CuCl2催化（2-甲基辛烷-2，3-二烯-4-基）磷酸乙酯氯代环化反应机理理论研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）中的B3LYP方法对CuCl2催化的（2-甲基辛烷-2,3-二烯-4-基）磷酸乙酯氯代环化反应机理进行了理论研究．在6-31＋G（d）基组水平上对反应机理中所有反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物进行了优化,通过能量和振动频率分析以及IRC计算证实了中间体和过渡态的合理性．在相同基组水平上应用自然键轨道（NBO）理论和分子中的原子（AIM）理论分析了复合物的成键特征和轨道间相互作用．反应物R和催化剂CuCl2可通过IA和IB两条可行反应通道生成中间体IM9,控制步骤活化能分别是129．61和142．10kJ／m01．中间体IM9到产物P也有两条反应路径PA和PB,控制步骤活化能分别是179．55和9．83kJ／m01．整个反应机理中IA—PB和IB—PB反应通道可能同时发生,反应控制步骤活化能最低反应通道为IA→PB．     

Theoretical studies on the reaction mechanism of CH2CH radical with HNCO

The reaction mechanism of CH₂CH radical with HNCO has been investigated systematically by density functional theory (DFT). The geometries and harmonic frequencies of reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products have been optimized with the B3LYP at different levels. At the same time, AIM is performed to calculate the charge density of some bonding critical points and the charges of some atoms. Nine feasible reaction pathways have been investigated. The results indicated that the main pathway is CH₂CH + HNCO → IMA1 → TSA1 → CH₂CH₂ + NCO, which is characterized by hydrogen atom transferring. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006     

4,7-二(2-噻吩基)苯并噻二唑-3-辛基噻吩二炔的合成机理和电子结构的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论中的广义梯度近似(DFT/GGA)方法, 在PW91/DNP 水平上研究了4,7-二(2-噻吩基)苯并噻二唑-3-辛基噻吩二炔在PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ 催化下的合成机理. 优化了反应过程中的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物, 通过能量分析结果证实了中间体和过渡态的真实. 在同样的方法和精度研究了4,7-二(2-噻吩基)苯并噻二唑-3-辛基噻吩二炔在没有催化剂下的合成机理. 通过计算结果得到此反应在有PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ 催化情况下的活化能小于没有催化剂情况下的活化能, 从而证明了PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ 催化剂的催化活性. 采用密度泛函理论与周期性平板模型相结合的方法, 研究了产物P 在TiO₂(100)表面的吸附, 通过Mulliken charge 和前线轨道分析表明: 当P 吸附在TiO₂(100)表面时, P 向TiO₂(100)表面转移0.692 e 电荷, 前线轨道能隙变窄. 理论预测的结果与实验值吻合.     

SiH2自由基与HNCO反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了SiH₂自由基与HNCO的反应机理, 并在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G**水平上对反应物、中间体、过渡态进行了全几何参数优化, 通过频率分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)确定了中间体和过渡态. 为了得到更精确的能量值, 又用QCISD(T)/6-311＋＋G**方法计算了在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G**水平优化后的各个驻点的相对能量. 计算结果表明SiH₂自由基与HNCO的反应有五条反应通道, 其中顺式反应通道SiH₂＋HNCO→IM3→ TS4→IM5→TS5→IM6→SiH₂NH＋CO反应能垒最低, 为主反应通道.     

碳源甲基苯热裂解机理的密度泛函动力学研究

在热力学研究的基础上,用UB3LYP/3-21G^*方法对甲苯热裂解机理进行了动力学研究。计算得到了甲苯的5种热裂解路径的活化能。用过渡状态理论,计算得到了这些路径在298～1223K温度范围内的速率常数。动力学计算结果表明：甲苯在热解温度低于963K时的主反应路径为甲苯热裂解生成苄基自由基的反应,其速控步的活化能△E~0^θ^≠=402.27kJ/mol;当温度高于963K达1223K左右时,主反应路径转为苯环上脱甲基生成苯基和甲基自由基的路径,该路径的活化能△E~0^θ^≠=456.91kJ/mol。以上研究结果与实验结果相一致。     

HS和HONO反应机理的研究

采用密度泛函和耦合簇理论方法研究了HS与HONO的反应机理.在B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,2p)水平上对HS+HONO反应中的所有物种进行了几何构型优化和频率分析,通过内禀反应坐标(IRC)确认了反应物、过渡态、中间体和产物之间的相关性;采用CCSD(T)/6-311+G(2df,2p)方法获得了各物种的单点能.计算结果表明:HS+HONO的主要反应通道为HS+cis-HONO→p2-cis-IM1→p2-cis-TS→p2-IM2→P2(H_2S+NO_2),其反应活化能为71.26kJ·mol~(-1).     

Reaction mechanism of the reverse water-gas shift reaction using first-row middle transition metal catalysts L'M (M = Fe, Mn, Co): a computational study

The mechanism of the reverse water-gas shift reaction (CO(2) + H(2) → CO + H(2)O) was investigated using the 3d transition metal complexes L'M (M = Fe, Mn, and Co, L' = parent β-diketiminate). The thermodynamics and reaction barriers of the elementary reaction pathways were studied with the B3LYP density functional and two different basis sets: 6-311+G(d) and aug-cc-pVTZ. Plausible reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products were modeled, with different conformers and multiplicities for each identified. Different reaction pathways and side reactions were also considered. Reaction Gibbs free energies and activation energies for all steps were determined for each transition metal. Calculations indicate that the most desirable mechanism involves mostly monometallic complexes. Among the three catalysts modeled, the Mn complex shows the most favorable catalytic properties. Considering the individual reaction barriers, the Fe complex shows the lowest barrier for activation of CO(2).     

Br2+2HI=2HBr＋I2应机理的密度泛函理论

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法，取3-21G**基组研究了气相反应Br2＋2HI=2HBr＋I2的机理，求得一系列四中心和三中心的过渡态.双分子基元反应Br2＋HI→HBr＋IBr和IBr＋HI→I2＋HBr的活化能(81.02和121.08 kJ•mol－1)小于Br2、HI和IBr的解离能(249.21、320.16和232.42 kJ•mol－1)，故从理论上证明了标题反应将优先以分子与分子作用形式分两步完成.同时发现I原子与Br2分子反应生成较稳定的IBr2是一个无能垒过程，IBr2分解为IBr和Br原子的能垒为70.88 kJ•mol－1.     

4-氟苯甲醛、β-萘胺和Meldrum酸-锅反应生成1-(4-氟苯基)-1,2-二氢苯并[f]喹啉-3(4H)-酮的反应机理理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了4-氟苯甲醛、β-萘胺和Meldrum酸一锅反应生成1-(4-氟苯基)-1,2-二氢苯并[f]喹啉-3(4H)-酮的微观反应机理.在B3LYP/6-311G*基组水平上优化了反应物、过渡态、中间体及产物的几何构型,通过振动分析确认了过渡态的结构,并用内禀反应坐标(IRC)确认反应途径.应用分子中的原子理论(AIM)分析了这些物质的成键特征.采用SCRF(PCM)方法研究了反应体系的溶剂化效应.报道了可能的反应路径,其中Re→TS1→IM1→TS2→IM2→TS3→IM3→TS4→IM5→TS7→IM9→TS13→IM10→TS14→P3具有相对较低的活化能,是反应的主要通道,理论预测的主要产物与实验吻合.     

Mechanism of the hydration of carbon dioxide: direct participation of H2O versus microsolvation

Thermochemical parameters of carbonic acid and the stationary points on the neutral hydration pathways of carbon dioxide, CO 2 + nH 2O --> H 2CO 3 + ( n - 1)H 2O, with n = 1, 2, 3, and 4, were calculated using geometries optimized at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level. Coupled-cluster theory (CCSD(T)) energies were extrapolated to the complete basis set limit in most cases and then used to evaluate heats of formation. A high energy barrier of approximately 50 kcal/mol was predicted for the addition of one water molecule to CO 2 ( n = 1). This barrier is lowered in cyclic H-bonded systems of CO 2 with water dimer and water trimer in which preassociation complexes are formed with binding energies of approximately 7 and 15 kcal/mol, respectively. For n = 2, a trimeric six-member cyclic transition state has an energy barrier of approximately 33 (gas phase) and a free energy barrier of approximately 31 (in a continuum solvent model of water at 298 K) kcal/mol, relative to the precomplex. For n = 3, two reactive pathways are possible with the first having all three water molecules involved in hydrogen transfer via an eight-member cycle, and in the second, the third water molecule is not directly involved in the hydrogen transfer but solvates the n = 2 transition state. In the gas phase, the two transition states have comparable energies of approximately 15 kcal/mol relative to separated reactants. The first path is favored over in aqueous solution by approximately 5 kcal/mol in free energy due to the formation of a structure resembling a (HCO 3 (-)/H 3OH 2O (+)) ion pair. Bulk solvation reduces the free energy barrier of the first path by approximately 10 kcal/mol for a free energy barrier of approximately 22 kcal/mol for the (CO 2 + 3H 2O) aq reaction. For n = 4, the transition state, in which a three-water chain takes part in the hydrogen transfer while the fourth water microsolvates the cluster, is energetically more favored than transition states incorporating two or four active water molecules. An energy barrier of approximately 20 (gas phase) and a free energy barrier of approximately 19 (in water) kcal/mol were derived for the CO 2 + 4H 2O reaction, and again formation of an ion pair is important. The calculated results confirm the crucial role of direct participation of three water molecules ( n = 3) in the eight-member cyclic TS for the CO 2 hydration reaction. Carbonic acid and its water complexes are consistently higher in energy (by approximately 6-7 kcal/mol) than the corresponding CO 2 complexes and can undergo more facile water-assisted dehydration processes.     

Density functional studies on the Pauson--Khand reaction.

The Pauson--Khand reaction represents a one-step Co(2)(CO)(8)-catalyzed synthesis of cyclopentenone through [2 + 2 + 1] assembly of one molecule each of alkene, alkyne, and carbon monoxide. Density functional studies (B3LYP/631LAN) on the reaction pathway of the Pauson--Khand (PK) reaction reported here for the first time provides valuable information on the structures and energetics of various intermediates and transition states. The PK reaction consists of olefin insertion, CO insertion, and reductive elimination steps. The olefin insertion step was found to be an irreversible step that determines the stereo- and regiochemistry of the overall reaction. The following steps are low activation energy processes and reversible. The bond-forming events occur only on one of the two metal atoms, while the second metal atom not only acts as an anchor that fixes the metal cluster to the organic substrate but also exerts electronic influences on the reaction at the first atom.     

F~2+2HCl→2HF+Cl~2反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-311G^*^*基组下,计算研究了反应F~2+2HCl→2HF+Cl~2的机理。求得各可能反应途径的系列过渡态,并通过振动分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)分析加以证实。比较反应能垒(理论计算活化能)发现,标题反应若以分子与分子作用机理进行,则需克服的最大能垒为150.63kJ.mol^-^1;若以F~2分子先裂解为F原子再反应的机理进行,则需越过能垒154.82kJ.mol^-^1,求得反应F+HCl→HF+Cl的线形和三角形两种过渡态,以三角形较稳定;求得反应HCl+Cl→H+Cl~2的两种过渡态,以线形较稳定。     

锗烯与异硫氰酸反应机理的量子化学研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了GeH2自由基与HNCS的反应机理,并在B3LYP/6-311++G**水平上对反应物,中间体,过渡态进行了全几何参数优化,通过频率分析和IRC确定中间体和过渡态。为了得到更精确的能量值,用QCISD(T)/6-311++G**方法计算了各个驻点的单点能,计算结果表明单重态的锗烯与异硫氰酸的反应有抽提硫、插入N-H键、抽提亚氨基的路径,而经由三元环中间体的抽提硫反应GeH2+HNCS→IM3→TS2→IM4→TS3→IM5→GeH2S+HNC(P1),反应能垒最低,为主反应通道,甲锗硫醛和异氰氢酸为主产物。锗烯经由四元环中间体抽提硫的反应为竞争反应通道。     

Theoretical mechanistic study on the radical-radical reaction of ketenyl with nitrogen dioxide

The radical-radical reaction between the ketenyl radical (HCCO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) played a very important role in atmospheric and combustion chemistry. Motivated by recent laboratory characterization about the reaction kinetics of ketenyl radical with nitrogen dioxide, in this contribution, we applied the coupled cluster and density functional theory to explore the mechanism of the title reaction. These calculations indicate that the title reaction proceeds mostly through singlet pathways, less go through triplet pathways. It is found that the HCCO + NO(2) reaction initially favors formation of adduct OCCHNO(2) (1) with no barrier. Subsequently, starting from isomer 1, the most feasible pathway is ring closure of 1 to isomer O-cCCHN(O)O (2) followed by CO(2) extrusion to product HCNO + CO(2) (P(1)), which is the major product with predominant yields. Much less competitively, 1 can take the successive 1,3-H- and 1,3-OH-shift interconversion to isomer OCCNOHO (3(a), 3(b), 3(c)) and then to isomer OCOHCNO (4(a), 4(b)), which can finally take a concerted H-shift and C-C bond fission to give HCNO + CO(2) (P(1)). The least competitive pathway is the ring-closure of isomer 3(a) to form isomer O-cCCN(OH)O (5(a), 5(b)) followed by dissociation to HONC + CO(2) (P(2)) through the direct side CO(2) elimination. Because the intermediates and transition states involved in the most favorable channel all lie below the reactants, the title reaction is expected to be rapid, as is confirmed by experiment. Therefore, it can be significant for elimination of nitrogen dioxide pollutants. The present results can lead us to a deep understanding of the mechanism of the title reaction and can be helpful for understanding NO(x)-combustion chemistry.     

CH3CH2+O(3P)反应机理的理论研究

The reaction for CH3CH2+O(3P) was studied by ab initio method. The geometries of the reactants, intermediates, transition states and products were optimized at MP2/6-311+G(d,p) level. The corresponding vibration frequencies were calculated at the same level. The single-point calculations for all the stationary points were carried out at the QCISD(T)/6-311+G(d,p) level using the MP2/6-311+G(d,p) optimized geometries. The results of the theoretical study indicate that the major products are the CH2O＋CH3, CH3CHO+H and CH2CH2+OH in the reaction. For the products CH2O＋CH3 and CH3CHO+H, the major production channels are A1: (R)→IM1→TS3→(A) and B1: (R)→IM1→TS4→(B), respectively. The majority of the products CH2CH2+OH are formed via the direct abstraction channels C1 and C2: (R)→TS1(TS2)→(C). In addition, the results suggest that the barrier heights to form the CO reaction channels are very high, so the CO is not a major product in the reaction.     

Pd催化甲醇裂解制氢的反应机理

基于密度泛函理论(DFT), 研究了甲醇在Pd(111)面上首先发生O—H键断裂的反应历程(CH3OH(s)→CH3O(s)+H(s)→CH2O(s)+2H(s)→CHO(s)+3H(s)→CO(s)+4H(s)). 优化了裂解过程中各反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型, 获得了反应路径上各物种的吸附能及各基元反应的活化能数据. 另外, 对甲醇发生C—O键断裂生成CH3(s)和OH(s)的分解过程也进行了模拟计算. 计算结果表明, O—H键的断裂(活化能为103.1 kJ·mol-1)比C—O键的断裂(活化能为249.3 kJ·mol-1)更容易; 甲醇在Pd(111)面上裂解的主要反应历程是: 甲醇首先发生O—H键的断裂, 生成甲氧基中间体(CH3O(s)), 然后甲氧基中间体再逐步脱氢生成CO(s)和H(s). 甲醇发生O—H键断裂的活化能为103.1 kJ·mol-1, 甲氧基上脱氢的活化能为106.7 kJ·mol-1, 两者均有可能是整个裂解反应的速控步骤.     

Quantum chemical study of the thermal decomposition of o-quinone methide (6-methylene-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-one)

o-Quinone methide (o-QM), or 6-methylene-2,4-cyclohexadiene-1-one, has been identified as an important intermediate in lignin and alkyl benzene combustion, and the thermal decomposition of o-QM is therefore relevant to the combustion of transportation fuels (which contain toluene) and of biomass and low-rank coals (which contain lignin). We present a comprehensive reaction mechanism for the unimolecular conversion of o-QM to the reaction intermediates tropone and fulvene, calculated using theoretical quantum chemical techniques. Enthalpies of formation for all reactants, products, and intermediates are calculated using the CBS-QB3 theoretical method. Transition states are determined with the CBS-QB3 method, which we use to obtain rate constants as a function of temperature from transition-state theory, with Wigner tunneling corrections applied to hydrogen-shift reactions. Barrier heights are also calculated with the BB1K density functional theory (DFT) method for thermochemical kinetics. Reaction pathways are identified leading to tropone (which rapidly decomposes to benzene + CO) and to fulvene + CO, via initial hydrogen transfer to 2-hydroxyphenylcarbene and via ring opening to 1,3,5,6-heptatetraen-1-one, respectively. Quantum Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (QRRK) theory analysis of the reaction kinetics indicates that the dominant reaction pathway is formation of tropone via 2-hydroxyphenylcarbene; the formation of fulvene + CO via initial ring opening constitutes a secondary pathway, which becomes more important with increasing temperature. Our calculations, using BB1K barrier heights, yield the rate equation k(T) [s(-1)] = 2.64 x 10(14) exp(-35.9/T [K]) for o-QM decomposition, which is in relatively good agreement with the experimental rate equation. Calculations provide an apparent activation energy of 71.3 kcal mol(-1), versus 67.2 kcal mol(-1) from experiment.     

Cu_2O(111)催化水煤气变换反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论结合周期平板模型方法系统地研究了水煤气变换反应在Cu_2O(111)表面上的反应机理,包括氧化还原机理、羧基机理和甲酸根机理.结果表明,在Cu_2O(111)表面,羧基机理和甲酸根机理均可行,且甲酸根机理更为有利,其最佳反应途径为H_2O~*→H~*+OH~*;CO(g)+H~*+OH~*→trans-HCOOH~*(1)→cis-HCOOH~*→CO_2~*+H_2(g).其中trans-HCOOH~*(1)→cis-HCOOH~*为其决速步,该基元反应的能垒仅为59 kJ·mol~(-1).羧基机理的最优反应路径同样是以H_2O的解离反应开始,随后CO(g)+OH~*→cis-COOH~*→trans-COOH~*→CO_2(g)+H~*,最后产生的两个吸附的H原子先迁移再结合生成H_2,整个反应的控速步骤为H原子的迁移,迁移能垒为96 kJ·mol~(-1).氧化还原机理则由于OH解离需要越过一个很高的能垒(254 vs.187 kJ·mol~(-1))而不可行.     

Theoretical investigation on the mechanism of the CuI-catalyzed carbon-nitrogen coupling reaction of 2-iodo-selenophene with benzamide

The mechanism of the carbon-nitrogen coupling reaction of 2-iodo-selenophene with benzamide catalyzed by CuI has been investigated with density functional theory at the GGA/PW91/DND and GGA/PBE/DNP levels. The geometric configurations of the reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products were optimized and verified by means of vibration frequency calculations. A four-step mechanism was proposed for the reaction. The first step was the rate-control step. Two possible pathways in the fourth step were investigated, and the main pathway was identified by comparing their activation and dissociation energies. For comparison, the same calculations were performed to the reaction without the CuI activator. The activation barrier with CuI is 76 kJ mol(-1) smaller than that without CuI. It turns out that CuI can promote the reaction by lowering the activation energy. Our calculations reveal the crucial role of CuI in the reaction and agree well with experimental findings.