P改性对Mo-Ni/Al2O3煤焦油加氢脱氮性能的影响

在磷含量1.34%下,采用分步浸渍法按磷添加顺序不同制备了3种改性催化剂:MoP-Ni/Al₂O₃、Mo-NiP/Al₂O₃、Mo-Ni/PAl₂O₃.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)、程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、氮气吸附等技术对催化剂进行了表征.以新疆中低温煤焦油为原料,考察了不同磷改性方式对催化剂加氢脱氮(HDN)性能的影响.结果表明,适宜的磷添加方式能够改变催化剂的酸性分布,提高10~13 nm加氢脱氮有效孔的比例,并且减弱活性组分与载体的相互作用,同时使得活性组分更易被还原,进而提高催化剂加氢脱氮性能.加氢脱氮活性顺序为Mo-Ni/PAl₂O₃(74.36%)>Mo-NiP/Al₂O₃(72.74%)>Mo-Ni/Al₂O₃(71.72%)>MoP-Ni/Al₂O₃(56.13%).     

纳米Fe2O3/端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)复合粒子的制备与表征

为改善纳米Fe₂O₃在固体推进剂中的分散性, 以端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)和异氟尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)为包覆和固化材料, 分别采用直接共混法和分步共混法制得纳米Fe₂O₃/HTPB复合粒子. 采用HRTEM, TGA, FTIR和XRD等手段表征了复合粒子的结构, 对比了复合前后纳米Fe₂O₃的分散性, 测量了HTPB包覆量和包覆层厚度. 结果表明, 这两种方法均能实现HTPB对纳米Fe₂O₃物理包覆, 但分步共混法明显优于直接共混法|在分步共混法制得的纳米Fe₂O₃/ HTPB复合粒子中, 内层的纳米Fe₂O₃分散性好, 外层HTPB厚度均一. 复合粒子亲油性结果表明, 将纳米Fe₂O₃与HTPB进行复合, 可有效改善纳米Fe₂O₃在固体推进剂中的分散性.     

SCR催化剂的组成对其脱硝性能的影响

在以TiO₂为载体的基础上,考察了活性组分WO₃和V₂O₅的质量分数以及SiO₂和Al₂O₃的加入对SCR催化剂脱硝性能的影响,筛选出的最佳催化剂组成与某商业催化剂的催化活性、制备方法和催化剂组成进行比较。结果表明,SiO₂和Al₂O₃的加入会降低催化剂的脱硝性能,筛选出的最佳催化剂组成为0.5%V₂O₅～10%WO₃/TiO₂;与实验室通过溶胶 凝胶法制备载体然后负载活性组分的制备方法不同,商业催化剂是将粒径均匀的锐钛矿型TiO₂与玻璃纤维（主要成分为SiO₂和Al₂O₃）通过黏合剂混合制备成型的催化剂载体,然后负载活性组分;由于制备方法和催化剂组成等方面的较大差异,0.5%V₂O₅～10%WO₃/TiO₂在低于603K时具有很好的NO脱除率,而商业催化剂在实际烟气温度(603K~663K)范围内,能稳定保持90%以上脱硝率。     

C5~C7烃类组分在Al2O3毛细管色谱柱上的分离及应用

详细研究了54种常见的C₅~C₇烃类组分在S型、KCl型和M型3种类型Al₂O₃毛细管色谱柱上的分离和定性,结果显示大部分C₅~C₇烃类组分在3种类型Al₂O₃毛细管色谱柱上的分离效果良好,但也存在一些组分分离不完全或共流出的现象,3种类型Al₂O₃毛细管色谱柱上的分离效果也存在一定的差异。共测定了15个C₅烃类组分,25个C₆烃类组分及14个C₇烃类组分在这3种类型Al₂O₃毛细管色谱柱上的线性程序升温保留指数,为C₅~C₇烃类组分在Al₂O₃毛细管色谱柱上的定性提供了依据。同时定量分析了某石化企业的裂解气样品中C₅~C₇烃类组分的含量。本研究拓展了Al₂O₃毛细管色谱柱的应用范围,可以为石化企业轻烃的分析提供参考。     

改性钆/硼/聚乙烯纳米复合材料的制备及对中子和伽马射线的屏蔽性能

采用偶联剂γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)对纳米氧化钆(nanoGd₂O₃)表面进行包覆改性, 通过热压成型法制备了一种新型的改性纳米氧化钆/碳化硼/高密度聚乙烯(M-nanoGd₂O₃/B₄C/HDPE)复合材料. 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)分析结果表明, nanoGd₂O₃成功被偶联剂改性, 且改性nanoGd₂O₃在聚乙烯基体内的界面相容性和分散性显著提高. 热重分析(TGA)、 差示扫描量热分析(DSC)和力学拉伸实验表明, 改性nanoGd₂O₃的引入增强了复合材料的热稳定性, 提高了复合材料的拉伸强度、 杨氏模量和断裂伸长率. 对复合材料的中子和伽马射线屏蔽性能进行了实验测试和蒙特卡罗模拟计算, 研究了nanoGd₂O₃改性、 材料形状和材料厚度对屏蔽性能的影响. 结果表明, 界面相容性和分散性优良的nanoGd₂O₃能够有效提高中子及伽马射线屏蔽率. 方形M-nanoGd₂O₃/B₄C/HDPE材料在厚度为11.7 cm时中子屏蔽率达到90%, 在厚度为13.5 cm时伽马射线屏蔽率达到70%.     

添加钒对Pd/Al2O3-TiO2 催化剂上醇醛催化氧化性能及表面特性的影响

采用浸渍法分别制备了Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂、V/Al₂O₃-TiO₂和不同钒含量的V-Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂,并对乙醇、乙醛的完全催化氧化性能进行了测试。结果表明,添加适量的钒组分(1%~3%)能够有效地提高催化剂的深度氧化活性。采用XRD、NH₃-TPD、N₂吸附等技术分析研究催化剂的表面特性与催化活性之间的关系,发现Pd/Al₂O₃-TiO₂催化剂添加适量钒组分后,调变了催化剂的表面酸性、比表面积和孔容,使得V组分和Pd组分与载体之间产生较强的相互作用,双金属组分的协同效应提高了催化剂对乙醇、乙醛的深度氧化活性。     

分子筛硅铝比及晶粒粒径对 Cu-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5催化剂直接合成二甲醚反应性能的影响

采用水热晶化法合成了硅铝比(SiO₂/Al₂O₃)为60、120、200和晶粒粒径分别为1.00和0.25 μm的HZSM-5分子筛,并以其为甲醇脱水活性组分与铜基甲醇合成活性组分(Cu-ZnO-Al₂O₃)组成双功能催化剂(Cu-ZnO-Al₂O₃/HZSM-5),在连续流动加压固定床反应器上考察了Cu-ZnO-Al₂O₃/HZSM-5对合成气直接制二甲醚反应的催化性能。结果表明,随着分子筛硅铝比的提高,二氧化碳副产物的生成量逐渐减少,从而使目的产物二甲醚的选择性逐渐增大。与常规分子筛相比,小晶粒分子筛的反应活性接近,但二氧化碳和烃类副产物的选择性较低。     

羧甲基纤维素/Fe3O4复合纳米磁性材料的制备、表征及吸附性能的研究

采用改进的氧化沉淀法在羧甲基纤维素(CMC)体系中制备了以磁性纳米Fe₃O₄为核心, 外层包覆羧甲基纤维素的复合磁性纳米材料. 用透射电镜、X射线衍射、红外光谱、Zeta电位和震动样品磁强计对复合纳米Fe₃O₄进行了表面形貌、结构和磁学的表征. 在此基础上研究了复合纳米Fe₃O₄对Cu^2＋的吸附性能, 探讨了溶液pH、反应时间和 Cu^2＋的初始浓度对其吸附性能的影响. 实验结果表明, 复合Fe₃O₄粒子为反尖晶石型, 平均粒径在40 nm左右, 羧甲基纤维素在Fe₃O₄粒子表面是化学吸附, 复合Fe₃O₄粒子的饱和磁化强度为36.74 emu/g, 在中性溶液中Cu^2＋的吸附量最高, 吸附平衡时间为1.5 h, 二级动力学模型能够很好地拟合吸附动力学数据, 吸附等温数据符合Langmuir模型. 复合纳米Fe₃O₄对Cu^2＋的吸附机理主要为表面配位反应.     

新型磷酸硅铝分子筛SAPO-56的合成与表征

以N,N,N',N'-四甲基-1,6-己二胺(TMHD)为模板剂,采用水热法在Al₂O₃-P₂O₅-SiO₂体系中合成了SAPO-56分子筛.固定模板剂和水,得到Al-Si-P三元体系相图.当原料物质的量比为0.52)/n(M)<0.7(M=SiO²⁺Al₂O³⁺P₂O₅),0.152O₃)/n(M)<0.4及0.12O₅)/n(M)<0.3时,出现SAPO-56合成的纯相区.固定合成凝胶中硅、铝、磷和水的量,模板剂的用量改变对合成影响较大.n(TMHD)/n(P₂O₅)≥2时,产物是纯SAPO-56.用XRD,SEM,IR,DTA-TG和吸附等方法研究了产物的物化性能.结果表明,SAPO-56分子筛具有较好的热稳定性(骨架坍塌温度为1150℃)和较大的水吸附量(41%).SAPO-56分子筛催化剂对甲醇转化制烯烃反应表现出了良好的催化活性和较高的C₂和C₃烯烃选择性.     

气相色谱法研究配位化合物的热稳定性(Ⅶ)——Ni(Ⅱ)、Co(Ⅱ)草酸配合物的热分解及产物的催化性能

镍(Ⅱ)、钴(Ⅱ)草酸配合物在氢气中热分解时产生CO₂和CO,并发生加氢催化反应.CoC₃O₄和NiC₂O₄的分解产物CO₂加氢活性很快降低;K₂O等具有分散金属的作用。CoC₂O₄/Al₂O₃和K₂^{[Co(C₂O₄)₂]}/Al₂O₃体系具有Al₂(C₃O₄)₃的分解特征。C₂O₄^2-在Al₂O₃表面能形成表面配合物,在Al₂O₃表面Co(Ⅱ)的还原较为困难。     

X射线荧光光谱法分析镁砂的主次成分

采用镁砂标准样品作为校准样品,建立了熔融制样X射线荧光光谱法测定镁砂中MgO,Al2O3,SiO2,CaO,P2O5,Fe2O3的方法。采用熔融法为样品片和校准片的制备方法,选择四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂（67＋33）为助熔剂,1.00mL LiBr溶液为脱模剂,熔融温度为1 100℃,熔融时间20min。对镁砂样品测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）小于3%,对不同镁砂标准样品进行测定,方法的测定结果与认证值相吻合。     

OH, HO2, and ozone gaseous diffusion coefficients

The diffusion of OH, HO2, and O3 in He, and of OH in air, has been investigated using a coated-wall flow tube reactor coupled to a chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The diffusion coefficients were determined from measurements of the loss of the reactive species to the flow tube wall as a function of pressure. On the basis of the experimental results, D(OH-He) = 662 +/- 33 Torr cm2 s-1, D(OH-air) = 165 +/- 20 Torr cm2 s-1, D(HO2-He) = 430 +/- 30 Torr cm2 s-1, and D(O3-He) = 410 +/- 25 Torr cm2 s-1 at 296 K. We show that the measured values for OH and HO2 are in better agreement with measured values of their polar analogues (H2O and H2O2) compared with measured values of their nonpolar analogues (O and O2). The measured value for OH in air is 25% smaller than that for O (the nonpolar analogue). The difference between the measured value for HO2 and O2 (the nonpolar analogue) in air is expected to be even larger. Also we show that calculations of the diffusion coefficients based on Lennard-Jones potentials are in excellent agreement with the measurements. This gives further confidence that these calculations can be used to estimate accurate diffusion coefficients for conditions where laboratory data currently do not exist.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铬矿石中硅、铝、镁、铁

采用过氧化钠和氢氧化钠高温熔融铬矿石样品,以盐酸溶解熔块,合并溶液后用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定样品中硅、铝、镁和铁的含量。选择212.412,308.215,285.213,238.204 nm分别作为硅、铝、镁、铁的分析谱线。用铬矿石标准样品配制标准溶液,对标准溶液的贮存方法进行了研究,对影响标准曲线稳定性的因素进行了讨论。SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3和MgO的线性范围依次为0.61%～14.64%,13.62%～27.74%,9.29%～15.17%和9.87%～21.49%。采用该法对铬矿石样品进行30d的连续测定,SiO2、Fe2O3、Al2O3和MgO测定值的相对标准偏差分别在0.51%～1.3%,0.45%～2.0%,0.50%～2.5%和1.4%～2.3%之间。     

Comparison of CBS-QB3, CBS-APNO, G2, and G3 thermochemical predictions with experiment for formation of ionic clusters of hydronium and hydroxide ions complexed with water

The GAUSSIAN 2, GAUSSIAN 3, complete basis set-QB3, and complete basis set-APNO methods have been used to calculate DeltaH( composite function) and DeltaG( composite function) values for ionic clusters of hydronium and hydroxide ions complexed with water. Results for the clusters H3O+(H2O)n and OH-(H2O)n, where n=1-4 are reported in this paper, and compared against experimental values contained in the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) database. Agreement with experiment is excellent for the three ab initio methods for formation of these clusters. The high accuracy of these methods makes them reliable for calculating energetics for the formation of ionic clusters containing water. In addition this allows them to serve as a valuable check on the accuracy of experimental data reported in the NIST database, and makes them useful tools for addressing unresolved issues in atmospheric chemistry.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定REACH法规涉及产品中铅、铬、钴、砷、锡、铝、锆、钼和硼

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对REACH法规涉及产品中铅、铬、钴、砷、锡、铝、锆、钼和硼的含量进行测定。0.2g样品经微波消解处理,聚合物材质试样以8mL硝酸和2mL过氧化氢为消解试剂;无机非金属材质试样以6mL硝酸、2mL过氧化氢和2mL氢氟酸为消解试剂。各元素的方法检出限均低于15mg·kg-1。方法的加标回收率在82.4%～108%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在3%～6%之间。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定硅石中主次量元素组分

以Li_2B_4O_7、LiBO_2和LiF(质量比为45∶10∶5)为混合熔剂,NH_4NO_3为氧化剂,LiBr为脱模剂,熔融制作样片,采用硅质砂岩、石英岩标准样品和配制标准样品作为校准样品,建立了熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定硅石中主次量成分(SiO_2、Al_2O_3、TFe_2O_3、MgO、CaO、K_2O、MnO、TiO_2、P_2O_5)的快速分析方法。对样品制备以及分析测试过程中的条件进行了优化,在最优条件下,对标准样品(GBW03112、GBW07835)进行重复测定,相对标准偏差RSD2%。同时对3个混合配制的硅石标准样品进行分析,结果与参考值无显著性差异。     

Experimental adsorption isotherms based on inverse gas chromatography

A new chromatographic perturbation method is used for studying the adsorption-desorption equilibrium in various gas-solid heterogeneous systems. It is the reversed-flow method giving accurate and precise values of many physicochemical constants including the basic and necessary adsorption isotherm values. For four inorganic oxides, namely, Cr2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and PbO, and two aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene) these adsorption isotherms have been determined through a non-linear model.     

Ab initio calculations of nitrogen oxide reactions: formation of N2O2, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5, and N4O2 from NO, NO2, NO3, and N2O

Ab initio computational methods were used to obtain Delta(r)H(o), Delta(r)G(o), and Delta(r)S(o) for the reactions 2 NO <=> N(2)O(2) (I), NO+NO(2) <=> N(2)O(3) (II), 2 NO(2) <=> N(2)O(4) (III), NO(2)+NO(3) <=> N(2)O(5) (IV), and 2 N(2)O <=> N(4)O(2) (V) at 298.15 K. Optimized geometries and frequencies were obtained at the CCSD(T) level for all molecules except for NO, NO(2), and NO(3), for which UCCSD(T) was used. In all cases the aug-cc-pVDZ (avdz) basis set was employed. The electronic energies of all species were obtained from complete basis set extrapolations (to aug-cc-pV5Z) using five different extrapolation methods. The [U]CCSD(T)/avdz geometries and frequencies of the N(x)O(y) compounds are compared with literature values, and problems associated with the values and assignments of low-frequency modes are discussed. The standard entropies are compared with values cited in the NIST/JANAF tables [NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Monograph No. 9, 4th ed. edited by M. W. Chase, Jr. (American Chemical Society and American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY, 1988)]. With the exception of I, in which the dimer is weakly bound, and V, for which thermodynamic data appears to be lacking, the calculated standard thermodynamic functions of reaction are in good agreement with literature values obtained both from statistical mechanical and various equilibrium methods. A multireference-configuration interaction calculation (MRCI+Q) for I provides a D(e) value that is consistent with previous calculations. The combined uncertainties of the NIST/JANAF values for Delta(r)H(o), Delta(r)G(o), and Delta(r)S(o) of II, III, and IV are discussed. The potential surface for the dissociation of N(2)O(4) was explored using multireference methods. No evidence of a barrier to dissociation was found.     

Activation energies of pericyclic reactions: performance of DFT, MP2, and CBS-QB3 methods for the prediction of activation barriers and reaction energetics of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, and revised activation enthalpies for a standard set of hydrocarbon pericyclic reactions

Activation barriers and reaction energetics for the three main classes of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, including nine different reactions, were evaluated with the MPW1K and B3LYP density functional methods, MP2, and the multicomponent CBS-QB3 method. The CBS-QB3 values were used as standards for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition activation barriers and reaction energetics, and the density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 methods were benchmarked against these values. The MPW1K/6-31G* method and basis set performs best for activation barriers, with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) value of 1.1 kcal/mol. The B3LYP/6-31G* method and basis set performs best for reaction enthalpies, with a MAD value of 2.4 kcal/mol, while the MPW1K method shows large errors for reaction energetics. The MP2 method gives the expected systematic underestimation of barriers. Concerted and nearly synchronous transition structures are predicted by all DFT and MP2 methods. Also reported are revised estimated 0 K experimental activation enthalpies for a standard set of hydrocarbon pericyclic reactions and updated comparisons to experiment for DFT, ab initio, and multicomponent methods. B3LYP and MPW1K methods with MAD values of 1.5 and 2.1 kcal/mol, respectively, fortuitously outperform the multicomponent CBS-QB3 method, which has a MAD value of 2.3. The MAD value of the O3LYP functional improves to 2.4 kcal/mol from the previously reported 3.0 kcal/mol.     

DFT and NMR studies of 2JCOH, 3JHCOH, and 3JCCOH spin-couplings in saccharides: C-O torsional bias and H-bonding in aqueous solution

Density functional theory (DFT) has been used to investigate the structural dependencies of NMR spin-coupling constants (J-couplings) involving the exchangeable hydroxyl protons of saccharides. 3JHCOH, 3JCCOH, and 2JCOH values were calculated at different positions in model aldopyranosyl rings as a function of one or more torsion angles, and results support the use of a generalized Karplus equation to treat 3JHCOH involving the non-anomeric OH groups. The presence of O5 appended to the H1-C1-O1-H coupling pathway introduces asymmetry in 3JH1,O1H Karplus curves due to internal electronegative substituent effects on the gauche couplings, thus requiring separate equations to treat this coupling. 3JCCOH values depend not only on the C-C-O-H torsion angle but also on the orientation of terminal substituents on the coupled carbon, similar to 3JCOCC studied previously (Bose et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 11158-11173). "In-plane" oxygen increased 3JCCOH by approximately 3-4 Hz, whereas "in-plane" carbon gave more modest enhancements ( approximately 1 Hz). Three Karplus equations were derived for non-anomeric 3JCCOH based on the nature and orientation of substituents on the coupled carbon. Like 3JH1,O1H, 3JC2,O1H is also subject to internal electronegative substituent effects on the gauche couplings, thus necessitating separate equations to treat this coupling. 2JCOH values were found not to be useful probes of C-O torsions as a result of their nonsystematic dependence on these torsions. Experimental measurements of 3JHCOH and 3JCCOH in doubly 13C-labeled methyl beta-lactoside 20 and its constituent 13C-labeled methyl aldopyranosides in H2O/acetone-d6 at -20 degrees C showed that some C-O torsion angles are influenced by molecular context and do not experience complete rotational averaging in solution. A strong bias in the H3-C3-O3-H torsion angle in the Glc residue of 20 favoring a gauche conformation suggests the presence of inter-residue H-bonding between O3HGlc and O5Gal. Quantitative analysis of 3JHCOH and 3JCCOH values in 20 indicates that approximately 85% of the forms in solution have geometries consistent with H-bonding. These results suggest that H-bonding between adjacent and/or remote residues may play a role in dictating preferred glycosidic bond conformation in simple and complex oligosaccharides in aqueous solution.