光学相关法测量空间相机像移的性能研究

为了测量由卫星姿态不稳定或振动等原因引起的空间相机的亚像元像移,使用了光学联合变换相关器(JTC)对安装在相机焦面上的辅助面阵CCD采集到的相邻两帧图像进行相关运算.给出了使用该方法测量像移的原理,搭建了实现JTC的光学实验平台,对JTC测量相机像移的性能进行了实验研究.结果表明,使用JTC完全可以测量空间相机的亚像元...     

基于联合变换相关的机载航空相机像移测量

为了提高像移测量精度,针对机载航空摆扫相机提出一种坐标变换法和图像相关法相结合的像移测量方法。利用坐标变换法得到初始像移速度,利用图像联合变换相关法对像移速度残差进行补偿。联合图像通过一个面阵CCD获得,该面阵CCD放置在相机焦平面上并与成像线阵TDI CCD平行,其输出的当前图像与参考图像合并构成联合图像进行二维空间联合变换相关运算,得到像移修正矢量。对该矢量分别在相机摆扫方向和载机飞行方向进行分解,从而得到摆扫像移和前向像移的修正量。仿真实验结果表明,在输入图像信噪比为4 dB时,像移测量误差在0.1 pixel以内。     

基于联合变换相关器的像移测量仿真分析

对基于联合变换相关器的像移测量数学原理进行了说明,介绍了面阵CCD的安装位置以及输入图像的获取方法,分析了低信噪比输入图像、相对转动位移对测量精度的影响。应用MATLAB对输入图像进行傅里叶变换得到联合功率谱,对二值化处理的功率谱进行傅里叶变换得到相关输出,用质量中心算法计算出像移量。分析得出,输入图像信噪比大于5dB,测量均方误差小于0.05像素;输入图像相对转动位移在0.1°的范围内,转动位移对测量精度和峰噪比的影响可以忽略不计。综合分析表明像移测量均方误差小于0.05像素。     

联合变换相关器像移测量试验系统设计

为了测量卫星姿态不稳定或振动等原因引起的空间相机亚像元像移,设计了基于联合变换相关器的像移测量试验系统。阐述了该方法的数学原理,面阵CCD的安装位置以及输入图像序列的获取方法。根据相关参数确定了试验系统的傅里叶透镜结构和参数,最终设计了试验系统。应用线性插值和像元合并方法获得具有亚像元像移的图像果表明,像移测量的精度不随景物的内容而变化,测量得到的像移误差均方根值<0.2pixel。     

高精度光电混合联合变换相关的亚像元像移测量

为更精确测量出卫星遥感相机因姿态变化和振动等原因引起的亚像素像移,提出了基于光电混合联合变换相关的像移测量方法。该方法通过对采集到的图像序列做光学相关运算,并对联合功率谱做拉普拉斯变换,得到尖锐的相关峰,再用质心法获取相关峰的坐标信息,从而测得更精确的图像像移值。阐述了基于光电混合联合变换相关的图像像移测量原理,搭建了相应的光学实验装置。实验结果表明,该方法的像移测量误差低至0.03 pixel,大大提高了图像像移的测量精度。     

光速处理的高精度光电混合相关探测图像运动位移

为测量航天遥感相机因姿态不稳定以及各种扰动引起的图像运动,提出了基于光速处理的高精度光电混合相关探测测量方法.利用高速CCD和主CCD对同一目标进行成像,在曝光时间内高速CCD获取序列图像,利用联合变换相关器对所采集的图像序列进行光学运算,测量出相邻序列图像的运动位移.阐述了光学相关方法测量图像运动的原理,并模拟分析了噪声和不同运动条件下的测量精度.建立了相应的测量像移的实验系统,实验数字模拟及实验结果都证实了该方法的有效性,测量精度优于0.1像元,满足卫星遥感相机的使用要求.     

离焦对光学相关法测量空间相机像移精度的影响

为了研究使用联合变换相关器(JTC)测量空间相机的亚像元像移时CCD离焦对像移测量精度的影响,基于菲涅耳衍射理论,推导了离焦引起的二次相位因子。分别通过计算机仿真和实验,研究了对JTC使用功率谱相减并以0值为门限二值化的处理方法时,离焦对像移测量精度的影响程度。结果表明,当离焦量小于透镜焦距的5%时,由此引起的像移测量误差不大于10%,具有较好的稳健性;继续增加离焦量,则像移测量误差会呈非线性显著增加。研究结果为解决空间相机像移的在轨准确测量问题提供了有益的探索和参考。     

低曝光条件下遥感相机微振动量检测

针对搭载平台颤振对遥感相机成像的影响,利用辅助高速面阵CCD相机拍摄高帧频图像序列,通过像元合并来补偿曝光时间不足,增加图像的亮度、对比度和信噪比,同时结合一种区域选择算法来选择用于计算的图像区域,最后使用灰度投影算法对振动位移量进行估计.实验数据表明,提出的改进算法误差为一个像元,在准确性和稳定性方面均明显优于原始算法.     

帘幕式CMOS全局曝光成像技术

为了消除面阵CMOS航空相机高速成像时帘幕快门效应对成像质量的影响,分析了CMOS成像原理,开展了基于高速中心式机械快门与面阵CMOS图像传感器协同工作的全局曝光成像模式研究.建立了该成像模式下的航空高分辨率成像系统的信噪比模型与前向像移模型,并基于信噪比模型与前向像移模型论证存在合理的曝光时间参数.设计了体积小、质量轻、电驱动、曝光时间可准确控制的高速中心式机械快门,最短曝光时间可达1/2 000s,快门效率最高达80%.对采用自主研发的国产CMOS图像传感器的航空摄影相机参数进行验证计算,并进行直升机载人带飞拍摄实验.影像结果表明:该成像模式曝光时间参数论证正确,影像无拉伸、扭曲及拖尾现象,相机动态传递函数为0.21(奈奎斯特截止频率处),能够满足实际应用需求.     

基于空间相机时间延迟积分传感器拼接区图像的像移测量

为了对由飞船姿态不稳或隔振装置的振动抑制残余量等因素产生的宽频带像移进行测量,提出了基于时间延迟积分(TDI)传感器拼接区所成图像的像移测量方法。定义了偏移系数,用以衡量成像期间像移速度与TDI传感器积分时间之间的失配度,以调制传递函数(MTF)为相机成像质量评价指标,分析了失配度与成像质量之间的关系,确定了满足成像质量的像移测量方法的精度范围;利用两片TDI传感器拼接区所拍图像存在相同内容、拍摄时刻不同的特点,阐述了基于TDI传感器拼接区图像的像移测量原理。实验结果表明测量精度达到0.2377pixel,测量频带达到228Hz,证明该方法能够对宽频带、高精度的像移进行有效测量。     

Image improvement based on sub-pixel post-integration for a staring imaging system in geostationary orbit

This paper proposes the post-integration technology based on sub-pixel image registration and image fusion to improve the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） of remote sensing images without motion degradation caused by satellite vibration. A two-dimensional vibration system is set up to simulate satellite disturbance. Image sequences with different exposure times are captured using a high-speed CMOS camera. The displacement plots are compared with the motion data measured by the grating linear encoder. These plots indicate that the accuracy of the registration algorithm is better than 0.1 pixels. The sub-pixel image fusion shows an improvement in image quality, thus indicating that this technology is powerful for staring imaging systems in geostationary orbit.     

高速摄影测量技术在飞机外挂物投放运动分析中的应用

本文叙述了某新型飞机在设计研制过程中,需要对翼下挂架投放机构进行运动分析的课题,利用高速摄影测量技术进行全过程的实测分析。文章叙述了摄影测试的原理、方法。着重讨论了摄影测量中一向被人们所忽视的场地测量与校验。认为等待型摄影测量中,摄影比例尺的精度除与所用设备的精度有关外,还与场地测量精度有关。在动态摄影测量中,测试方法、测量场地布置与控制点的建立,以及时间量的正确量测,对摄影测试精度有很大影响。     

Design and performance evaluation of the imaging payload for a remote sensing satellite

In this paper an analysis method and corresponding analytical tools for design of the experimental imaging payload (IMPL) of a remote sensing satellite (SINA-1) are presented. We begin with top-level customer system performance requirements and constraints and derive the critical system and component parameters, then analyze imaging payload performance until a preliminary design that meets customer requirements. We consider system parameters and components composing the image chain for imaging payload system which includes aperture, focal length, field of view, image plane dimensions, pixel dimensions, detection quantum efficiency, and optical filter requirements. The performance analysis is accomplished by calculating the imaging payload's SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), and imaging resolution. The noise components include photon noise due to signal scene and atmospheric background, cold shield, out-of-band optical filter leakage and electronic noise. System resolution is simulated through cascaded modulation transfer functions (MTFs) and includes effects due to optics, image sampling, and system motion. Calculations results for the SINA-1 satellite are also presented.     

Velocity estimation of an airplane through a single satellite image

The motion information of a moving target can be recorded in a single image by a push-broom satellite.A push-broom satellite image is composed of many image lines sensed at different time instants.A method to estimate the velocity of a flying airplane from a single image based on the imagery model of the linear push-broom sensor is proposed.Some key points on the high-resolution image of the plane are chosen to determine the velocity（speed and direction）.The performance of the method is tested and verified by experiments using a WorldView-1 image.     

光电系统对空间目标探测能力综合评估方法

对空间目标实际探测过程中,光电系统的探测能力不仅与其可探测信噪比有关,还与其所成图像的质量有关,即空间分辨能力有关。针对现有光电系统探测能力分析不足,提出了一种基于调制传递函数下的信噪比探测模型(MSNR),给出了基于MSNR下的系统极限探测能力综合评估方法,实现可定量分析大气、像差、目标运动等对系统探测能力的影响;利用实测数据完成对MSNR模型的完善,对不同条件下光电系统的极限探测能力进行了仿真,仿真结果表明:大气条件、系统像差、目标运动等条件对系统的探测能力影响明显,目标运动导致探测能力降低近1.0等星;该方法实现定量对光电系统的探测能力进行综合评估,可为系统优化设计与实际工作开展提供一定的科学依据。     

运动与离焦模糊图像的复原

在运动和离焦所引起的图像模糊的情况中,本文提出了一种新的基于霍夫变换区分离焦模糊和运动模糊两类模糊的方法.该方法通过比较霍夫变换矩阵中的亮点数来区分两类模糊,不仅正确率达到100%,而且抗干扰性能好;其次通过对运动模糊图像做两次方向微分,估计其模糊方向,提高了模糊方向的估计准确度;最后利用改进的Prewiit算子和费米函数计算模糊图像的刃边函数,进而得到图像的调制传递函数,再利用维纳滤波复原图像.实验结果表明:本文算法不仅具有有效性和强抗噪音能力,而且对图像的信噪比要求可以低到20 dB;与传统算法相比,提高了图像的复原质量.     

A novel optimization method of camera parameters used for vision measurement

Camera calibration plays an important role in the field of machine vision applications. During the process of camera calibration, nonlinear optimization technique is crucial to obtain the best performance of camera parameters. Currently, the existing optimization method aims at minimizing the distance error between the detected image point and the calculated back-projected image point, based on 2D image pixels coordinate. However, the vision measurement process is conducted in 3D space while the optimization method generally adopted is carried out in 2D image plane. Moreover, the error criterion with respect to optimization and measurement is different. In other words, the equal pixel distance error in 2D image plane leads to diverse 3D metric distance error at different position before the camera. All the reasons mentioned above will cause accuracy decrease for 3D vision measurement. To solve the problem, a novel optimization method of camera parameters used for vision measurement is proposed. The presented method is devoted to minimizing the metric distance error between the calculated point and the real point in 3D measurement coordinate system. Comparatively, the initial camera parameters acquired through linear calibration are optimized through two different methods: one is the conventional method and the other is the novel method presented by this paper. Also, the calibration accuracy and measurement accuracy of the parameters obtained by the two methods are thoroughly analyzed and the choice of a suitable accuracy evaluation method is discussed. Simulative and real experiments to estimate the performance of the proposed method on test data are reported, and the results show that the proposed 3D optimization method is quite efficient to improve measurement accuracy compared with traditional method. It can meet the practical requirement of high precision in 3D vision metrology engineering.