高中“化学反应与电能”跨学科项目式教学*——探究原电池电动势的影响因素

以“探究原电池电动势的影响因素”为项目学习主题,以探讨化学电源的应用、探究原电池的工作原理、测量原电池的电动势、搭建高电动势原电池等4个任务为关键项目任务,呈现高中“化学反应与电能”跨学科项目式教学设计思路和教学实践过程。     

发展学生化学学科核心素养的“化学能与电能”教学*——小车为什么会跑起来

“化学能与电能”是高中化学必修阶段的核心内容,是发展学生化学学科核心素养的重要知识载体。围绕“小车为什么会跑起来”的真实问题,利用铜锌原电池驱动小车的实验现象,引导学生分析原电池的工作原理,探究原电池的构成条件,充分发展学生的化学学科核心素养。     

利用手持技术数字化实验促进学生原电池概念认知*——ZnCu稀硫酸原电池与Zn和稀硫酸反应的比较

以ZnCu稀硫酸原电池与Zn和稀硫酸反应的比较实验为例,探讨根据TQVC概念认知模型,设计促进学生原电池概念认知的手持技术数字化实验。具体过程是:将原电池概念关键内涵转化为可测量的温度和电流概念的关联属性,利用温度传感器和电流传感器测量实验的热能和电能的变化,通过实验数据、曲线及其四重表征分析得到实验结论,并判断实验设计的有效性。对实验设计的关键和实验证据的使用进行了讨论。     

“原电池”的项目式教学*——探究“水动力”盐水灯发光之谜

以“菲律宾能源救星”创设探究情境,以“水动力”盐水灯发光之谜展开项目式学习探究设计之旅,在项目任务推进中对“水动力”盐水灯的原理和影响因素展开深入探究,重建学生对原电池的模型认知;设计并制作“家庭版”水动力灯,最终回归到指导抗震减灾等社会场景中去,加强学科与真实情境的结合与应用,锻炼和提升学生的科学精神与社会责任感,发展学生的化学学科核心素养。     

手持技术数字化实验探究夹心式膜电池的创新改进*

借助手持技术,用阳离子交换膜代替盐桥,滤纸代替烧杯,将双液铜锌原电池改进为高效化、微型化的夹心式阳离子交换膜原电池。通过实验探究、微观分析得出阳膜电池具有电流示数大且较稳定、装置简易、操作方便、药品用量小、绿色无污染等优点。本实验不仅揭示膜电池的工作原理、还原高考膜电池实验、构建化学电源的基本模型,还贴近生活,提高学生的自主实验探究能力,培养学生宏观辨识与微观探析、科学探究与创新意识的核心素养。     

基于热成像的单液与双液原电池性能比较实验

采用控制变量法和组合法设计了单液、双液原电池装置,借助红外热成像仪捕捉原电池发热部位的关键证据。实验表明,在其他条件相同的情况下,双液原电池的最大输出电流、放电效率和电流稳定性的性能均优于单液原电池。通过热成像仪获得的热图像和精确测温揭示了2种原电池性能差异的主要原因：单液原电池的负极有副反应,双液原电池的内阻较小。     

基于宏观金属辅助化学刻蚀制备硅纳米线的研究

分别利用镀银的硅衬底和铂丝电极作为原电池反应中的阴极和阳极,基于金属辅助化学刻蚀采用宏观原电池的方法制备硅纳米线,深入研究了该法制备硅纳米线阵列的机理。通过改变电连接、镀银、刻蚀参数、硅衬底和光照等实验条件,系统地研究了所得硅纳米线形貌与其对应短路电流的关系,实验发现短路电流与硅纳米线长度有一定的对应关系。文章中所提出的模型旨在从根本上解决金属辅助化学刻蚀制备硅纳米线的机理。最后对这种方法所具有的潜在应用价值进行了展望和讨论。     

高中化学实验性作业的实施与评价

以“趣味原电池的设计”为例,选取上海某中学高一年级学生为研究对象,介绍了基于视频拍摄的实验性作业的设计和实施,并利用PTA（Primary Trait Analysis）量表进行表现性评价,以此巩固学生的化学理论知识,提升其化学综合实验能力。     

促进学生认识发展的学科教学认识的构建——以“原电池”为例

阐释了学科教学认识和促进学生认识发展教学的基本内涵,在此基础上结合化学学科和“原电池”的内容特点,从有关“原电池”的学科知识、课程知识、学生理解的知识、教学策略及表征的知识等4个方面,论述了“原电池”主题的学科教学认识的构建。     

化学学科核心素养为导向的课堂实录——探究原电池的发展

以化学电源的发展历史为线索,通过单液、双液原电池和离子交换膜电池工作效率的实验探究活动来提升学生证据推理和模型认知的核心素养,在观察讨论中体现宏观辨识和微观探析的核心素养,在探寻化学电源发展的过程中培养学生科学态度和社会责任的核心素养。     

Chemical Epigenetics: The Impact of Chemical and Chemical Biology Techniques on Bromodomain Target Validation

Epigenetics is currently the focus of intense research interest across a broad range of disciplines due to its importance in a multitude of biological processes and disease states. Epigenetic functions result partly from modification of the nucleobases in DNA and RNA, and/or post‐translational modifications of histone proteins. These modifications are dynamic, with cellular machinery identified to modulate and interpret the marks. Our focus is on bromodomains, which bind to acetylated lysine residues. Progress in the study of bromodomains, and the development of bromodomain ligands, has been rapid. These advances have been underpinned by many disciplines, but chemistry and chemical biology have undoubtedly played a significant role. Herein, we review the key chemistry and chemical biology approaches that have furthered our study of bromodomains, enabled the development of bromodomain ligands, and played a critical role in the validation of bromodomains as therapeutic targets.     

简析化学文化与化学教育

从文化的角度看待化学,分析了化学文化的内涵,阐明了化学文化的教育功能,并根据化学文化的研究,论述了化学文化观下的化学教育,以及在化学教育中体现化学文化的途径。     

大一化学实验课程改革的研究与实践——兼谈《现代化学实验基础》教学体会

化学是以实验为基础的学科 ,化学实验是全面实施化学教育的最有效的教学形式。我们认为目前的化学实验教学在以下几个方面存在着需要研究和改革的问题。　　 (1 )实验内容太多 ,且陈旧重复 ,学生学习积极性不高。实验过程基本上是“照方抓药” ,学生独立思考的空间甚少 ,学习效果不理想。　　 (2 )在化学教育中 ,理论课偏重于知识的形成和发展 ,而实验则是强调其实现过程。化学实验单独设课确实是一大进步 ,但是目前高等院校的化学实验教学仍然是以验证教学内容为目的 ,依附于理论课教学。且过分强调实验课与理论课开设的同步性 ,相继成立的…     

火灾事故调查中的化学知识与分析方法

针对消防教育化学教学中学生学习积极性不高,教学针对性较差的问题,通过消防部队调研、专业课程和专业文献研究及多年积累的教学经验总结,系统梳理总结了火灾调查中的起火部位认定、火灾物证的化学分离方法、火灾物证的化学分析等环节涉及到的化学知识和化学分析方法,以期激发消防专业学生学习和运用化学的兴趣,同时为其他专业化学教学提供实践教学案例。     

化学小实验的设计及其在教学中的作用

化学小实验是指所用仪器简单,仪器或药品可以就地取材,操作简便,需时一般较短的一类化学实验。这类实验一般较为简捷省时且现象明显,对“常规实验”不仅能起到补充和完善的作用,而且在某种程度上说还是那些仪器多而杂的“常规实验”所难以做到的。     

化学战受害者纪念日与化学教育

化学战受害者纪念日日益受到公众关注,且与化学学科密切相关.介绍了化学战受害者纪念日的由来及意义、纪念日的主要活动、化学武器的化学成分与危害,同时对中学化学教师提出几点思考.     

Chemical Syntheses and Chemical Biology of Carboxyl Polyether Ionophores: Recent Highlights

A central goal of chemical biology is to develop molecular probes that enable fundamental studies of cellular systems. In the hierarchy of bioactive molecules, the so‐called ionophore class occupies an unflattering position in the lower branches, with typical labels being “non‐specific” and “toxic”. In fact, the mere possibility that a candidate molecule possesses “ionophore activity” typically prompts its removal from further studies; ionophores—from a chemical genetics perspective—are molecular outlaws. In stark contrast to this overall poor reputation of ionophores, synthetic chemistry owes some of its most amazing achievements to studies of ionophore natural products, in particular the carboxyl polyethers renowned for their intricate molecular structures. These compounds have for decades been academic battlegrounds where new synthetic methodology is tested and retrosynthetic tactics perfected. Herein, we review the most exciting recent advances in carboxyl polyether ionophore (CPI) synthesis and in addition discuss the burgeoning field of CPI chemical biology.     

Chemical Protein Synthesis by Native Chemical Ligation and Variations Thereof

For a long time, the total synthesis of proteins was considered as a “mission impossible” because of the tedious and complex synthetic steps and demanding purification processes. However, with the development of modern synthetic methodologies, many protein syntheses have now been reported. More importantly, through chemical synthesis, desired modifications can be installed to target proteins precisely, which is a major advantage over traditional bio‐synthesis approaches. This review summarizes the techniques developed for protein assembly, including native chemical ligation, Se‐mediated ligation, and a range of other ligation methods. A few synthetic examples, whereby synthetic proteins with desired modifications have been utilized for related biological research, are also included. We believe that chemical synthesis can provide alternative pathways to solve problems that have hitherto proved insurmountable by traditional biological approaches.     

Chemical Composition and Structure of Thin Films Produced by Chemical Vapor Deposition

This paper reports results from studies of the chemical composition and structure of semiconducting, dielectric, and metallic films produced from molecular precursors by the chemical vapor deposition method. A study was made of films of zinc sulfides, mixed copper, cadmium, and zinc sulfides, boron nitride, carbonitride, silicon carbonitride, and iridium films. It is shown that the use of metal compounds with different ligands (zinc and manganese) enables production of zinc sulfide films in which manganese ions are uniformly incorporated into the zinc sulfide crystal lattice to substitute zinc at the lattice sites. For the films of simple and mixed cadmium, copper, and zinc sulfides, the film structure depends on the type of substrate. The thin layers of mixed cadmium and zinc sulfides are asubstitution solution with a hexagonal structure. The thin layers of boron nitride produced from borazine exhibit a nanocrystalline structure and are a mixture of cubic and hexagonal phases. Composite layers were produced from alkylamine boranes and their mixtures with ammonia. Depending on synthesis conditions, the layers are mixtures of hexagonal boron nitride, carbide, and carbonitride or pure boron nitride. Using silyl derivatives of asymmetric dimethylhydrazine containing Si—N and C—N bonds in the starting molecule, we produced silicon carbonitride films whose crystal habit belongs to a tetragonal structure with lattice parameters a = 9.6 and c = 6.4 . The iridium films obtained by thermal decomposition of iridium trisacetylacetonate(III) on quartz substrates in the presence of hydrogen have a polycrystalline structure with crystallite sizes of 50 to 500 . A method for determining grainsize composition was proposed, and grain shapes for the iridium films were analyzed. The influence of substrate temperature on the internal microstructure and growth of the iridium films is demonstrated. At the iridium–substrate interface, a transition layer forms, whose composition depends on the substrate material and deposition conditions.     

化学元素与航空航天

基于化学元素的视角，笔者总结了航空航天的推进剂、航空材料、能源、导航、生命保障系统等5个方面国内外的进展。航空航天的发展历程表明，高效环保的燃料、轻质高强的新材料、高功率密度的化学电源、更加精确的原子钟和可靠的生命维持系统，都需要化学元素的优化组合带来的新物质。