F-T柴油对电控高压共轨柴油机性能及排放影响的研究

在满足国Ⅲ排放的现代高压共轨柴油机上,研究了掺烧不同比例F-T柴油混合燃料对发动机性能和排放的影响。结果表明,随着掺烧比例的加大,发动机的动力性略有下降,在外特性上,与燃烧国Ⅲ柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油时,扭矩最大下降2.2%,而燃油消耗率最高下降7.1%,有效热效率提高了4.5%。在十三工况的排放上,碳氢化合物（HC）、氮氧化物（NO_{x）、一氧化碳（CO）和颗粒（PM）的比排放量较国Ⅲ柴油均有明星下降,其中尤以燃用F-T柴油下降的幅度最大,PM降低了25.5%、NOx降低了11.7%、HC降低了39.3%、CO降低了33.9%。F-T柴油是柴油机的优良替代燃料。}     

有机金属化合物降低柴油机炭烟排放及其机理的研究

在直喷式柴油机上按自由加速法进行了柴油机炭烟排放试验，考察了8种有机金属化合物降低炭烟排放的效果，并对其作用机理进行了研究。实验表明，8种有机金属化合物均能有效降低炭烟排放，降烟效果顺序为二壬基萘磺酸钡>二茂铁>环烷酸铁>石油磺酸钡>环烷酸锰>环烷酸铜>环烷酸钡>环烷酸铈。在纯柴油中添加4‰二壬基萘磺酸钡时，降低炭烟排放40.7%；添加1‰二茂铁时，降低炭烟排放35.3%。试验还表明，有机结构影响有机金属化合物的降烟效果，同时影响着它在添加量上的感受性。炭烟的生成，主要与生成的乙炔（C2H2）和多环芳香烃（PAH）有关，而炭烟的氧化则与炭烟周围氧浓度和炭烟颗粒表面积有关。多数有机金属化合物本身携氧，能使燃油迅速分解生成CO，CO的增加使PAH明显减少，从而抑止炭烟的生成。茂型金属有机物能活化CO分子，进而有效抑止炭烟先导物的生成。     

利用激光诱导炽光法定量测量柴油机缸内燃烧过程碳烟体积分数

激光诱导炽光(LII)法是一种用于测量火焰中碳烟体积分数的光学测试方法. 本文介绍了LII 的基本原理以及LII 实现定量测量的常见标定方法, 建立了一套基于双色法-激光诱导炽光法(2C-LII)的用于柴油机缸内燃烧过程碳烟体积分数定量测量的测试系统, 该测试系统采用双成像原理, 可以实现多点标定和全视场范围内的碳烟体积分数测量. 在一台工作在1200 r·min^-1、喷油量21 mg的光学单缸柴油机上, 研究了60、100 和140MPa三个不同喷油压力下, 缸内燃烧过程碳烟的分布情况, 结果表明, 碳烟自发光出现在燃烧放热率峰值之后, 且随着喷油压力提高, 碳烟发光持续期缩短, 碳烟发光强度降低. 测试区域内火焰中的碳烟体积分数范围约为0-50×10^-6. 不同喷油压力下, 碳烟生成初期、碳烟峰值和碳烟氧化三个阶段内平均碳烟体积分数的范围分别是: 5×10^-6-9×10^-6, 15×10^-6-20×10^-6和14×10^-6-16×10^-6. 喷油压力提高后火焰中的碳烟分布区域面积增大, 平均碳烟体积分数减小, 碳烟体积分数的空间分布趋于均匀.     

锰基催化剂在催化柴油炭烟燃烧中的应用

柴油机排放的炭烟颗粒引起了严重的环境污染并对人体健康造成了极大的危害,引起人们的广泛关注。目前,催化净化技术是控制柴油机尾气炭烟颗粒排放最有效和研究最广泛的技术手段之一,其中高性能催化剂的研发是催化净化技术应用最为关键的因素。本文总结了近年来锰基催化剂材料在催化柴油机炭烟燃烧中的研究进展,重点介绍了单组分锰基催化剂、复合结构锰基氧化物催化剂、固定结构锰基氧化物催化剂(钙钛矿型、尖晶石型、水滑石型)等的研究进展,并简述了锰基催化剂材料在同时消除炭烟颗粒和氮氧化物方面的研究进展。最后,提出了锰基催化剂在催化柴油机炭烟燃烧中存在的问题并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

环烷酸铈消烟助燃剂改善内燃机有害排放的研究

消除柴油机排放污染应当主要限制柴油机颗粒排放水平。研究具有助燃与消烟作用的柴油添加剂自然成为降低柴油机颗粒排放的重要途径。通过台架试验考察环烷酸铈消烟助燃剂加剂前后发动机的排气烟度、速度特性、负荷特性，以及排气温度等指标，结果表明环烷酸铈消烟助燃剂可降低内燃机排放中的NO2，CO化合物或碳烟等有害物质，特别对碳烟、NO2排放平均下降幅度较大。     

柴油车尾气排放PM2.5氧化消除催化剂的设计、制备与催化作用

柴油机尾气中的炭烟颗粒(PM2.5)已经引起了严重的环境污染问题,作为控制柴油车尾气中炭烟颗粒使用最有效和最经济的技术手段—催化净化技术成为当前研究的热点,而开发高效的催化剂是催化净化技术中最活跃、最重要的因素.本文总结了近年来柴油炭烟燃烧催化剂的最新研究进展,重点介绍了本研究组近年来在柴油炭烟氧化催化剂的设计、制备和催化作用机理方面的研究结果和进展,主要包括:低共熔点催化剂、纳米催化剂、三维有序大孔催化剂及三维有序大孔氧化物担载贵金属催化剂的最新研究进展,并报道了上述催化剂对炭烟燃烧的反应机理.最后,总结性地提出了目前炭烟催化燃烧中存在的主要问题和发展方向.     

燃料特性对车用柴油机有害排放的影响

研究了车用柴油机燃用不同品质燃油时,其排气烟度、颗粒PM、氮氧化物NO_x、碳氢HC和一氧化碳的排放特性,采用了五种不同硫含量、芳烃含量和十六烷值的柴油,进行了发动机台架实验和模拟整车NEDC循环实验。结果表明,随着燃油硫含量的减少,柴油机排气烟度、HC、CO、SO₂排放有所下降;模拟整车NEDC循环的PM排放显著降低;NO_x排放的变化幅度很小。随着燃油芳烃含量的降低,柴油机排气烟度、PM、NO_x、HC、CO排放的降幅显著。随着燃油十六烷值的升高,柴油机的排气烟度大都呈持续下降趋势;PM、HC排放显著降低;NO_x、CO排放的变化幅度较小。     

松散接触下 Au-Ce强相互作用对 Au/CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂催化柴油炭烟燃烧活性的影响

与汽油发动机相比,柴油发动机具有热效率高、CO2排放低、寿命长、续航距离远和经济性好等优点,可大大缓解能源短缺,降低 CO2排放量.因此,机动车柴油化是当前发展趋势.然而,柴油发动机在使用过程中会排放大量炭烟颗粒物,对人体危害极大.因此,控制炭烟颗粒排放成为环境催化研究的重点之一.
　　炭烟颗粒物催化燃烧反应是典型的固(炭烟颗粒)-固(催化剂)-气(O2)多相催化反应.三维有序大孔氧化物(3DOM)具有大孔径和内部贯通的孔道结构,能有效提高炭烟颗粒与催化活性中心的接触性能.同时,纳米 Au颗粒在大孔氧化物表面的负载可有效提高催化剂本征活性,但纳米 Au颗粒催化剂热稳定性较差. CeO2具有较好的储放氧性能,可与贵金属活性组分发生相互作用,从而提高贵金属纳米颗粒的分散度和稳定性.因此,本文从柴油炭烟颗粒物催化燃烧反应本质出发,设计制备了高炭烟燃烧催化活性的3DOM氧化物担载 Au基催化剂,研究了 Au与 CeO2强相互作用对炭烟燃烧活性的影响.
　　采用胶体晶体模板法制备3DOM Al2O3载体,由微孔膜氨沉淀法制备 CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂,以还原-沉积法制备 Au/3DOM Al2O3和 Au/CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂,并利用扫描电镜、N2物理吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、紫外漫反射光谱、H2程序升温还原和 X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂形貌、比表面积、物理化学性质和氧化还原性进行了表征.结果表明,在 CeO2/3DOM Al2O3中, Al3+可进入到氧化铈晶格内,形成 Al-Ce-O固溶体,产生氧空位,这有利于氧物种转移.此外, Au/CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂中 Au和 CeO2之间的强相互作用能增加 Au纳米颗粒表面活性氧物种数量,从而促进柴油炭烟燃烧反应.纳米颗粒 Au的担载使得催化柴油炭烟燃烧的起燃温度明显降低,其中 Au/CeO2/3DOM Al2O3催化剂表现出最高的催化活性,T10,T50和T90分别为273,364和412oC.     

松散接触下Au-Ce强相互作用对Au/CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂催化柴油炭烟燃烧活性的影响（英文）

与汽油发动机相比,柴油发动机具有热效率高、CO_2排放低、寿命长、续航距离远和经济性好等优点,可大大缓解能源短缺,降低CO_2排放量.因此,机动车柴油化是当前发展趋势.然而,柴油发动机在使用过程中会排放大量炭烟颗粒物,对人体危害极大.因此,控制炭烟颗粒排放成为环境催化研究的重点之一.炭烟颗粒物催化燃烧反应是典型的固(炭烟颗粒)-固(催化剂)-气(O_2)多相催化反应.三维有序大孔氧化物(3DOM)具有大孔径和内部贯通的孔道结构,能有效提高炭烟颗粒与催化活性中心的接触性能.同时,纳米Au颗粒在大孔氧化物表面的负载可有效提高催化剂本征活性,但纳米Au颗粒催化剂热稳定性较差.CeO_2具有较好的储放氧性能,可与贵金属活性组分发生相互作用,从而提高贵金属纳米颗粒的分散度和稳定性.因此,本文从柴油炭烟颗粒物催化燃烧反应本质出发,设计制备了高炭烟燃烧催化活性的3DOM氧化物担载Au基催化剂,研究了Au与CeO_2强相互作用对炭烟燃烧活性的影响.采用胶体晶体模板法制备3DOM Al_2O_3载体,由微孔膜氨沉淀法制备CeO 2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂,以还原-沉积法制备Au/3DOM Al_2O_3和Au/CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂,并利用扫描电镜、N_2物理吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、透射电镜、紫外漫反射光谱、H_2程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱等手段对催化剂形貌、比表面积、物理化学性质和氧化还原性进行了表征.结果表明,在CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3中,Al~(3+)可进入到氧化铈晶格内,形成Al-Ce-O固溶体,产生氧空位,这有利于氧物种转移.此外,Au/CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂中Au和CeO_2之间的强相互作用能增加Au纳米颗粒表面活性氧物种数量,从而促进柴油炭烟燃烧反应.纳米颗粒Au的担载使得催化柴油炭烟燃烧的起燃温度明显降低,其中Au/CeO_2/3DOM Al_2O_3催化剂表现出最高的催化活性,T_(10),T_(50)和T_(90)分别为273,364和412 ℃.     

多段微通道负载型钯催化剂上天然气预混催化燃烧的研究

制备了一系列用钡、镧、铈等氧化物进行改性的Pd／RExOγ·γ-Al2O3,堇青石蜂窝催化剂,在自行设计的催化燃烧实验平台上进行了天然气催化燃烧实验。研究了钯含量、催化剂床层数、功率对天然气催化燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,当钯含量为0.5％时催化剂具有最好的催化燃烧性能。在空燃比为12-16范围内,燃烧器尾气中NOx含量低于5×10^-6V/V,CO,Hc排放低于10×10^-6V/V。催化剂床层数对催化燃烧的温度峰值以及尾气中NOx含量影响不大,但明显利于降低HE,CO的排放。     

乙醇/柴油混合燃料的相溶性及对发动机性能影响的研究

利用助溶剂解决乙醇/柴油的相溶性问题，讨论了混合燃料中乙醇和助溶剂添加量对相溶性的影响，并使用助溶剂体积分数为1.5%、乙醇体积分数分别为5%、10%、15%的混合燃料及 20号纯柴油（分别表示为E5、E10、E15和 E0）在发动机台架上进行了性能和排放试验。研究结果表明，柴油的烃组成是决定相分离温度的决定性因素；对全部测试油品，乙醇体积分数在10%、助溶剂添加体积分数为1.5%时，混合燃料相溶性较好。台架试验显示，随着混合燃料中乙醇掺烧比例的增加，发动机的燃油消耗率逐渐增加，而发动机的额定功率和最大扭矩逐渐降低，但最大扭矩降低的幅度较小；此外，随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加，CO比排放量减少，HC、NOx和PM的比排放量逐渐增加，但NOx和PM的比排放量增加幅度不大。10%体积分数的乙醇添加量是乙醇/柴油的最佳掺烧比。     

Sulfur impact on diesel emission control- A review

The effect of sulfur on diesel emission control is reviewed in this paper. Diesel exhaust differs from that of petrol engine exhaust in two major characteristics. Firstly, diesel exhaust contains a far higher amount of particulate matter, and secondly, the exhaust is far leaner, that is, far more oxidizing than a typical exhaust from petrol engines. Under these conditions, the conventional three-way catalysts are not effective in reducing NO_x . Emission from diesel engines is a complex phenomenon. The composition, the properties and the amount of these emissions depend on strictly technical parameters such as engine design and engine operation characteristics and on fuel and lube oil composition. Diesel fuel contains a small amount of sulfur which has an adverse effect even on the raw particulate emissions. The investigations on the effect of sulfur on hydrocarbons, CO and NO_x abatement in diesel exhaust gas is reviewed together with the newest technologies to avoid catalyst deactivation by unwanted SO₂ reactions.     

Experimental study on combustion characteristics of diesel–hydrogen dual-fuel engine

As a clean and sustainable energy source, hydrogen is widely considered as an engine fuel by top researchers. In view of the fact that the uneven fuel mixture of diesel fuel deteriorated the combustion and emissions process, it is expected to adopt diesel and hydrogen dual-fuel combustion technology to optimize combustion and heat release of diesel engine. In this study, experiments are carried out on a diesel engine and the combustion characteristics of the engine with different hydrogen ratios (RH) are compared. It has been found that hydrogen addition is conducive to accelerate the heat release rate and improve the thermal efficiency. Specifically, compared with pure diesel conditions, the peak pressure increased by 7.7% and the cumulative heat release rate increased by 3.7% under the condition of RH of 20%. Moreover, although the effect on the ignition delay period is not clear, the higher RH brings about earlier heat release center and more cumulative heat release while enhancing the heat release of premixed combustion reducing the diffusion combustion and post-combustion.

     

Effects of Magnetic Nanofluid Fuel Combustion on the Performance and Emission Characteristics

Although the compression ignition engines are a significant source of power, their detrimental emissions create considerable problems to the environment as well as to humans. The objective of the present experimental investigation is to examine the effects of the magnetic nanofluid fuels on combustion performance characteristics and exhaust emissions. In this regard, the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles dispersed in the diesel fuel with the nanoparticle concentrations of 0.4 and 0.8 vol% were employed for combustion in a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine. After a series of experiments, it was demonstrated that the nanoparticle additives, even at very low concentrations, have considerable influence in diesel engine characteristics. Furthermore, the results indicated that the nanofluid fuel with nanoparticle concentration of 0.4 vol% shows better combustion characteristics in comparison with that of 0.8 vol%. Based on the experimental results, NO _x and SO₂ emissions dramatically reduce, while CO emissions and smoke opacity noticeably increase with increasing the dosing level of nanoparticles.     

Biofuels–Renewable Energy Sources: A Review

Biodiesel is biodegradable and nontoxic, and it significantly reduces toxic and other emissions when burned as a fuel. The advantages of biodiesel as diesel fuel are its portability, ready availability, renewability, higher combustion efficiency, non-toxicity, higher flash point, and lower sulfur and aromatic content, higher cetane number, and higher biodegradability. The major disadvantages of biodiesel are its higher viscosity, lower energy content, higher cloud point and pour point, higher nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, lower engine speed and power, injector coking, engine compatibility, high price, and greater engine wear. The technical disadvantages of biodiesel/fossil diesel blends include problems with fuel freezing in cold weather, reduced energy density, and degradation of fuel under storage for prolonged periods. The sources of biodiesel are vegetable oils and fats. The direct use of vegetable oils and/or oil blends is generally considered to be unsatisfactory and impractical for both direct injection and indirect type diesel engines because of their high viscosities and low volatilities injector coking and trumpet formation on the injectors, higher level of carbon deposits, oil ring sticking, and thickening and gelling of the engine lubricant oil, acid composition. Biodiesel is obtained by transesterifying triglycerides with methanol. A popular variation of the batch transesterification process which needs high alcohol/acid ratio (several separation problems and high corrosivity and toxicity) is the use of continuous stirred tank reactors in series. This continuous process is heterogeneous and is based on reactive distillation. The key factor is the selection of the right and effective solid catalyst which leads to reduction of energy consumption and investments at all.     

Application of Plasma Fuel Reformer to an On-Board Diesel Burner

A conventional diesel burner has arisen several shortcomings, such a large supply of air for a stoichiometric combustion, and a long heat-up time to reach the light-off temperature of catalyst in a diesel after-treatment system. This study shows a promising potential of using a plasma reformer for staged diesel combustion with minimized air and fuel consumption, and increased the flame stability with low NOx emission. A working principle of a plasma fuel reformer for staged combustion is explained in detail by both visualizing the plasma-assisted flame and analyzing the gas products. The concentrations of H₂, CO, NOx and the unburned total hydrocarbons were measured by gas chromatography and a commercial gas analyzer. Considering the operating condition of diesel exhaust gas is too harsh to maintain a stable diesel flame with a conventional diesel burner, plasma fuel reformer has distinctive advantages in stable flame anchoring under the condition of low oxygen concentration and fast flow speed. The re-ignition and stable flame anchoring by entrapment of oxygen in exhaust gas is mainly attributed to the low ignition energy and high diffusion velocity of hydrogen molecule. From an economic point of view, plasma reformer is also the only technology which can use only 1/3–1/8 of the air required for the stoichiometric burning of a conventional diesel burner. A conventional burner was simulated and analyzed to consume up to 30 % more fuel compared to the plasma reformer with the staged combustion to get the same level of temperature elevation in a real diesel engine scale.     

Emission profile of rapeseed methyl ester and its blend in a diesel engine

Fatty acid methyl esters, also known as biodiesel, have been shown to have a great deal of potential as petro-diesel substitutes. Biodiesel comprise a renewable alternative energy source, the development of which would clearly reduce global dependence on petroleum and would also help to reduce air pollution. This paper analyzes the fuel properties of rapeseed biodiesel and its blend with petro-diesel, as well as the emission profiles of a diesel engine on these fuels. Fuels performance studies were conducted in order to acquire comparative data regarding specific fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, including levels of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), smoke density, and NO_x, in an effort to assess the performance of these biodiesel and blend. The fuel consumption amount of oil operations at high loads was similar or greater than that observed during petro-diesel operation. The use of biodiesel is associated with lower smoke density than would be seen with petro-diesel. However, biodiesel and its blend increased the emission of CO, CO₂, and nitrogen oxides, to a greater degree than was seen with petro-diesel. The above results indicate that rapeseed biodiesel can be partially substituted for petro-diesel under most operating conditions, regarding both performance parameters and exhaust, without any modifications having to be made to the engine.     

Oxygen storage capacity of substituted YBaCo4O7+δ oxygen carriers

Depletion of non-renewable energy sources are at elevated manner due to the rapid growth of industrialization and transportation sector in last few decades and leads to further energy demand. Biodiesels especially second-generation fuels from non-edible oil resources are alternate sources for replacement of diesel fuel in CI engines due to their considerable environmental benefits. In the present work, non-edible feedstock of Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil (tamanu oil) is used for biodiesel production. Transesterification method is used for preparation of biodiesel in the existence of methanol with NaOH as catalyst. The copper nanoparticles are synthesized by electrochemical method, and it is characterized by using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD and SEM results confirm the presence of copper nanoparticle and size of around 30 nm. This paper aims to investigate the effects of the copper additive nanoparticles with biodiesel blends on the engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics of single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine and compared that with diesel fuel. The results showed that the addition of nano-additives enhances brake thermal efficiency and reduces specific fuel consumption compared to biodiesel blends but slightly lower than diesel. Combustion characteristics also are enhanced by improved oxidation reaction inside the combustion chamber which resulted in higher heat release rate. The emissions of HC, NO_x and O₂ are significantly reduced for nano-additive blends compared to diesel but increased CO₂ emission was observed. It is noticed that higher CO₂ emission and substantial reduction of unused O₂ emissions from engine fueled with nano-additive are evident for enhanced oxidation and better combustion. Energy and exergy analysis of the diesel engine is carried out to estimate the effect of using nanoparticle additive with biodiesel.