胆酸酯及其甲基丙烯酸衍生物的制备

以HCl为催化剂,合成了脂肪族二元醇单胆酸酯(2~5)。运用甲基丙烯酰氯和甲基丙烯酸酐作酰化试剂,三乙胺作缚酸剂,4-(二甲氨基)吡啶作催化剂,合成了分子中含有不同数量甲基丙酰基的胆酸衍生物(6~9)。实验结果表明,当用甲基丙烯酰氯作酰化剂时,2~5分子中羟基的反应活性顺序是:CH2-OH>3-OH>12-OH>7-OH。     

胆酸甲酯(甲基)丙烯酰基衍生物的合成

以(甲基)丙烯酰氯为酰化剂,三乙胺做缚酸剂合成了分子中含有1~3个(甲基)丙烯酰基的胆酸衍生物。结果显示,以酰氯作酰化试剂,胆酸甲酯分子中3个羟基的反应活性顺序是:C3-OH>C12-OH>C7-OH。     

胆汁酸甲基丙烯酸酯的合成与聚合性能

以甲基丙烯酰氯为酰化试剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,合成鹅去氧胆酸甲酯与胆酸甲酯甲基丙烯酰基衍生物,其结构和热聚合性能经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, FT-IR, MS(EI)和DSC表征。结果表明：升温速率对碳碳双键发生聚合反应的峰位温度和碳碳双键转化率有较大影响;鹅去氧胆酸甲酯与胆酸甲酯甲基丙烯酰基衍生物分子的碳碳双键,在升温过程中并不能全部发生聚合反应;升温速率越快,放热峰的峰值温度越高,碳碳双键转化率越低。其中,以20 K· min^-1速率升温时,双键转化率降低至75%以下。     

含胆酸酯侧基梳状均聚物和共聚物的制备和特性研究

以盐酸为催化剂合成了胆酸酯(2a～2d);用甲基丙烯酸酐(MAA)做酰化剂,4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)做催化剂,三乙胺(Et3N)做缚酸剂,对2a～2d分子中伯羟基选择酰化,合成了分子中含有一个乙烯基的胆酸衍生物(3a～3d);应用溶液聚合方法制备了3a～3d均聚物及3a～3d与N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAA)的共聚物,并研究了聚合物的性能.结果显示: pH值为3～4时,反应得到2a～2d的产率最高;MAA做酰化剂,2a～2d分子中的伯羟基优先发生酰化反应;以胆酸为侧基的线性高分子化合物的性质随着二醇碳原子数增加而呈规律性变化.     

C=C修饰的胆酸功能单体的非等温固化动力学研究

采用非等温DSC法分别对3,7,12–三甲基丙烯酰基胆酸甲酯(CAME3MA)和2-甲基丙烯酰氧基-3,7,12-三甲基丙烯酰基胆酸乙酯(CAGE4MA)的固化反应进行了研究,并与2-甲基丙烯酰氧基-3-甲基丙烯酰基胆酸乙酯(CAGE2MA)固化体系进行了比较。结果显示,3个体系有相似的非等温固化曲线,但是相同升温速率的峰顶温度不同,C=C数量越多,放热峰温度越高。用Kissinger法处理非等温DSC数据,3个体系的Ea和lnA值有差别,变化趋势均为CAGE2MA>CAGE4MA>CAME3MA。由于CAGE2MA容易形成分子间氢键,因此它反应所需的活化能也比后两者大;CAME3MA的分子间作用力稍小于CAGE4MA,因此前者的固化反应活化能也比后者略低。     

含乙二醇低聚体间隔臂的胆酸酯及其甲基丙烯酸衍生物的制备与表征

通过在胆酸羧基端修饰乙二醇低聚体间隔臂,合成了一系列乙二醇低聚体胆酸酯及其甲基丙烯酸衍生物:3'-氧杂-5'-羟基胆酸戊酯,3',6'-二氧杂-8'-羟基胆酸辛酯,3',6',9'-三氧杂-11'-羟基胆酸十一酯,3'-氧杂-5'-甲基丙烯酰氧基戊基-3α,7α,12α-三甲基丙烯酰氧基胆酸酯,3',6'-二氧杂-8'-甲基丙烯酰氧基辛基-3α,7α-12α-三甲基丙烯酰氧基胆酸酯,3',6',9'-三氧杂-11'-甲基丙烯酰氧基十一烷基-3α,7α,12α-三甲基丙烯酰氧基胆酸酯.利用红外光谱研究了含乙二醇低聚体间隔臂胆酸酯分子间的氢键与其物理性质间的关系.结果表明,随着间隔臂链长的增加,胆酸酯中氢键的受体基团由以胆酸24位酯羰基氧和间隔臂上醚键氧为主过渡到以间隔臂上醚键氧为主,醚键氧作为受体形成氢键极大限制了胆酸甾环骨架的运动,影响了其分子骨架的有序排列,使该类胆酸酯的物理形态从固体粉末变为粘稠液体.DSC的测定结果显示,随间隔臂链长的增加,舍乙二醇低聚体间隔臂的胆酸酯甲基丙烯酸衍生物功能单体的玻璃化转变温度下降.初步预计该类单体的聚合转化率会随间隔臂链长的增加有所增加.     

3α,7α,12α-三甲基丙烯酰基胆酸甲酯的制备与聚合物特性研究

以甲基丙烯酰氯为酰化试剂，合成了3α，7α，12α-甲基丙烯酰胆酸甲酯(CAME3MA)，研究了CAME3MA的光引发本体聚合和溶液聚合反应，并且对CAME3MA及其聚合物的特性进行了表征．实验表明：CAME3MA的本体光引发聚合转化率随光照时间的延长逐渐增加并达到一个最大值，最终的聚合转化率在36％左右，溶液聚合得到线性聚合物。     

一种具有抗肿瘤活性胆酸衍生物的合成新方法

以胆酸为原料, 使之与甲醇反应, 得到胆酸甲酯(2). 2采用PCC(氯铬酸吡啶)氧化得到脱氢胆酸甲酯(3), 3在CoCl2存在的条件下通过NaBH4的化学选择性还原得到7α-羟基-3,12-二氧代胆酸甲酯(4). 对4的抗肿瘤活性试验表明该化合物对Sk-Hep-1(肝癌)和H-292(肺癌)细胞株具有中等程度的细胞毒性.     

某些胆酸及去氧胆酸肟类化合物的合成

从胆酸和去氧胆酸出发,经过不同反应,将甾核以及支链上的取代基分别转化为羰基及酯基,然后和盐酸羟胺反应引进肟基,合成了六个新的甾体肟类化合物:7-羟基-12-氧代-3-肟基胆酸甲酯(5)、7,12-二氧代-3-肟基胆酸甲酯(6)、12-氧代-3,7-二肟基胆酸甲酯(7)、3,7,12-三肟基胆酸甲酯(8)、12-氧代-3-肟基去氧胆酸甲酯(12)、3,12-二肟基去氧胆酸甲酯(13)。通过NMR和IR对合成物5~10的结构进行了表征。     

季戊四醇-偏苯三酸酐-环氧氯丙烷合成超支化聚合物

以季戊四醇为“中心核”,与1,2,4-偏苯三甲酸酐和环氧氯丙烷反应合成超支化碱溶性聚酯,利用合成聚合物分子外围的羧基与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯反应,在超支化聚合物分子外围引入反应性甲基丙烯酰氧基.研究了树脂组成对感光性和碱溶性的影响.结果表明:通过调整分子外围的羧基及反应性甲基丙烯酰氧基含量,可以获得较好的碱溶性和光固化性能.     

Regioselective enzymatic acylation of methyl shikimate. Influence of acyl chain length and solvent polarity on enzyme specificity

Candida antarctica lipase A (CAL-A) selectively catalyzes the acylation at the secondary C-4 hydroxyl group of methyl shikimate (2), which possesses three secondary hydroxyl groups, the C-3 allylic one being chemically more reactive. The effect both of the acyl group of the acylating agents and of the solvent polarity has been studied. The selectivity of CAL-A is almost complete with acyl donors that possess short chains. However, when acyl donors have longer chains, better results are obtained by C. antarctica lipase B (CAL-B).     

Quantitative determination of micro and semi-micro concentrations of acylating agents by 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine reagent

The quantitative determination of acylating agents in non-aqueous media has been demonstrated by the use of4-(p-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine reagent. A thorough investigation was made of acid chlorides, chloroformates, carbamoyl chlorides and anhydrides m methyl ethyl ketone solution. The investigation of 34 acylating agents has shown that the reagent is sensitive to low concentrations of acid chlorides and chloroformates. Other means are necessary to determine low concentrations of carbamoyl chlorides and acid anhydrides. The effects of temperature, molar concentration, amine stabilisers, functional group influence on the acyl carbon and reaction time are discussed.     

Novel Photosensitive Polymer: Synthesis,Characterization and Thermal Properties of Polymer having Pendant Photocrosslinkable Group

New methacrylic monomer having free radical polymerizable methacryloyl group and photocrosslinkable functional group was synthesized by reacting hydroxyl chalcone with methacryloyl chloride. The monomer was homopolymerized in methyl ethyl ketone solvent using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator at 70°C. The prepared homopolymer was characterized by UV, FT‐IR, ¹H‐NMR and ¹³C‐NMR spectra. The molecular weights (M_w and M_n) were estimated by gel permeation chromatography. The thermal stability of the polymer was measured by thermogravimetric analysis. The glass transition temperature of the polymer was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The photocrosslinking property of the polymer was also studied.     

Synthesis of polymers by template polymerization. I. Template polymerization of poly(methacrylic acid) with β‐cyclodextrin

A novel template monomer with multiple methacryloyl groups was synthesized with β‐cyclodextrin by the acetylation of primary hydroxyl groups and the esterification of secondary hydroxyl groups with methacrylic acid anhydride. The average number of methacryloyl groups in the monomer was 11. The radical polymerization of the monomer was carried out with the following initiators: α,α′‐azobisisobutylonitrile, H₂O₂? Fe²⁺ redox initiator, p‐xylyl‐N,N‐dimethyldithiocarbamate (XDC), and α‐bromo‐p‐xylyl‐N,N‐dimethyldithiocarbamate (BXDC). When the concentration of the monomer was less than 4.12 × 10^?3 M, polymerization was limited inside the molecule, and gelation of the system was hindered. For controlled radical photopolymerization with XDC and BXDC, the methacryloyl groups of the monomer were homogeneously polymerized, and poly(methacrylic acid) with a narrow molecular weight distribution was obtained by the hydrolysis of the polymerized products. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3539–3546, 2001     

Synthesis,structure, and properties of bifunctional azobenzene monomers and polymers on their basis

A new preparative procedure for the synthesis of new bifunctional azo monomers with different ratios of methacryloyl and hydroxyl groups has been developed. The monomers thus prepared contain a nonlinear optical 4′-amino-4-nitroazobenzene group and can be involved in polymerization, polycondensation, and polymer-analogous transformation reactions to afford linear and network polymers. The free-radical copolymerization of 4′-[N-methyl-N-(3-methacryloyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)]amino-4-nitroazobenzene with methyl methacrylate has been studied with the aim of preparing azobenzene [1+0] prepolymers with pendant chromophore groups, and the reactivity ratios and reactivity factors of the comonomers have been calculated. The hydroxyl-containing copolymers are characterized by rather high molecular mass, satisfactory heat resistance and thermal stability, and good film-forming behavior. These copolymers may be crosslinked with the use of diisocyanates and thus may form thin optically homogeneous red films.     

Synthesis of Cyclic Poly(Methacrylic Acid) by Template Polymerization of β-Cyclodextrin Monomer

Atom transfer radical polymerization of template monomer synthesized by introduction of methacryloyl groups into secondary hydroxyl groups of -cyclodextrin [-CD] was carried out with 1,3-dibromobutane as an initiator. Then, closing of polymerized methacryloyl groups was carried out by reaction of bromine groups at both ends with 1,3-diamino propane [DAP] or 1,4-diamino butane [DAB]. The macrocyclic poly(methacrylic acid) [PMAA] obtained by hydrolysis of products was analyzed by GPC, MALDI-TOF-mass. It was found that template monomer of -CD was effective for synthesisof macrocyclic oligomers and that DAP was the preferred closing reagent for the methacryloyl groups polymerized in the template monomer.     

Preparation of novel macromonomers and study of their polymerization

Novel macromonomers of polystyrene and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) containing a methacryloyl group as a polymerizable unit and two chains of the same length were prepared in two steps: the synthesis of the precursors through the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene and tert‐butyl acrylate initiated by 1‐hydroxymethyl‐1,1‐di[(2‐bromoisobutyryloxy)methyl] ethane and the esterification of the hydroxyl group in the precursors with methacryloyl chloride. The molecular weight and polydispersity of the macromonomers were controllable because of the living nature of the atom transfer radical polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and hydrolysis confirmed the structure of the novel macromonomers. The homopolymerization and copolymerization of the macromonomers were investigated to prepare branched copolymers in which two chains were grafted from every repeating unit. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3887–3896, 2004     

Efficient transesterification/acylation reactions mediated by N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts

Imidazol-2-ylidenes, a family of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), are efficient catalysts in the transesterification involving numerous esters and alcohols. Low catalyst loadings of aryl- or alkyl-substituted NHC catalysts mediate the acylation of alcohols with enol acetates in short reaction times at room temperature. Commercially available and more difficult to cleave methyl esters react with primary alcohols in the presence of alkyl-substituted NHC to efficiently form the corresponding esters. While primary alcohols are selectively acylated over secondary alcohols with use of enol esters as acylating agents, methyl and ethyl esters can be employed as protective agents for secondary alcohols in the presence of the more active alkyl-substituted NHC catalysts. The NHC-catalyzed transesterification protocol was simplified by generating the imidazol-2-ylidene catalysts in situ.     

Synthesis and reaction of β‐hydroxyaspartic acid‐based polymethacrylate

O‐Methacryloyl‐N‐(tert‐butoxycarbonyl)‐β‐hydroxyaspartic acid dimethyl ester was synthesized by methyl esterification of β‐hydroxyaspartic acid, followed by protection of the amino group with the tert‐butoxycarbonyl group and then the reaction of the hydroxyl group with methacryloyl chloride. The monomer efficiently underwent radical polymerization to afford the corresponding polymer with a number‐average molecular weight of 42,000 in good yields. The alkaline hydrolysis of the polymer occurred not only at the methyl ester but also at the ester moiety between the main and side chains of the polymer. The methyl ester‐free polymer gradually released β‐hydroxyaspartic acid moiety in a phosphate buffer solution with pH = 7.3 and 7.8. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2782–2788, 2002     

Alkanoylation of quinazoline by nucleophilic aromatic substitution: Combined experimental and computational study

A combined experimental and computational study on the key intermediates of NHC-catalyzed acylation reaction, Breslow intermediates (BIs), has been conducted in order to achieve a direct nucleophilic alkanoylation of N-heterocycles. Various BI precursors are alternatively prepared and used in the reaction with 4-chloroquinazoline. The present study reveals that the intermediates having benzimidazole moiety serve as acylating agents for the introduction of straight-chain alkanoyl groups. Natural bond orbital analysis indicates that the reactivity of intermediates partly correlates to the occupancy of the π_C-C bonds of the hydroxyl enamine moieties. The putative rate-determining step of the acylation reaction has been theoretically investigated. Several new 4-alkanoylquinazolines are synthesized using the BI precursors.