻体(explosivelyformedpenetrator,EFP)成型的影响规律。当起爆点距离药型罩的轴向距离从0倍装药 口径增加到0.72倍装药口径,EFP速度提高了37.8%,长径比增加了1倍多;优化设计成型装药结构,分析 了主装药端面中心点起爆和药型罩顶点起爆爆轰波传播规律,实现了杆式EFP、EFP2种模态的转换。通过 X光成像实验进行了验证,实验结果与数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

离散多层爆炸容器的抗爆性能和尺寸效应

为了研究离散多层爆炸容器筒体的抗爆性能和尺寸效应,对材料相同、几何相似、放大系数为4的 2种离散多层试验圆筒进行了中心爆炸加载试验。试验结果表明,2种离散多层圆筒极限承载TNT 装药的 相对质量为0.89%~1.11%,尺寸放大4倍后离散多层圆筒的抗爆性能没有明显的降低。根据能量相关理 论分析认为,由于2种圆筒中钢带特征尺寸保持不变,作为离散多层爆炸容器筒体承载主体的钢带层不存在 强烈的能量尺寸效应,从而使得离散多层爆炸容器筒体整体抗爆性能未被显著削弱。     

水中电爆炸的实验研究

利用冲击大电流通过水中的一段金属丝进行水中电爆炸实验 ,通过对水中电爆炸的放电电压、电流波形测量以及高速阴影摄影和扫描摄影 ,记录了冲击波的传播、汽泡增长和等离子体半径的时间特性 ;由不同充电参数的实验 ,得到了一些基本规律。比较了水中电爆炸和空中电爆炸的异同 ,揭示了水中电爆炸存在的放电模式。     

Interaction of a gasdynamic shock with small disturbances

The stability of shock wave based on the definition of Landau and Lifschitz^[1] is treated in this paper. This is tantamount to solving the problem of interaction of small disturbances with a shock wave. Small disturbances are introduced on both sides of a steady, non-dissipative, plane shock wave. Landau et al.^[1] obtained the stability criterionM ₁>1,M ₂<1 for small disturbances which are travelling in the direction perpendicular to the shock wave. In the present paper, we assume that the small disturbances may be two dimensional, i.e. they may be propagating in the direction inclined to the shock wave. The conclusions obtained are: regardless of whether the incident wave and diverging wave are defined according to the direction of the phase velocity or the group velocity, the shock wave is unstable for some frequencies and longitudinal wave lengths of the disturbances, even if the conditionsM ₁>1,M ₂<1 are fulfilled. Then several experiments are proposed, and the problem of ways to define the incident wave and diverging wave is discussed. The meaning of this problem is illustrated. The same results can be obtained for the steady shock wave in a tube.     

Simulation of converging cylindrical GPa-range shock waves generated by wire array underwater electrical explosions

Results of one-dimensional numerical simulations of the parameters of the converging strong shock wave generated by electrical underwater explosions of a cylindrical wire array with different array radii and different deposited energies are presented. It was shown that for each wire array radius there exists an optimal duration of the energy deposition into the exploding array, which allows one to maximize the shock wave pressure and temperature in the vicinity of the implosion axis. The simulation results agree well with the 130-GPa pressure in the vicinity of the implosion axis that was recently obtained, which strongly indicates the azimuthal symmetry of the converging shock wave at these extreme conditions. Also, simulations showed that using a pulsed power generator with a stored energy of ~200 kJ, the pressure and temperature at the shock wave front reaches ~220 GPa and 1.7 eV at 0.1 mm from the axis of implosion in the case of a 2.5 mm radius wire array explosion. It was found that, in spite of the complicated equation of state of water, the maximum pressure at the shock wave front at radius r can be estimated as P ≈ (P*(r*/r) ^α , where P* is the known value of pressure at the shock wave front at radius r* ≥ r and α is a parameter that equals 0.62±0.02. A rough estimate of the implosion parameters of the hydrogen target after the interaction with the converging strong shock wave is presented as well.     

Residual fracture energy of cement paste, mortar and concrete subject to high temperature

Quantifying high temperature damage is an issue that can hardly be dealt with experimentally because of the complexity of the loading control, of temperature and of moisture. The experimental investigation was carried out. The measurement of the mechanical characteristics (fracture energy, tensile strength, elastic modulus and thermal damage parameter) of five cementitious materials, cement paste, mortar, ordinary concrete and two HPC concretes were performed by three-point bending tests after heating/cooling cycles at 120, 250 and 400 °C. The tests showed that the cementitious materials behave almost identical when the fracture energy G_f is considered as a function of maximum temperature. The thermal damage due to heating from 120 to 400 °C increases the fracture energy by 50% with the reference tests at room temperature. A more tortuous crack surface is one reasonable explanation for the significant increase in G_f. It is demonstrated that the temperature exposure makes all cementitious materials tested significantly more ductile and less resistant.     

Detonation wave initiated by explosive condensation of supersaturated carbon vapor

An experimental study of the influence of condensation of supersaturated carbon vapor formed behind reflected shock waves on the process of propagation of a shock wave and formation of a detonation wave of condensation is carried out. Highly supersaturated carbon vapor was formed from thermal decay of unstable carbon suboxide C₃O₂ → C + 2CO behind a shock wave in mixtures containing 10–30% C₃O₂ in Ar. This reaction was followed by fast growth of condensed carbon particles, accompanied by heat release. Experiments have shown a considerable temperature and pressure increase in the narrow zone behind the wave front, resulting in shock wave amplification and transition to a detonation-like regime. An analysis of the kinetics and heat release in the given conditions and calculations based upon one-dimensional detonation theory have shown that in a mixture of 10% C₃O₂ + Ar, insufficient heat release resulted in a regime of “overdriven detonation”. In a mixture of 20% C₃O₂ + Ar a very good coincidence of measured values of pressure and wave velocity with calculated Chapman–Jouguet parameters is observed. In a 30% C₃O₂ + Ar mixture, an excess heat release caused a slow down of the effective condensation rate and a regime of “underdriven detonation” is observed.     

Numerical Study of a Turbulent Flow Compressed by a Weak Shock Wave

Abstract

Modification of a two-dimensional isotropic trbulent flow by passage of a weak shock wave was numerically studied by the explicit spectral collocation method with the fourier series in the ranges of M₁ = 0.14?0.21 and M_s = 1.06?1.14. The density 1 trbulent kinetic energy increased by 10 to 19 % and density fluctuation increased by 14 to 50 % in proportion to the shock wave mach number. The amplification of turbulent kinetic energy did not change by increase of the turbulent Mach number, while that of density fluctuation decreased from1.35 to 1.15%. The argumentation of turbulent kinetic energy appeared at moderate and high wave numbers of energy spectra and resulted in a reduction of the integral scale by3.33 to 5.4%. Modifications mechanisms of turbulent kinetic energy, density fluctuation and vorticity were verified by the transport equations It was shown that the decreased amplification of the density fluctuation In the increased trbulent Mach number attributed to the unchanged production terms and the negative dilatation correlation behind the shock wave.the vorticity-dilatation term was responsible for more than 80 % of the total vorticity production at the shock front.     

Comparison of different methods of measurement of pressure of underwater shock waves generated by electrical discharge

Different methods for measurement of strong underwater shock waves pressure pulses with peak pressures of up to 200 MPa and rise time of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds are described and compared. The experimental techniques include direct methods of pressure measurement using various electromechanical gauges such as quartz, carbon-based, and commercially available PCB gauges, and nondirect methods based on measurement of the velocity of the shock wave such as time-of-flight and fast-streak photography. Advantages and disadvantages of the used gauges and methods are discussed. The shock waves were produced by underwater electrical discharge (discharge current amplitude ≤100 kA, pulse duration ≤5 μs) initiated by an exploding wire. A good correspondence between the pressure amplitudes measured by the various gauges and methods was observed. The obtained dependence of the shock wave pressure on the distance from the discharge channel was found to be best fitted by a r ^−0.7 law. It is also shown that none of these methods can be used to determine the time evolution of the pressure behind the front of the shock wave.     

Experimental investigation of the interaction between weak shock waves and granular layers

 The paper describes new experimental results regarding the pressure fields in front of and inside granular layers of different materials during their collision with weak shock waves. A variety of waves result from the shock wave-granular layer interaction. The pressure behind the reflected wave from the material interface approaches the equilibrium value, P ₅, which would have been reached had the shock wave reflected from a solid end-wall. The wave succession inside the layer depends solely on two processes: the complex interaction of the compaction wave with the granular material and the gas filtration, which affects the particles by the drag forces between the two phases. Inside a material with a permeability coefficient f>0.001 mm² the transmitted wave moves with a constant velocity which is largely governed by the gas filtration. For low permeability materials ( f<0.0003 mm²) the transmitted wave trajectory strongly depends on the compaction wave propagation. In such cases the compaction wave was found to be unsteady and its acceleration was higher in material having low material densities. The maximum compressive stress values, P _c , reached at the shock tube end-wall, covered by the materials under investigation, manifested as an unsteady pressure peak twice as large as the gas pressure P ₅, measured ahead of the layer. Comparing the present data with those available in the literature showed that the amplitude of the unsteady pressure peak was higher in materials having low effective densities, γ, and small permeability coefficients f. Contrary to flexible foams where the available experimental data indicated that the compressive stress in the post peak period converges to P ₅=P _g , the results obtained in the present study indicated that during the test time the compressive stress, P _s , was well preserved in the material and for most of the sample length its value was within the range P _s >P ₅>P _g . Received: 4 March 1996 / Accepted:26 September 1996     

Some properties of strongly nonequilibrium flows with population inversion in shock waves

The effect of incident flow parameters and composition of a CO₂ + N₂ + H₂O(He) mixture on population inversion in the relaxation zone of a normal shock wave is considered.