Dynamic strain measurement using two wavelength-matched fiber Bragg grating sensors interrogated by a cascaded long-period fiber grating

In this work, we describe a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system using two wavelength-matched FBG sensors for static and dynamic strain measurement. A cascaded long-period fiber grating (CLPG)-based demodulation technique has been used to interrogate the two wavelength-matched FBG sensors. Experimental results of static strain measurement show that the proposed system has a strain resolution of 1 με. This system has also been used for dynamic strain measurement. An eddy current displacement meter-based system has been used as a comparison measurement. Experimental results of dynamic strain measurement have proved that the FBG sensing system has a good performance in the measurement of dynamic strain. The results of static and dynamic strain measurement indicate that the sensing system using two wavelength-matched FBG sensors is superior to the single FBG sensor system.     

A novel fiber-laser-based fiber Bragg grating strain sensor with high-birefringence Sagnac fiber loop mirror

A novel fiber-laser-based strain sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The laser cavity is composed of a high-birefringence Sagnac fiber loop mirror （HiBi-SFLM） and a fiber Bragg grating （FBG） which also acts as a strain-sensing element. In the linear region of the HiBi-SFLM reflection spectrum, when the strain applied on the FBG makes the Bragg grating wavelength shift, the laser output power changes due to refleetivity variation of the HiBi-SFLM. Experimental results show that the laser output power varies almost linearly with the applied strain. The measurement of the output power can be performed by a conventional photo-detector.     

Hetero-core fiber Bragg grating for simultaneous measurement of strain and bending based on cladding mode ratiometric detection

A simple but practical method using multimode-single mode fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for cladding mode based simultaneous measurement of strain and bending is proposed and investigated experimentally. Experimental results show that the intensity ratio between cladding mode and FBG resonance of hetero-core FBG show monotonous changes following with the increase of deflection, by which strain and bending discrimination can be achieved by measuring the wavelength shift of FBG resonance and ratiometrically detecting the intensity changes between cladding modes and FBG resonance.     

Fiber Bragg grating strain sensor based on fiber laser

A study on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensor, based on erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser, is presented. A strain-sensing element, FBG, also acts as the lasing wavelength selecting component. When strain is applied on the FBG, the laser cavity loss changes, leading to a modification of the laser transient. Strain measurements are obtained in the time domain by simply measuring the EDF laser build-up time. Relative variation in the build-up time of up to 190%, for a strain range from 0 με to 2350 με, is achieved with a resolution corresponding to a strain of better than 2.35 με. This study demonstrates a novel fiber sensor concept and the technical feasibility to develop fiber strain measurement.     

动态匹配光栅解调方法波长读出优化研究

提出了采用一支价格低廉的微测力传感器作为匹配光栅解调系统的波长读出单元,不同于以往动态匹配光栅解调法采用拉伸匹配光栅的PZT驱动电压作为解调系统波长读出单元.当匹配光栅和传感光栅布喇格中心波长重叠时,光电探测器将接收到最大光信号.利用光纤光栅轴向受力和反射波长漂移的数学关系得到光纤光栅传感器的波长漂移.该解调系统解决了传统动态匹配解调系统中PZT本身特性对系统的影响,探测到的光纤光栅传感器反射波长和匹配光栅轴向受力大小具有很好的线性,系统线性大于0.999.本系统对于探测布喇格传感器应变分辩率达到1 με以下.     

A lasing wavelength stabilized simultaneous multipoint acoustic sensing system using pressure-coupled fiber Bragg gratings

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor head, using a pressure coupling mechanism, was designed for broadband frequency response and structural strain-free characteristic. The pressure-coupled sensor heads were connected to a simultaneous multipoint acoustic sensing system based on a tunable laser. An intelligent lasing wavelength stabilization algorithm capable of identifying the direction of spectrum movement, the wavelength shifting speed, and a fiber bending event was developed so that the simultaneous multipoint acoustic sensing system could be used in environments with rapid temperature variations. The lasing wavelength feedback control algorithm updated the lasing wavelength into the steep slope of the FBG spectrum even under conditions of rapid temperature change. The averaging lasing wavelength updating time was only 21 s because the system can decide a minimal size in scan window by finding the FBG spectrum shifting speed and direction in real time. The system was able to update the lasing wavelength which missed the steep slope of the FBG spectrum under maximum temperature variation rates 0.3014 and −0.3246 °C/s. The proposed system detected simultaneous impact waves at multiple points under conditions of rapid temperature change and change in dynamic strain.     

Quasi-distributed fiber Bragg grating sensor system based on a Fourier domain mode locking fiber laser

A novel quasi-distributed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system based on Fourier domain mode locking (FDML) fiber laser is proposed and demonstrated. The low reflectivity FBGs with the same Bragg wavelength are connected cascaded in a long fiber working as the sensing elements of the sensor system as well as the wavelength and cavity length selecting elements of the FDML laser. By adjusting the driving frequency of the FDML fiber laser, lasing with different selected cavity lengths will be achieved correspondingly. When the wavelength of the working FBG shifts which includes the sensing information, FBG interrogation can be realized both in wavelength and time domain.     

On a fiber grating sensor system with the capacity of cross-sensitivity discrimination

A novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor system based on an interrogating technique by two parallel matched gratings was designed and theoretically discussed. With an interrogation grating playing the role of temperature compensation grating simultaneously, the wavelength drifts induced by temperature and strain were discriminated. Additionally, the expressions of temperature and strain were deduced for our solution, and dual-value problem and cross sensitivity were solved synchronously through data processing. The influence of the FBG's parameters on the dynamic range and precision was discussed. Besides, the change of environment temperature cannot influence the dynamic range of the sensor system through temperature tuning. The system proposed in this paper will be of great significance to accelerate the real engineering applications of FBG sensing techniques.     

Temperature-insensitive fiber Bragg grating dynamic pressure sensing system

Temperature-insensitive dynamic pressure measurement using a single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based on reflection spectrum bandwidth modulation and optical power detection is proposed. A specifically designed double-hole cantilever beam is used to provide a pressure-induced axial strain gradient along the sensing FBG and is also used to modulate the reflection bandwidth of the grating. The bandwidth modulation is immune to spatially uniform temperature effects, and the pressure can be unambiguously determined by measuring the reflected optical power, avoiding the complex wavelength interrogation system. The system acquisition time is up to 85 Hz for dynamic pressure measurement, and the thermal fluctuation is kept less than 1.2% full-scale for a temperature range of -10 degrees C to 80 degrees C.     

Addressing fiber Bragg grating sensors with wavelength-swept pulse fiber laser and analog electrical switch

A pulse train with a wavelength dependent time sequence is generated in a fiber laser configuration, which contains a cascaded wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array and a tunable F-P filter. By distributing pulses to corresponding channels with a 1 × N analog electrical switch, a novel FBG sensors interrogation technique with advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high interrogation speed is experimentally demonstrated. Then, a FBG sensing system based on this interrogation technique and the mature unbalanced scanning Michelson interferometer (USMI) demodulation technique is realized. The system has shown a sensitivity of 1.610°/με, for the 1555 nm FBG, which agrees well with the theoretical value of 1.674°/με.     

Actively mode-locked dual-wavelength fiber laser with close wavelength spacing using a fiber Bragg grating

A simple actively mode-locked fiber ring laser is proposed and successfully demonstrated to generate dual-wavelength picosecond pulses with close wavelength spacing using one Bragg grating in standard single-mode fiber. The proposed laser can be made to operate in stable dual-wavelength at room temperature, due to the birefringence characteristic of the FBG induced by transverse strain. Transverse strain loading on the FBG allows the wavelength spacing to be controlled. Generation of stable dual-wavelength pulses with a pulsewidth of 212–234 ps and a tunable wavelength separation from 0.2 to 0.44 nm at a pulse rate of 1.05 GHz was demonstrated.     

Remote fiber sensor based on cascaded Fourier domain mode-locked laser

We propose a high-speed remote fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor interrogation system based on a 1.3-μm cascaded Fourier-domain mode-locked (FDML) laser. It consists of multiple FBGs connected to an optical circulator in the laser cavity. The cascaded FDML laser with these multiple FBGs is operational when the scanning frequency of the fiber Fabry-Perot tunable filter matches the fundamental frequency of the laser cavity. Each FBG provides a separate laser cavity for the FDML laser. The scanning frequencies of each laser cavity are 30.5314, 31.5393, 32.7108, and 33.8023 kHz. Using the cascaded FDML laser, we measure the performance of the long-distance static strain FBG sensor interrogation system in both the time and spectral domains. The slope coefficients of the measured relative wavelength difference and the relative time delay from the static strain are found to be 0.95 pm/μstrain and 0.15 ns/μstrain, respectively. We also demonstrate the dynamic response of the interrogation system with 80-Hz modulation strain using the cascaded FDML laser. Thus, an FBG sensor interrogation system for high-speed and high-sensitivity long-distance monitoring systems can be realized using a cascaded FDML laser.     

Wideband tunable linear-cavity fiber laser source using strain-induced chirped fiber Bragg grating

A novel wideband tunable linear-cavity fiber laser source using strain-induced chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and erbium–ytterbium co-doped fibers is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. The strain-induced chirped FBG, which acts as a partial-reflecting mirror, is achieved by bending a uniform FBG bonded at a slant onto the lateral surface of a simply supported beam. A single wavelength lasing with a maximum wavelength tuning range of 17 nm has been achieved experimentally.     

可分离温度影响的FBG应变测量方法

光纤布拉格光栅在通信和传感领域具有广泛的应用。利用光纤布拉格光栅中心波长的偏移，可以测量温度和应变等多种物理量，但必须解决光栅对温度和应变的交叉敏感问题。该文简要分析了光纤光栅作为传感器的基本原理及其优点，设计了利用参考光栅法分离温度影响以及利用掺铒光纤的自发发射放大特性分离温度影响的2种应变测量方法。最后，介绍了一种利用倾斜光纤光栅的主模和边模对布拉格光栅中心波长的偏移进行解调的方法，该方法成功地分离了温度对应变测量的影响。     

A novel fiber Bragg grating interrogating sensor system based on AWG demultiplexing

A fiber Bragg grating (FBG) interrogating technique based on the relative intensity-demodulating and the demultiplexing of an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is presented in this paper. The analytical simulation and the experiment validate the feasibility of this setup. Both theoretical and experiment results show that the shift of the Bragg wavelength of the FBG sensors can be precisely interrogated by the relative intensity reading of two-adjacent-channels of the AWG-based demultiplexer. Errors caused by the light source fluctuation and micro-band losses can be reduced with the relative technique. This technique potentially offers a low-cost, compact, and high-performance solution for the interrogation of FBG distributed sensors.     

Continuous True-Time-Delay System Employing a Novel Tunable Chirped Fiber Grating Delay Line and a Sampled Grating Based Multiwavelength Fiber Laser

A photonics true-time-delay system for phased array antenna beam steering employing a novel tunable chirped fiber grating delay line and a multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser source based on a sampled grating filter is proposed. The tunable chirped fiber grating, which act as a continuous time-delay element, is achieved by bending a uniform fiber Bragg grating bonded at a slant onto the lateral surface of a simply supported beam. This technique allows the dynamic control of the chirp rate and spectral width of the grating without center wavelength shift. By adjusting the chirp rate of the fiber grating via bend strain, this kind of tunable chirped fiber grating could achieve very low and adjustable delay times, therefore provides higher angle resolution for scanning microwave beam, even the wavelengths of laser source are fixed and un-tunable. The true-time-delay system using proposed tunable chirped fiber grating delay element and sampled grating based laser source is constructed and demonstrated experimentally.     

A cheap and practical FBG temperature sensor utilizing a long-period grating in a photonic crystal fiber

A whole temperature sensor in one package utilizing a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) made in a conventional single-mode fiber and which uses a long-period grating (LPG) made in a photonic crystal fiber is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The function of the interrogation is that the wavelength change of the FBG with environmental temperature is transferred to the intensity of the output via the LPG. Utilizing the temperature-insensitivity of the LPG in the PCF, the interrogation is stable and enables a cheap and practical temperature measurement system with a wide dynamic range.     

Multiplexed reflective-matched optical fiber grating interrogation technique

The multiplexed-reflective matched fiber grating interrogation technique was presented in this paper.The interrogation technique was based on the use of two (or more) wavelength-matched fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) to receive the reflected signal from the sensing FBG. The two (or more) matched gratings were arranged parallelly and used as filters to convert wavelength into intensity encoded information for interrogation. Theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that the interrogation system is immune to the source fluctuation and cross-sensitivity effect between temperature and strain, and also can enlarge the dynamic range.     

基于反射光谱特征辨识的光纤气压与温度集成监测方法

针对飞行器机载环境多参量综合测试需求,研究了一种基于反射光谱特征辨识的光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)气压与温度集成监测方法,给出了基于膜片式结构的双参量传感机理及其理论模型。采用基于耦合模理论的OptiGrating软件,得到不同气压与温度条件下光纤布拉格光栅传感器仿真反射光谱。在此基础上,借助弹塑性和恢复性能优良的平膜片感压机构,构建了膜片式双光纤气压/温度集成监测模型。研究表明,恒温条件下应变传感光纤光栅反射光谱随气压增加而逐渐向短波方向偏移,其中心波长灵敏度约为0.803 0 nm·MPa-1,且反射谱主峰及其旁瓣峰值均随气压变化呈现良好线性关系;当气压恒定而温度变化时,处于仅感温不受力状态的温度传感光纤光栅反射光谱中心波长灵敏度约为9.39 pm·℃-1;当气压与温度交叉变化时,能够实现对变温条件下的微小气压变化实时监测。传感光纤光栅受非均匀应变效应反射光谱存在一定啁啾现象,其反射光谱旁瓣峰值波长随环境温度、气压变化均会发生偏移,具有良好线性关系,且在不同气压下反射光谱对应的同一阶数旁瓣峰值幅度相等。该研究能够为航空航天器系统多物理参量在线综合测试提供有益帮助。     

基于激光器激射特性的新型应变传感系统

报道了一种基于掺铒光纤激光器瞬态特性的新型应变传感系统.用光纤环反射镜和光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)构成Fabry-Perot线型腔.腔内插入一个长周期光纤光栅(LPG)，其透射谱的中心波长为1574.4nm.FBG的带宽为0.23nm，不受力时其反射波长为1557.98nm，位于LPG的透射谱左沿；当FBG受力时激射波长向长波方向移动，激光通过LPG时透射损耗增大，腔损耗的增加将使激光激射延迟时间增加.因此，应变的大小可以通过激光产生的延迟时间来测量.这种新型应变传感器的分辨率和灵敏度由抽运光脉冲的高、 关键词： 应变传感 光纤激光器 时域测量 光纤Bragg光栅