铅稳定同位素在环境污染示踪中的应用和进展

从国内外大量研究实例出发,论述了铅同位素示踪在环境污染研究中的应用和进展。包括大气降尘、水系沉积物、土壤—植物体系这三个方面的相关理论以及最新的研究成果,并得出了不同研究对象中铅污染的来源、迁移以及富集的一些规律。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水泥样品中的铅同位素比值

研究和讨论了用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP—MS)测定铅的同位素比值测定时，影响测试结果的准确度和精密度的主要因素及其优化过程。在优化后的仪器分析条件下，测定5μg/L的NIST SRM981自然丰度铅同位素标准溶液的各对铅同位素比值，获得的^207Pb／^206Pb分析精度可优于0．1％。在该条件下测定了14个不同的水泥粉样品中的铅同位素比值，结果显示：铅的同位素比值分析技术可以用来示踪环境监测样品的铅污染源。     

成都市土壤-植物系统铅污染状况初步研究

为研究成都市土壤-植物系统铅污染状况，分析了成都市五种蔬菜及其根系土的铅含量。结果表明，土壤铅含量变化范围61．0～115．0mg/kg，均值为77．3mg/kg，所有样品含量均超过成都市土壤环境背景值，以城东和城南污染最为严重；蔬菜中铅含量以莴笋叶最高，萝卜最低，叶菜类高于瓜果类；蔬菜污染严重区与土壤污染区差别明显，说明土壤铅和植物铅污染源不同。     

土壤及其他背景样品中铅同位素比值的测定方法

为给铅同位素示踪技术在判别土壤、大气、水体和人体中铅与相关重金属污染来源,区别汽车尾气铅污染和工业铅污染等方面的应用提供科学依据。通过大量的对比条件实验,拟出了土壤、煤、汽车尾气和气溶胶样品中铅同位素比值的测定方法。利用这三个流程分别测定了采自杭州茶园的土壤及茶园附近的煤、汽车尾气和气溶胶样品的铅同位素比值,其中207Pb/206Pb的精度(2σ)均优于±0.03%。重复样误差优于±0.05%2。08Pb强度一般均在1V以上,有的高达8 V以上。监控分析流程的国际标准物质NBS981的207Pb/206Pb为0.91449±0.00004。全流程本底铅为10-8数量级。     

汽油中痕量铅的电感耦合等离子体质谱法同位素比值分析

为建立汽油中痕量铅的等离子体质谱的同位素比值分析方法,考察使用了不同的样品处理手段处理汽油样品。结果表明,V(HNO3) V(H2O)=1 10体系萃取汽油,为汽油中同位素比值分析的最佳方法,其操作安全简单,方便快速,且灵敏度高,从而有效保证同位素比值分析的精确度。利用等离子体质谱仪对汽油中痕量铅的实际含量进行了分析,为配合城市大气铅污染来源调查工作提供了一种极为快速简捷、安全有效的手段。     

铅污染与儿童健康

综述了环境铅污染与儿童健康的关系,包括：儿童铅中毒的原因,铅对儿童健康的危害和儿童铅污染的防治等,主要参考文献７篇。     

铅元素对人体的危害及防治

铅元素对人体多种组织和器官都会产生危害.本文从生活环境中铅污染的途径、对人体的毒性作用、防治方法进行了概述,以引起人们对铅污染的重视,加强防治意识.     

环境铅接触对健康的影响

环境中的铅污染已成为严重的问题。从铅的性质和存在。环境铅的接触，铅对人体健康的影响，铅中毒的治疗和预防进行了综述。并提出今后仍需进一步加强环境中的铅研究工作。寻求解决铅污染的新途径和新方法。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱测定地质样品中Pb同位素比值

铅有 4个天然的同位素 ,由于放射衰变、宇宙的辐射及人类的活动 ,使 2 0 6Pb/2 0 4 Pb,2 0 7Pb/2 0 4 Pb及2 0 8Pb/2 0 4 Pb值在自然界中呈现相应的变化 ,而这种变化使得铅同位素成为一种有效的示踪手段和地质年代学研究的工具 ,同时在环境质量监控、放射性污染追踪及人类社会的变迁等方面有着广泛应用 .热电离质谱 (TIMS)分析技术对于大多数的同位素比值测定具有极高的精密度和准确度 ,但对于铅的测定由于难以获得一个高度浓缩且稳定不变的同位素作为内标进行质量偏移校正 [1] ,使其测定的准确度受到影响 .Rehkamper等 [2 ,3 ] 研究了…     

海产品铅污染状况以及铅的生物有效性研究进展

近海环境铅污染日益严重,就近期海产品铅污染状况及铅的生物有效性方面的研究进展做一综述。     

成都城区近地表大气尘源解析研究

运用因子分析法对成都城区近地表大气尘(NGD)的来源进行了解析,得到的主要排放源有:建筑尘、冶金尘、植物焚烧尘、煤烟尘(含土壤尘)、交通尾气尘、颜料涂料排放尘和城市垃圾尘。运用受体模型的化学质量平衡法对成都城区NGD的来源进行了解析,各排放源的贡献率分别是:土壤尘11.4%,建筑尘12.4%,煤烟尘5.8%,冶金尘11.2%,城市综合尘59.3%。     

丽水市地表水体铅污染的控制对策与成效

通过多点的普监和连续的定点跟踪监测,明确了丽水市地表水体铅污染的基本状况和主要污染源,提出了相应的对策措施,取得了显著的控制成效,为区域水环境治理提供了参考依据.     

巢湖主要入湖河道磷的污染现状

为了解巢湖主要入湖河道中总磷的污染状况,进行了为期三年每月一次的污染调查,十五里河、南淝河、双桥河,污染较重,超出了(GH281-1999)《地表水环境质量标准》的V娄标准。污染主要来自工业废水、生活污水、和农业面源。认为只有开展农业面源污染治理,城市环境综合整治,城市环境综合整治,加强和削减农业化肥的使用量,使得入湖河道水质变好,巢湖的富营养化才能得到控制。     

Application of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis in Environmental Forensic and Strategic Management Avenue for Pesticide Residues

Unintended pesticide pollution in soil, crops, and adjacent environments has caused several issues for both pesticide users and consumers. For users, pesticides utilized should provide higher yield and lower persistence while considering both the environment and agricultural products. Most people are concerned that agricultural products expose humans to pesticides accumulating in vegetation. Thus, many countries have guidelines for assessing and managing pesticide pollution, for farming in diverse environments, as all life forms in soil are untargeted to these pesticides. The stable isotope approach has been a useful technique to find the source of organic matter in studies relating to aquatic ecology and environmental sciences since the 1980s. In this study, we discuss commonly used analytical methods using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, as well as the advanced compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). CSIA applications are discussed for tracing organic pollutants and understanding chemical reactions (mechanisms) in natural environments. It shows great applicability for the issues on unintended pesticide pollution in several environments with the progress history of isotope application in agricultural and environmental studies. We also suggest future study directions based on the forensic applications of stable isotope analysis to trace pesticides in the environment and crops.     

Using and interpreting isotope data for source identification

Isotopes have been widely used for source identification since the early twentieth century. Recent advances in analytical techniques have increased the precision and the accuracy of isotope analysis. As a result, the use of isotopes has spread to several fields (e.g., ecology, food chemistry, archaeology, environmental health and pollution, and forensic sciences).This review examines the principal uses of stable-isotope analyses for tracing origins or sources, along with statistical methods employed for data interpretation, in recent papers (2007-09) dealing essentially with food authentication, ecology, environmental pollution and other applications, including geology, police forensics, hydrology and archaeometry. The main elements analyzed were H, C, N, O, S, Sr and Pb.For isotope-data interpretation, statistical methods appear to depend essentially on the field, the objectives of the study and the number of parameters. They were not often stated explicitly because the studies were exploratory and aimed primarily at assessing the relevance of the analytical techniques used to identify sources. We critically discuss the adequacy of these methods.     

成都市工业区大气环境污染状况研究

以成都东郊工业区为例,采集气溶胶样品用中子活化分析测定了24种元素的含量,将分析结果与京津地区、广州地区进行比较,并用气溶胶中元素含量的均值做了富集因子分析。结果表明,该区的气溶胶污染与煤炭燃烧等有关。     

土壤环境中铅的化学

论述了环境中铅的背景值、来源、污染、质量标准、化学循环以及环境中铅的烷基化，为铅污染治理提供理论依据。     

不同赋存形态土壤铅同位素比值用于判别地域性差异的研究

由于各地区地质结构不同,造成了铅同位素组成具有地域特征。本研究利用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定了福建不同茶园土壤的铅同位素比值,比较了土壤全消解和残渣态两种赋存形态的铅同位素比值的差异,发现残渣态的铅的地域性特征较强,可用来作为地区土壤的判别依据。     

Peculiarities of rare-earth-element distribution in environmental objects

The effect of the production of phosphorus fertilizers on the pollution of the environment by rare-earth elements is reviewed. The main sources of rare-earth element pollution in the environment are described. The levels of REEs in components of the environment — atmosphere, snow, different types of soil, native and agricultural types of vegetation — that provide evidence for their participation in the biological cycle of plants are considered. The high values of the correlation coefficients lead one to think that the REE distribution in vegetation occurs under specific laws true for this family of elements.