化学学科核心素养为导向的课堂实录——探究原电池的发展

以化学电源的发展历史为线索,通过单液、双液原电池和离子交换膜电池工作效率的实验探究活动来提升学生证据推理和模型认知的核心素养,在观察讨论中体现宏观辨识和微观探析的核心素养,在探寻化学电源发展的过程中培养学生科学态度和社会责任的核心素养。     

利用数字化手持技术探究原电池电流和温度的变化

对学生原电池学习的认知难点——铜锌原电池为何能产生电流进行了深入分析。利用数字化手持技术定量测定单液和双液铜锌原电池的反应电流、溶液的温度变化曲线,进而比较2种电池的效率,从宏观、微观、符号、曲线表征4个方面深入分析,得出结论:与单液铜锌原电池相比,双液铜锌原电池的电流稳定性较好,能量转化效率较高,因此电池效率也更高。手持技术实验结合"四重表征"模式进行教学,以期为原电池的探究式教学提供案例参考和教学建议。     

对选修教材《化学反应原理》上3个电化学实验的探究

1锌铜原电池中的盐桥在中学化学选修教材《化学反应原理》的原电池实验中,锌半电池和铜半电池是用盐桥连接起来的。这是中学生第一次接触盐桥。在此,学生难免产生一些疑问,下面就学生提出的2个有关盐桥的问题进行实验探究。(1)在原电池工作时,除了盐桥中的K 、Cl-向两极溶液中扩散外,电极溶液中的离子是否也相互扩散?下面以电池Zn(s)│ZnSO4(0.2 mol/L)‖KCl饱和溶液‖CuSO4(0.2 mol/L)│Cu(s)为例,进行实验探究(在实验中,把装满了KCl饱和溶液,用棉花堵住管口的U形管作盐桥)。实其验电记池录装置如图所示[1]:电路中电流强度维持在5.3…     

液流电池用季铵化聚醚砜阴离子交换膜材料的研究

离子交换膜是液流电池的关键部件之一,理想的离子交换膜应具有较低的活性物质渗透率(即有较高的选择性)和较低的面电阻(即有较高的离子传导率),同时还应具有较好的化学稳定性和较低的成本[1,2].目前,全钒液流电池主要采用全氟磺酸类阳离子交换膜(如Nafion),其化学稳定性优异,但易造成钒离子的渗透,降低了电池的使用寿命,且Nafion膜价格昂贵;全钒液流电池的电解质溶液由不同钒电解质溶解在硫酸中组成,采用阴离子交换膜时,由于Donan效应钒离子的渗透将受到制约,与阳离子交换膜相比,具有较高的选择性.     

基于证据推理与模型认知素养及跨学科概念的“原电池”教学

以“原电池”教学为例,通过设置紧密联系的任务,结合手持技术,探究“如何获得稳定工作的电池”和“如何获得高效的电池”的原理。充分运用物理、化学已有的认知模型,进行跨学科概念的教学,培养学生从宏观和微观水平上收集证据、分析证据的能力,发展“证据推理与模型认知”的学科核心素养。     

“化学能转化为电能”教学设计

1教学目标 (1)知识与技能:理解原电池原理,初步学会书写电极反应方程式,探究原电池的形成条件. (2)过程与方法:通过对锌与稀硫酸反应中的化学能能否转化为电能的实验探究,让学生理解原电池的概念和工作原理;通过对原电池形成条件的实验探究、问题讨论,培养学生观察、分析问题的能力,特别是创新思维能力.     

基于模型认知与手持技术的化学能与电能项目式教学*——以“设计不同类型的化学电源”为例

以“设计不同类型的化学电源”为项目主题,详细介绍了项目的确立、规划、实施。系列学习活动包括:原电池基础知识教学,建构与应用原电池认知模型,分组设计不同类型的化学电源,进行电流影响因素的探究实验,运用手持技术数字化实验测量电池电流大小,开展成果交流汇报等。课题源于生活,有助于学生深入理解化学能与电能之间的相互转化,提升化学兴趣,发展化学核心素养。     

整合多重表征 促进概念深度理解——以“原电池”为例

有效整合多重表征,是促进学生科学概念深度理解的一种有效策略。本研究整合了科学教育领域中的3个多重表征框架的内容,对高中必修模块的“原电池”进行了教学设计。首先引导学生依次学习原电池的宏观装置、微观原理和电极符号,初步建构原电池概念,之后基于氢氧燃料电池关联表征,让学生建构原电池的装置原理二维模型图,理解原电池概念,最后依托生活中的纽扣电池应用二维模型图实现表征转换,解决实际问题,实现对原电池概念的深度理解。     

基于技术素养的“电池的优化与制作”教学实践*

深入挖掘原电池的技术素养价值,对基于技术素养下原电池的教学展开探讨,以期拓展和深化学生对电池的认识,形成分析电池问题的一般思路方法,培养学生解释分析、设计与评价以及制作与优化电池的能力,最终发展学生的技术素养。     

离子交换膜技术在工业废水处理中的应用

一、离子交换膜电渗透技术的应用离子交换膜通常可分为阳离子交换膜和阴离子交换膜两大类。在电解质溶液中,阳离子交换膜只允许阳离子通过,阴离子交换膜只允许阴离子通过。也就是说,离子交换膜在电解质溶液中对离子具有选择透过的特性。如果将阴、阳离子交换膜相互交替排列构成如图1的多室电渗透设备,并在膜组的两端配置阴、阳电极,阳极侧用阴离子交换膜开始,阴极侧用阳离子交换膜终止。如图共有五对阴、阳离子交换膜,构成     

化学能转化成电能的实验设计

以常见的铜锌原电池反应为例,设计了一组对比实验装置,即化学反应装置与原电池装置。以化学反应装置中的能量变化为依据,展示了化学反应中释放出的能量具体形式为“热”与“功”;通过与原电池装置的比较,证明原电池实验装置中的“热”转化为了电能。     

基于证据推理的电化学综合实验探究

盐桥的作用众所周知,如果“将铜锌双液原电池的盐桥换成铜片后,电路中还有电流吗？两液中的铜片到底发生了什么反应？”,基于这些问题,开发了一系列实验,利用观察到的各种证据,如:生成的沉淀、溶液颜色的变化、电极质量的改变、溶液pH和电流计指针偏转方向等,引导学生对各个电极变化的反应进行假设,并设计新颖实验逐步探究证实,依据宏观实验现象的证据,开展问题驱动式学习,以此培育学生的科学探究与创新意识。     

氢溴储能电池结构的优化和运行条件对电池性能的影响

研究了氢溴电池的电池结构、正极氢溴酸和溴电解质浓度、负极的氢气压力、质子交换膜厚度对氢溴电池的性能和电池效率的影响。对氢溴电池结构进行改进,单电池实现了200 mA·cm^-2电流密度恒流充放电,电池库伦效率100%。溴电极电化学反应受浓差极化控制,提高氢溴酸浓度,电池充电性能提高,同时,溴在氢溴酸的溶解度增大,电池放电性能也提高,氢溴酸浓度由0.5 mol·L^-1提高至1 mol·L^-1,电流密度200 mA·cm^-2,电池的能量效率和电压效率提高27.9%。氢溴电池充电过程,降低电池负极氢出压力,有利于提高充电性能,但膜透酸严重,放电过程中最佳的氢出压力是维持氢在碳纸憎水催化层的单层吸附,充放电过程氢出压力均为40.0 kPa,电池的能量效率80.2%。膜厚度与膜电阻极化和膜透酸密切相关,充电过程,膜由50.0 μm降至15.0 μm,膜透酸严重,负极电化学活性比表面积下降,电池充电性能降低。膜厚度对放电性能的影响还与电流密度有关,电流密度较低时,膜透酸造成负极电化学比表面积下降居主导地位,50.0 μm Nafion膜放电性能更高;电流密度超过200 mA·cm^-2时,膜电阻极化居主导电位,15.0 μm Nafion膜性能更高。采用20.0 μm质子交换膜,在200 mA·cm^-2电流密度循环充放电五次,电池的能量效率和电压效率达到85.3%,库伦效率100%。     

Boehmite-coated microporous membrane for enhanced electrochemical performance and dimensional stability of lithium-ion batteries

A heat-resistant boehmite-coated polypropylene (PP) membrane has been successfully fabricated and its potential application as a promising separator in the lithium-ion battery was explored. The boehmite powders with average sizes of 0.78, 1.03, and 1.72 μm, respectively, were used to fabricate the coated membrane. It was demonstrated that the coated membrane prepared by boehmite with a 0.78-μm size showed superior heat tolerance and proper air permeability. As compared to the commercialized PP membrane, such coated membrane presented improved electrolyte uptake, better interface stability, and enhanced ionic conductivity. In addition, the lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄)/Li cell using this composite membrane exhibited better rate capability and cycling retention than that using PP membrane owing to its facile ion transport and excellent interfacial compatibility. The coating layer showed an advantage on solid electrolyte interface film formation and greatly reduced charge transfer resistance. All these fascinating characteristics would boost the application of this composite membrane for high-performance lithium-ion battery.     

A multilayer composite separator consisting of non-woven mats and ceramic particles for use in lithium ion batteries

Battery separator is a porous membrane that is placed between the positive and negative electrodes to avoid their electric contact, while maintaining a good ionic flow through the liquid electrolyte filled in its pores. Non-woven mats have been evaluated as battery separators due to their highly porous structures. In this study, composite non-woven mats were fabricated through electrospinning and lamination with a ceramic layer, and evaluated as lithium ion battery separators. The lamination with the ceramic layer provides not only improved separator dimensional stability at elevated temperatures but also the potential to increase the production rate of electrospun separators. The electrospun mats keep ceramic particles from dropping avoiding the non-uniform current density distribution caused by the loss of the ceramic particles. The composite separators enabled good ionic conductivity when saturated with a liquid electrolyte. Coin cells with this type of separators showed not only stable cycling performance but also good rate capabilities at room temperature.     

Study of electronic effect of Grignard reagents on their electrochemical behavior

The electrochemical behavior of three electrolyte solutions containing Grignard reagents (RMgBr) with different organic groups were investigated with regard to the potential application in rechargeable magnesium battery. It is found that the electrochemical reversibility of magnesium deposition and dissolution processes and the anodic stability of the Grignard electrolyte can be significantly improved by replacing alkyl group with more stable 4-Fluorophenyl group. In addition, the ionic conductivity of the Grignard electrolyte solution is enhanced by 1.5 times by such a replacement. The test results indicate that 4-Fluorophenyl-MgBr/THF solution could be promising for use in rechargeable magnesium battery systems.     

Production of a NiO/Al primary battery employing powder-based electrodes

This paper describes the use of aluminum and zinc as anodic materials for a battery employing nickel (II) oxide (NiO) as cathode. Comparison of both materials resulted in the development of a compact, cost effective, and easy to use primary NiO/Al battery employing an alkaline electrolyte. The system features electrodes composed of powder forms of the active materials on modified paper substrates that are contained in a simple multilayer design utilizing thin laminated plastic materials to provide structure and flexibility to the battery as well as a paper separator. Various concentrations of potassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte were examined and maximum performance was observed at 6 M KOH. A maximum current density and power density of 1.94 mA/cm² and 1 mW/cm², respectively was achieved. This user-friendly device was able to produce a maximum capacity of 2.33 mAh/g when 2 mA/g was applied. This work demonstrates the viability of a paper-based battery featuring powder electrodes as a possible power source for microelectronic devices.     

高分子固体电解质研究进展

高分子固体电解质具有质轻、粘弹性了、易成膜等许多无机电解质和有机溶剂电解质所不可比拟的优点，近年来得到了很大的发展，这种新型材料的应用主要集中开发全固态锂电池和锂离子电池。本文对ＳＰＥ的电性能，离子传导特性以及提高ＳＰＥ性能的途径等作了综述，并对其发展前景作了简要探讨。     

不同认识论学生的非智力因素对其化学探究学习的影响

用模糊综合评判法定量分析了非智力因素对化学探究学习各要素的影响,典型建构认识论者认为兴趣、意志是影响化学探究学习最重要的非智力因素,形成假设、收集证据是受非智力因素影响最显著的探究要素;典型机械认识论者认为动机是影响化学探究学习最重要的非智力因素,形成假设、得出结论是受非智力因素影响最显著的探究要素。最后,结合研究结果就如何搞好化学探究学习提出了具体建议。     

CeO_2@NiCo_2O_4 nanowire arrays on carbon textiles as high performance cathode for Li-O_2 batteries

The successful development of Li-O_2 battery technology depends on developing a stable and efficient cathode. As an important step toward this goal, for the first time, we report the development of CeO_2 nanoparticles modified NiCo_2O_4 nanowire arrays(NWAs) grown on the carbon textiles as a new carbon-free and binder-free cathode system. In this study, the Li-O_2 battery with the CeO_2@NiCo_2O_4 NWAs has exhibited much reduced overpotentials, a high discharge capacity, an improved cycling stability,outperforming the Li-O_2 battery with NiCo_2O_4 NWAs. These improvements can be attributed to both the tailored morphology of discharge product and improved oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) activity after CeO_2 NPs deposition. To a considerable extent, this idea of cathode construction including structure design and composition optimization can provide guidance for further researches in developing more powerful cathode for Li-O_2 battery.