Effect of ultra-fine gold particle addition to metal oxides in ethylene oxidation

Oxidation of ethylene was carried out over alumina-supported metal oxide catalysts and highly dispersed gold catalysts, respectively, under atmospheric pressure. The ethylene was completely oxidized to produce carbon dioxide and water with both metal oxide and gold catalysts. The activity of gold catalyst prepared by deposition method was much higher than that of supported metal oxide catalysts. Ultra-fine gold particles on Co₃O₄ were more active than on Al₂O₃. Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ and MnO₂/Al₂O₃ catalysts were more active than MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The activity of the supported metal oxide catalysts was greatly enhanced by addition of gold particles. It was therefore considered that gold particles promote dissociative adsorption of oxygen and the adsorbed oxygen reacts with adsorbed ethylene on support adjacent to the active site.     

Effect of textural characteristics on the catalytic performance of supported KCoMoS2 in the synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas

The influence of textural characteristics on the catalytic performance of supported KCoMoS₂ catalysts was explored to provide essential information for the design of better catalysts for the synthesis of higher alcohols (C₁–C₅) from syngas. Syngas conversion was carried out over KCoMoS₂ catalysts supported on various mesoporous (alumina and carbon-coated alumina) and microporous (two types of powdered activated carbons) materials. The experimental results show that catalysts supported over microporous materials exhibit higher catalytic activity in HAS from syngas than catalysts based on mesoporous materials.     

Thermal characterisation of alumina supported chromium and platinum–chromium catalysts

This study presented results on reduction of alumina supported chromium and platinum–chromium catalysts using temperature programmed reduction method (TPR). It has been shown that catalysts after earlier oxidation step but without calcinations one undergo reduction in lower temperature in comparison to calcined only catalysts. Moreover, addition platinum to Cr/Al₂O₃ catalysts also caused decrease of reduction temperature. It has been observed that over the examined catalysts oxidation CO to CO₂ and reduction CO to CH₄ occurs. However, on Pt–Cr catalysts both reactions proceed at lower temperature compare to Cr catalysts.     

Ni/Fe物质的量的比对Ni-Fe催化剂表面性质和二硝基甲苯加氢活性的影响

采用Fe粉置换氯化镍溶液中的Ni²⁺制备了Ni-Fe催化剂, 并应用于催化二硝基甲苯加氢合成甲苯二胺的反应中。运用XRD、低温氮吸附-脱附、H₂-TPD、XPS和TEM等技术手段对不同Ni/Fe物质的量的比(n_Ni/n_Fe)下催化剂进行了表征。结果表明, n_Ni/n_Fe对Ni-Fe催化剂表面性质影响显著。当n_Ni/n_Fe为1:4时, Fe抑制Ni氧化的作用达到最大, Ni-Fe催化剂化学氢吸附量和活性物种Ni的分散度分别达到了0.16 mmol·g^-1和23%, 催化剂性能得到较大的提升。在优化的催化剂制备条件下, DNT(二硝基甲苯)的转化率和TDA(甲苯二胺)的选择性分别达到了~100%和99%。另外, 对Ni-Zn漆原镍(Urushibara Ni)催化剂和Ni-Fe催化剂催化DNT加氢反应进程进行了研究, 发现它们有相同的加氢中间产物, 但反应不同阶段的催化速率存在差异。     

Effects of Ethanol Impregnation on the Catalytic Properties of Silica-Supported Cobalt Catalysts

Silca-supported Co₃O₄ (6 wt% as Co) catalysts were prepared by pore volume impregnation of ethanol or aqueous cobalt nitrate solutions, and calcined in vacuo to 300 °C. The catalytic performances of these catalysts for oxidation and hydrogenation of CO were examined. All Co₃O₄/SiO₂ catalysts were found to be very active in catalyzing oxidation of CO to CO₂ as compared to a commercial 1 wt% Pt/Al₂O₃. The ethanol-prepared catalysts exhibited higher activity than those of the aqua-prepared catalysts. Pre-calcination of the ethanol-prepared catalysts in oxygen at 600 °C resulted in a dramatic decrease in the activity. Temperature programmed oxidation indicated the presence of carbon deposits on the surface of used catalysts. Infrared spectra showed the continuous generation of CO₂ when these catalysts were exposed to CO. These indicate the primary role of CO disproportionation in catalytic oxidation of CO on Co₃O₄ at low temperature and explain the sharp decrease in activity in the initial period. After reduction at 400 °C, the ethanol-prepared catalysts were also found to be more active in catalyzing hydrogenation of CO, and produced less methane and olefin (C2-C4) fraction. Higher turnover frequencies were observed after high temperature reduction (600 °C) as well, at which ethoxyl groups were removed from silica surface. In both reactions, the enhanced activity for the ethanol-prepared catalysts can not be fully accounted for by the increase in the dispersion of Co₃O₄ or CO metal. This suggests that the surface structures of Co₃O₄ or CO were further modified by the carbonaceous species derived from ethanol.     

The transformations of toluene on alumina and bifunctional catalysts

The activity of Pt, Rh, and Ni catalysts deposited on Al₂O₃ and tungsten-containing catalysts 20% H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀/ZrO₂ and 15% WO_x/ZrO₂ in the hydrogenation of toluene and toluene ring opening and isomerization in the presence of hydrogen was studied. Under experimental conditions (160–360°C, 2.2 MPa), the main reactions on Rh/Al₂O₃ were the hydrogenation of toluene into methylcyclohexane, hydrogenolysis into isoheptanes, and hydrocracking into alkanes C₁–C₆. On Pt, Rh, and Ni catalysts on carriers with strong acid properties, the isomerization of the six-membered into five-membered ring followed by hydrogenolysis (hydrocracking) of alkylcyclopentanes occurred. The yield of heptane isomers, however, did not exceed 13%. The activity of Pt and Rh catalysts on a high-acidity carrier (WO_x/ZrO₂) in hydrocracking was much higher than that of catalysts based on deposited heteropoly acid. The yields of hydrogenolysis (hydrocracking) products on Ni/WO_x/ZrO₂ were much lower than on Pt(Rh)/WO_x/ZrO₂. The highest yield of ring opening products (isoheptanes and n-heptane) was obtained with layered loading of two catalysts; it reached 58 wt % at 300°C and a 2.2 MPa pressure, which was 4.5 and 2 times higher than the yield obtained on Ni-Pt/WO_x/ZrO₂ and 2% Rh/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Hydrodemethylation was not the main direction of toluene transformations on any of the catalysts studied.     

镍基催化剂上稻草水蒸气重整制富氢合成气

采用浸渍法制备了SiO₂, γ-Al₂O₃, CaO和TiO₂负载的Ni催化剂, 以及不同MgO含量的MgO-7.5%Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,利用X射线衍射和N₂吸附-脱附技术表征了催化剂的结构,在固定床反应器上评价了它们在稻草水蒸气催化重整制合成气反应中的催化性能,考察了反应条件对催化剂性能的影响.结果表明, 以γ-Al₂O₃为载体时Ni催化剂活性最高,其中7.5%Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的H₂收率可达1071.3ml/g,H₂:CO的体积比为1.4:1;同时,MgO的添加进一步提高了该催化剂的性能,当MgO含量为1.0%时,H₂收率可达1194.6ml/g,H₂:CO体积比可达3.9:1.可见MgO的加入促进了Ni基催化剂上稻草水蒸气催化重整制合成气反应的进行,同时使得合成气中CO发生水-汽转换反应,从而大大提高了合成气中H₂含量.     

Ni/Fe物质的量的比对Ni-Fe催化剂表面性质和二硝基甲苯加氢活性的影响

采用Fe粉置换氯化镍溶液中的Ni²⁺制备了Ni-Fe催化剂,并应用于催化二硝基甲苯加氢合成甲苯二胺的反应中。运用XRD、低温氮吸附-脱附、H₂-TPD、XPS和TEM等技术手段对不同Ni/Fe物质的量的比(n_Ni/n_Fe)下催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,n_Ni/n_Fe对Ni-Fe催化剂表面性质影响显著。当n_Ni/n_Fe为1:4时,Fe抑制Ni氧化的作用达到最大,Ni-Fe催化剂化学氢吸附量和活性物种Ni的分散度分别达到了0.16 mmol·g^-1和23%,催化剂性能得到较大的提升。在优化的催化剂制备条件下,DNT(二硝基甲苯)的转化率和TDA(甲苯二胺)的选择性分别达到了~100%和99%。另外,对Ni-Zn漆原镍(Urushibara Ni)催化剂和Ni-Fe催化剂催化DNT加氢反应进程进行了研究,发现它们有相同的加氢中间产物,但反应不同阶段的催化速率存在差异。     

含氧预硫化掺杂Cu-LaCoO3催化剂上CO还原SO2催化反应研究

多年来人们对钙钛矿(ABO3)复合氧化物的结构、磁性及催化新材料进行了大量研究,尤其是近10年来有关它在烟气脱硫环境催化方面更成为研究热点领域之一[1￣3],但对其经掺杂过渡金属后受催化还原过程、预硫化中毒过程的机理研究却少见报道。为此,我们针对烟道气中存在的CO还原SO2反应,用柠檬酸配位法合成了LaCoO3和用Cu进行适当掺杂制备了LaCo1-xCuxO3系列催化剂,并分别进行了无氧条件的预还原和有氧条件下的预中毒硫化及耐氧反应催化活性实验,利用光电子能谱XPS对钙钛矿LaCoO3及掺杂铜后的复合氧化物预中毒硫化过程前后进行催化性能…     

铁基催化剂用于氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物研究进展

氨选择性催化还原NO_x技术可以有效控制氮氧化物的排放。V_2O_5-WO_3(MoO_3)/TiO_2脱硝催化剂虽然已经工业化应用,但其工作温度偏高,不能满足低温宽工作温度窗口等工况的需要。因此,开发具有宽工作温度窗口的低温脱硝催化剂成为研究热点。其中,铁基催化剂因其具有良好的氧化还原性,以及储量丰富、价格低廉、无毒无害等特点,使其在低温氨选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)反应中得到了广泛研究。基于Fe_2O_3在NH_3-SCR催化体系中所起的作用不同,从Fe_2O_3作为载体、助剂、活性组分以及新型结构的铁基催化剂等方面系统地介绍了近年来铁基催化剂在NH_3-SCR反应中的最新研究进展。此外,还总结了铁基催化剂的NH_3-SCR反应机理以及抗水抗硫性,并对该领域未来可能的发展方向进行了展望。     

原子层沉积构筑Pd/TiO2限域催化剂及其在1,4-丁炔二醇加氢的应用

利用ALD制备了TiO₂限域的Pd催化剂, 研究了限域空间内Pd纳米颗粒与TiO₂的界面作用对1,4-丁炔二醇(BYD)加氢性能的影响. 相比于管外负载型催化剂, 限域催化剂在催化1,4-丁炔二醇选择性加氢反应中体现出非常高的催化活性和1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性. HR-TEM、 EDX-Mapping、 XRD、 XPS和H₂-TPR表征说明, 限域体系中Pd-TiO₂的界面相互作用强于传统TiO₂表面负载型Pd催化剂, 这种强界面作用不仅能够提高BYD的加氢活性, 也可抑制半加氢产物1,4-丁烯二醇的异构化和深度加氢, 提高1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性, 而且限域结构也可阻止管内壁Pd纳米颗粒的脱落, 提高催化剂的稳定性.     

Fe/Zn double metal cyanide catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide: 2. Characterization of active structure of double metal cyanide catalysts

Double metal cyanide (DMC) complexes based on Zn₃[Fe(CN)₆]₂ were synthesized using different molar ratios of ZnCl₂ to K₃[Fe(CN)₆] and special complexing agents. IR spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other analytical techniques were employed to characterize these catalysts. The morphology and structure of these DMC catalysts were attributed to the different complexing agents as well as to the different molar ratios of ZnCl₂ to K₃[Fe(CN)₆]. In addition, the catalytic activity was strongly correlated with the morphology and noncrystalline content of DMC catalysts. High-activity catalysts could be prepared by controlling the structure of DMC catalysts by incorporating complexing agents. The active species of DMC catalysts for ring-opening polymerization are Zn²⁺, [Fe(CN)₆]^3–, Cl^–, and the compound of their ligands.     

The role of doped Fe on the activity of alumina-supported Pt and Pd diesel exhaust catalysts

Supported Pt and Pd are most commonly used for oxidation catalysts. They have similar and different characteristics for deactivation factors. The catalytic activity of Pt and Pd catalysts supported on ??-Al₂O₃ was studied in the presence and absence of H₂O and SO₂ during CO oxidation under simulated conditions of diesel exhaust gas. Without the addition of H₂O and SO₂ to the feed gas, Pd/Al₂O₃ had a superior catalytic activity compared to Pt/Al₂O₃. The addition of H₂O to the feed gas strongly and negligibly affected the activity of Pd and Pt, respectively, while the addition of SO₂ to the feed gas had a strong poisoning effect on the catalytic activity of both Pt and Pd catalysts. Although being the most active, Pd catalysts exhibited a strong sensitivity to water and sulfur-containing compounds. Fe was added to the Pt and Pd catalysts to introduce sulfur resistance. The addition of Fe enhanced the activity of the catalysts by suppressing the phase transition of Al₂O₃ to Al₂(SO₄)₃ and by hindering metal sintering.     

Preparation and evaluation of ammonia decomposition catalysts by high-throughput technique

The high-throughput technique has been successfully employed to investigate systematically NH₃ decomposition catalysts for COx-free hydrogen production. Supported γ-Mo₂N catalysts not only could be prepared and evaluated by the high-throughput experiment, but are also active for NH₃ decomposition luke supported Ni and Co catalysts. Additionally, the preparation process and support play important roles on the catalytic performance of supported γ-Mo₂N catalysts.     

Oxidation of 3- and 4-methylpyridines on modified vanadium oxide catalysts

The partial oxidation of 3- and 4-methylpyridines on V₂O₅ and vanadium oxide catalysts doped with TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and ZrO₂ was studied. The catalytic activities of the studied catalysts were correlated with the calculated proton affinities of the vanadyl oxygen. A possible mechanism of the surface stages of the partial oxidation of 3- and 4-methylpyridines on the vanadium oxide catalysts was discussed.     

煅烧温度对Mn改性γ-Fe2O3催化剂结构及低温SCR脱硝活性的影响

采用共沉淀法,在不同煅烧温度下制备一系列Mn改性γ-Fe₂O₃催化剂(Fe_0.7Mn_0.3O_z),研究了煅烧温度对Fe_0.7Mn_0.3O_z催化剂低温SCR脱硝活性的影响,并借助XRD、N₂吸附-脱附、EDS及SEM等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,350 ℃煅烧所得Fe_0.7Mn_0.3O_z催化剂的低温SCR活性最佳,在70 ℃时取得92%的NO_x转化率,100~200 ℃可维持100%的NO_x转化率,而450 ℃煅烧所得催化剂的低温SCR活性最低;煅烧温度为350 ℃时,催化剂具有最大的比表面积和比孔容、发达的孔隙结构及适当结晶度的γ-Fe₂O₃,而煅烧温度为400或450 ℃时,催化剂发生烧结且有α-Fe₂O₃生成,不利于低温SCR反应的进行,因此,Fe_0.7Mn_0.3O_z催化剂的最佳煅烧温度为350 ℃。     

Design of a zeolite capsule catalyst by controlling the support size for the direct synthesis of isoparaffin

Three kinds of H-ZSM-5 zeolite capsule catalysts were prepared on Co/SiO₂ catalyst pellets of different sizes. Characterization of the catalysts indicated that a defect-free H-ZSM-5 membrane had been constructed successfully on the Co/SiO₂ surface. The smaller Co/SiO₂ pellets were favorable for zeolite capsule growth under the same synthesis conditions. Zeolite capsule catalysts, especially the catalysts with smaller pellet sizes, had a higher isoparaffin selectivity compared with conventional FTS Co/SiO₂ catalyst and mixed catalyst of Co/SiO₂ with H-ZSM-5 zeolite.     

AN XPS study of the interaction of model Ba/TiO2 AND Ba/ZrO2 NSR catalysts with NO2

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to study the interaction of model NO₂ storage-reduction catalysts (NSR catalysts) Ba/TiO₂ and Ba/ZrO₂ with NO₂. The catalysts are prepared on the surface of ultrathin Al₂O₃ film substrates obtained by the FeCrAl alloy oxidation. It is shown that at room temperature the model catalysts react with NO₂ with the successive formation of surface barium nitrite and nitrate. The NO₂ reduction with the formation of barium nitrite at the initial step of the interaction is assumed to be accompanied by the oxidation of residual metallic barium and amorphous carbon impurity. It is found that the formation of barium nitrate proceeds more efficiently on Ba/ZrO₂ rather than on Ba/TiO₂.     

Plasma treatment of Ni and Pt catalysts for partial oxidation of methane

Summary In this work DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) plasma treatments of 10%Ni/Al₂O₃and 1%Pt/Al₂O₃catalysts have been conducted to study the principles of plasma treatment of supported catalysts. It was found that 10%Ni/Al₂O₃and 1%Pt/Al₂O₃catalysts treated by plasma exhibit a higher catalytic activity and a better stability than the catalysts prepared without plasma treatment. Methane conversion over the plasma treated catalyst is 3-5% higher than on untreated catalysts. The metal species dispersion also increased after plasma treatment, which leads to improvement of the interaction between active species and supports, the catalytic activities and the resistance to carbon deposition.</o:p>     

Development of High Performance Catalyzed DPF with New Soot Burning Mechanism

We developed ZrO₂-based new catalysts that exhibit high carbon-burning performance and superior thermal stability for catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF). Characterizations indicated that the developed ZrO₂-based catalysts function by a new soot burning mechanism different from the conventional CeO₂-based catalysts. Based on the results of evaluations using isotopic oxygen, we supposed that the ZrO₂-based catalysts released active oxygen derived from the lattice of the oxides effectively as well as in the vicinity of the surface, while the conventional CeO₂-based catalysts utilized active oxygen mainly from the vicinity of the surface. By amperometry of the inside of the catalysts applied during the carbon burning electric current was detected only for the ZrO₂-based catalysts. Presumably, ZrO₂-based catalysts promoted the carbon burning by a mechanism that oxygen ion in the lattice of the oxides is transferred to the active site with oxygen-ion conduction. An experiment to examine the carbon burning performance which simulated DPF regeneration showed that regeneration duration of the developed ZrO₂-based catalysts was shortened by 33% compared with the shortest value for the conventional CeO₂-based catalysts. The catalyst was also superior to the CeO₂-based catalyst for the soot burning under the engine exhaust gas conditions. The new high-performance soot-burning catalyst developed in this study was introduced to the market in the end of 2008.