变形核强阻尼碰撞中巨复合体系的形成和衰变

利用改进的量子分子动力学（ImQMD）模型研究了质心系入射能量为980 MeV时变形核238U+238U体系的3种不同碰撞模式（腹对腹、 尖对腹和尖对尖）下强阻尼反应过程中初级超重碎块的产生几率和复合体系的寿命、 形状和拉长取向等性质, 发现尖对腹碰撞模式有利于初级超重碎块的产生, 还发现这种碰撞模式产生的复合体系有最长的寿命。Three different collision modes ( Belly belly, Belly tip and Tip tip) of the deformed uranium nucleus 238U bombarding the deformed 238U in strongly damped reaction at the incident energy 980 MeV has been investigated based on the improved quantum molecular dynamics (ImQMD) model. The formation and properties of the formed composite system during the reaction process were carefully studied including the lifetime, the shape configuration and the angular distribution of primary fragment. It was found that the Belly tip mode is suitable for producing the super heavy fragments, and the composite system has the longest lifetime in this mode.     

关于重核强阻尼反应的研究

讨论了重核碰撞形成巨复合体系破裂的强阻尼反应产生超重核的问题。 评述了两种主要的理论模型: 唯象的多维朗之万模型和本课题组发展的微观输运理论模型。 概括阐述了微观输运理论研究反应 197Au+197Au , 238U+238U和244Pu+244Pu等的主要结果。 给出了反应中产生的超重碎块的几率与入射能的关系, 复合体系和超重碎块的衰变机制以及所形成的超重碎块的结合能和形状的分布。 In this paper, the possibility of producing superheavy fragments through strongly damped reactions in very massive nuclear collisions is investigated. Two theoretical models, which are the phenomenologically multi dimensional Langevin equation model and improved quantum molecular dynamics model developed recently by our group, are briefly reviewed. The dependence of the production probability of superheavy fragments on the incident energy, the decay mechanism of the composite systems and superheavy fragments, and the distributions of the binding energy and shapes of superheavy fragments are iscussed for reactions of 244Pu+244Pu, 238U+238U, 197Au+197Au based on the improved quantum molecular dynamics model.     

Pairing-energy coefficients of neutron-rich fragments in spallation reactions

The ratio of pairing-energy coefficient to temperature(a_p/T)of neutron-rich fragments produced in spallation reactions has been investigated by adopting an isobaric yield ratio method deduced in the framework of a modified Fisher model.A series of spallation reactions,0.5A and 1A Ge V~(208)Pb+p,1A Ge V~(238)U+p,0.5A Ge V~(136)Xe+d,0.2A,0.5A and 1A Ge V~(136)Xe+p,and~(56)Fe+p with incident energy ranging from 0.3A to 1.5A Ge V,has been analysed.An obvious odd-even staggering is shown in the fragments with small neutron excess(I≡N-Z),and in the relatively small-A fragments which have large I.The values of a_p/T for the fragments,with I from 0 to36,have been found to be in a range from-4 to 4,and most values of a_p/T fall in the range from-1 to 1.It is suggested that a small pairing-energy coefficient should be considered in predicting the cross sections of fragments in spallation reactions.It is also concluded that the method proposed in this article is not good for fragments with A/A_s85%(where A_(s )is the mass number of the spallation system).     

QMD模型的改进及其在低能重离子反应中的应用

丰中子核以及重核熔合机制的研究以及中能重离子碰撞中多重碎裂的研究都迫切需要一个统一的、自洽的微观动力学模型.经过对量子分子动力学模型进行根本的改进,发展了一个新的、适用于低能以及中能重离子反应的统一描述的微观动力学模型.改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD)模型能够将整个熔合反应过程中的动力学效应、同位旋效应以及弹靶质量不对称效应等比较全面地、自洽地考虑进来,从而给熔合反应的研究提供了一个新的途径.ImQMD模型能够很好地再现一系列核的基态性质以及10多个熔合反应的激发函数(包括丰中子核熔合体系以及实验最新测量的132Sn+64Ni熔合体系).此外还运用该模型初步探索了重核熔合过程中复合体系的寿命与体系的入射能量、体系大小以及体系的中子质子比的依赖关系. We have developed a new microscopic dynamical model called improved quantum molecular dynamical model (ImQMD). This model can describe the fusion process at energies near the Coulomb barrier as well as the multifragmentation process at intermediate energies in heavy-ion collision (HIC) uniformly. By using this model, fusion cross sections (including some of neutron-rich nuclei reactions and that of newly measured~(132)Sn+~(64)Ni fusion reaction) of tens reactions can be reproduced remarkably well. In fusi...     

Temperature of Heavy Fragments in Heavy-Ion Collisions

The heavy fragments in heavy-ion collisions are finally formed after the hot prefragments undergo sequential decay,of whom the temperature should be much lower than that of prefragments.Using the double ratio(DR) method,the isotopic thermometer(Tiso) for heavy fragment is constructed using the yield of heavy isotopes.T iso of heavy fragment is obtained by analyzing the measured data in the 1A GeV124,136Xe and 140A MeV 48Ca/64Ni reactions.Result shows that T iso varies from 0.5 MeV to 10 MeV.But most T iso is around 1±0.5 MeV,which is much lower than temperature of light particles.Result also indicates that the difference between T iso of heavy fragments in different reactions is very small,and T iso is independent on the size of the reaction system,the incident energy and the neutron-richness of the projectile.     

重离子周边碰撞和中心碰撞引起的不同裂变行为

本实验同时研究了4 0Ar+209Bi反应中周边碰撞和中心碰撞两者产生的关联裂变碎片,以及其与α粒子的再关联.对裂变碎片质量分布和能量分布随热裂变核初始温度演化的系统分析,发现中心碰撞和周边碰撞所形成的热核存在着不同的裂变行为. Correlated fission fragments from the 40Ar+209Bi reaction and their further correlation with α particles have been studied for peripheral and central collisions simultaneously. The existence of different fission behavior of hot nuclei formed in central and peripheral collisions was found from the systematic analysis of the mass and energy distributions of fission fragments as a function of the initial temperature of hot fissioning nuclei.     

重离子碰撞复合体系碎化产生超重核可能性的探讨

讨论了通过重核碰撞形成的复合体系破裂产生超重核的问题。评述了两种主要的理论模型:即早期发展的在碎化理论框架下的量子涨落理论和本课题组尝试发展的微观输运理论模型。概括阐述了微观输运理论研究^197Au＋^197Au,^238U＋^238U和^244Pu＋^244Pu等反应的主要结果,即反应中产生的超重碎块的几率与入射能的关系,复合体系和超重碎块的衰变机制以及所形成的超重碎块的结合能和形状的分布。In this paper, the possibility of producing superheavy fragments through composite system breaking up in massive nuclear reactions is investigated. Two main theoretical models, which are the quantum fluctuations with in the fragmentation theory developed at 1980＇s and improved quantum molecular dynamics model developed recently by our group, are briefly reviewed. The dependence of the production probability of superheavy fragments on the incident energy, the decay mechanism of composite system and superheavy fragments, and the distribution of binding energy of Superheavy fragments are discussed for reactions of ^244Pu＋^244Pu, ^238U＋^238U, 197Au＋^197Au based on the improved quantum molecular dynamics model.     

HIRFL-CSR实验环中束流损失机制及寿命研究

分析了在储存环中回旋的离子束与残余气体分子、 内靶和冷却电子束相互作用时的损失机制及相应的束流寿命, 针对兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环实验环内靶模式, 计算了50—500 MeV/u 12C6+, 36Ar18+, 132Xe54+和 238U92+等束流在各种损失机制影响下所对应的束流寿命和总的束流寿命。 结果表明: 影响束流寿命的主要因素是与内靶分子（原子）之间的电荷交换及与冷却电子束之间的辐射复合; 对于重离子束 132Xe54+和 238U92+, 与冷却电子束之间的辐射复合是影响其储存寿命的主要因素。The loss mechanism and lifetime of ion beams in collisions with residual gas, internal target and electrons in e cooler in heavy ion cooler storage rings were studied. The partial beam lifetimes resulting from various loss mechanisms and the total beam lifetimes of 50—500 MeV/u12C6+, 36Ar18+, 132Xe54+ and 238U92+ stored in the experimental ring of the Cooler Storage Ring at the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL CSR) were calculated. The calculations indicate that the charge exchange process between ion beams and the internal target, as well as the radiative recombination process with the electrons in e cooler restrict the beam lifetime considerably. For heavy ion beams such as 132Xe54+ and 238U92+, the radiative recombination is the dominant loss mechanism     

重离子核反应中丰中子余核产额的标度规律

在重离子碰撞（HICs）的实验数据和动力学模拟的反应中发现了丰中子余核产额的标度现象。在这种标度现象中,两个同位旋不同的炮弹碎裂反应产生的余核中,不同中子丰度差的余核的信息熵不确定度的差具有一致的分布。利用反对称化分子动力学模型（AMD）模拟并联合退激发模型（GEMINI）模拟了140 AMeV 58,64Ni+9Be碰撞体系中余核的产额,并展示了实验测量的余核已经理论模拟得到的余核的标度现象。由于信息熵方法对反应系统是否处于平衡状态没有要求,不仅可以用于处于平衡态系统的核物质研究,也可以用于动力学变化过程中的核物质性质研究。信息熵方法将为HICs中的核物质演化研究提供新的理论分析方法。A scaling phenomena has been discovered for fragments produced in heavy-ion collisions both in the measured experiments and in the simulated reactions by transport model. In this scaling phenomena, the information entropy uncertainty difference between isobars with different neutron-excess has a uniform distribution between two reactions. The simulated reactions of 140 AMeV 58,64Ni+9Be by using the asymmetric molecular dynamics(AMD) model plus the sequential decay code GEMINI are analyzed to show the scaling phenomena of fragments. Since the application of information entropy theory does not require the system to be in equilibrium, it can be used both in the analysis of transport model and thermodynamics models. The advantage of the information entropy theory provides a new method to study the dynamical evolution of nuclear matter inheavy-ion collisions.     

Theoretical study on production cross sections of exotic actinide nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions

Within the dinuclear system(DNS) model, the multinucleon transfer reactions ~(129,136)Xe +~(248)Cm,~(112)Sn+~(238)U, and ~(144)Xe +~(248)Cm are investigated. The production cross sections of primary fragments are calculated with the DNS model. By using a statistical model, we investigate the influence of charged particle evaporation channels on production cross sections of exotic nuclei. It is found that for excited neutron-deficient nuclei the charged particle evaporation competes with neutron emission and plays an important role in the cooling process. The production cross sections of several exotic actinide nuclei are predicted in the reactions ~(112)Sn +~(238)U and ~(136,144)Xe +~(248)Cm.Considering the beam intensities, the collisions of ~(136,144)Xe projectiles with a ~(248)Cm target for producing neutron-rich nuclei with Z =92-96 are investigated.     

Cross sections for nuclear reactions in collisions of238U+238U and238U +197Au near and below the coulomb barrier

Cross sections for nuclear reactions at beam energies near and below the spherical Coulomb barrier V _c were measured in the very heavy collision systems²³⁸U +²³⁸U and²³⁸U +¹⁹⁷Au. The most probable reaction channel with mass transfer is the one-neutron transfer. Its excitation function is understood in terms of Rutherford trajectories together with the quantal process of neutron tunnelling over large distances. In addition, the exchange of up to 15 nucleons is observed down to 0.90 V _c . The excitation functions for the multi-nucleon transfer products have much steeper slopes than that for one-neutron transfer, and are steeper for²³⁸U +¹⁹⁷Au than for²³⁸U +²³⁸U, suggesting that nuclear contact is established in the associated collisions. The angular distribution for one selected multi-nucleon transfer product,²²⁷Th, shows that its formation occurs in more central collisions within contact times shorter than about 10^?21 s. There is no evidence for very longlived di-nuclear systems in the these reactions.     

利用反应时间分析多核子转移反应中丰中子核的产生机制

在改进的量子分子动力学(ImQMD)模型框架下,研究了$^{136}{\rm{Xe}}$+$^{198}{\rm{Pt}}$体系的多核子转移反应过程。给出了不同弹靶接触时间下二分裂碎片的总动能-质量分布,发现准弹性碰撞、深度非弹性碰撞和准裂变反应事件可以采用弹靶接触时间进行粗略的划分。分析了不同弹靶接触时间下类靶碎片的双微分截面分布以及Ba同位素的产生截面分布,结果表明丰中子核素产生于深度非弹性碰撞。另外研究发现,对于$^{136}{\rm{Xe}}$+$^{198}{\rm{Pt}}$体系,出射角在0°附近的类靶碎片产生于中心碰撞。     

Superheavy fragments produced in the asymmetric strongly damped collision

The strongly damped collisions of very heavy nuclei 232Th+250Cf at the energy range of 680-1880 MeV have been studied within the improved quantum molecular dynamics model. The production probability of primary superheavy fragments with Z ≥ 114 (SHFs) for the asymmetric reaction 232Th+250Cf is higher than that for the symmetric reaction 244Pu+244Pu and 238U+238U. The calculated results show that the mass and charge distributions of primary fragments, the excitation energy distribution of SHFs depend on the incident energies strongly. Two stages of the decay process of composite systems are distinguished by very different decay slopes, which imply different decay mechanisms of the composite system. The first stage is for the decay of giant composite systems and the second one corresponds to the decay of fragments of giant composite systems including SHFs through emitting neutron, proton or other charged particles, and also through fission or fragmentation. The slow reduction of SHFs in the second stage seems to be helpful for the survival of primary superheavy fragments.     

Stochastic model of tilting mode in nuclear fission

A model of induced nuclear fission was developed with consideration of thermodynamically fluctuating orientation degree of freedom (tilting) of deformed nuclei. This model was applied to analysis of the experimental angular anisotropy of fission fragments in the ¹⁶O + ²³²Th, ²³⁸U, ²⁴⁸Cm, ²⁰⁸Pb, ²⁰⁹Bi; ¹²C + ²³⁶U; ¹⁹F + ²⁰⁸Pb; and ¹¹B + ²³⁷Np reactions. Information on the equilibrating time of the tilting mode was obtained. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Light charged particle emission and fission in238U+238U collisions at 1,740 MeV

Inclusive⁴He and⁴H energy spectra and heavy fragment coincidence correlations have been measured for reactions of 7.31 MeV/u²³⁸U with²³⁸U and^?197Au targets. The H/He production cross sections are in the range 15–26 mb, and their emission spectra are very similar for the two systems. The observed strong kinematic shifts with angle are reproduced in shape and magnitude by Monte Carlo simulations of particle evaporation from projectile-like and target-like fragments, indicating competition between charged particle emission and sequential fission. No evidence is found for high energy charged particle emission associated with ultra-highZ composite systems. Heavy fragment measurements indicate an abundance of quasielastic and deeply inelastic reaction fragments, as well as sequential fission of target and projectile nuclei. For²³⁸U nuclei, the fission occurs predominantly in an asymmetric mode, reminiscent of fission at low excitation energy. For²³⁸+²³⁸U reactions in the vicinity of the grazing angle, the frequency of single sequential fission (with survival of the partner fragment) is twice as large as double sequential fission in which both the target and projectile undergo fission. In²³⁸U+¹⁹⁷Au reactions, the survival probability of the heavy fragments is even greater. The surprisingly high survival probabilities of high-Z fragments imply a preponderance of very soft collisions in these very-heavy-ion reactions, at least at energies not very far over the Coulomb barrier.     

Pro duction of Exotic Nuclei in Low-Energy Multi-Nucleon Transfer Reactions

Multinucleon transfer processes in low-energy heavy ion collisions open a new field of research in nuclear physics, namely, production and studying properties of heavy neutron rich nuclei. This not-yet-explored area of the nuclear map is extremely important for understanding the astrophysical nucleosynthesis and the origin of heavy elements. Beams of very heavy U-like ions are needed to produce new long-living isotopes of transfermium and superheavy elements located very close to the island of stability.The calculated cross sections are high enough to perform the experiments at available accelerators.Beams of medium-mass ions (such as 136Xe, 192Os, 198Pt) can be used for the production of neutron rich nuclei located along the neutron closed shell N = 126 (the last waiting point) having the largest impact on the astrophysical r-process. The Low-energy multinucleon transfer reactions is a very efficient tool also for the production and spectroscopic study of light exotic nuclei. The corresponding cross sections are 2 or 3 orders of magnitude larger as compared with high energy fragmentation reactions.     

碰撞参数的混杂效应及其对观测量的影响

基于改进型量子分子动力学（ImQMD）模型,讨论了中低能区重离子碰撞实验上利用多重数定义的中心碰撞和理论上利用固定碰撞参数定义的中心碰撞的差别及其影响。在束流能量为50 MeV/u时,发现两种方法得到的碎块电荷多重数分布、碎块的平均动能的结果的最大偏差约有50%。两种方法对于同位旋敏感观测量--并合不变的中子-质子产额比的影响在5%~15%之间。研究表明,利用中低能重离子碰撞精确获取核物质状态方程或者介质中核子-核子散射截面时,必须考虑碰撞参数混杂的效应。     

Hints of giant halo in Zr isotopes by resonant RMF+ACCC+BCS approach

In experiments for the synthesis of superheavy elements at the velocity filter SHIP, GSI, we observed fission events, which could not be attributed to decay chains of superheavy isotopes from fusion reactions. Usually, the observation of spontaneous fission is a crucial first step for the detection of decay chains. In order to avoid random correlations and misidentifications of superheavy isotopes, it is therefore essential to know the features and cross-sections of fission events not originating from decay chains of superheavy nuclei. The special properties of the velocity filter allowed us to identify and study the ??background?? fission events as decay products of heavy target-like nuclides populated in nucleon transfer reactions. Here, we will discuss the results obtained in collisions of ₂₀ ⁴⁸ Ca + ₉₆ ²⁴⁸ Cm, ₂₄ ⁵⁴ Cr + ₉₆ ²⁴⁸ Cm and ₂₈ ⁶⁴ Ni + ₉₂ ²³⁸ U, which were applied for the synthesis of elements Z = 116 and 120, respectively.