成都市近地表大气尘元素地球化学分区研究

将成都市近地表大气尘通过多元统计的方法进行功能分区,可分为商业和居民生活区、三环路环带区域、东郊工业区、黄田坝和琉璃场工业区4个区域。源解析结果显示,商业和居民生活区的主要污染源是交通扬尘和城市生活垃圾尘;三环路环带区域近地表大气尘尘源是土壤风沙、燃煤、燃油和冶金;东郊的主要尘源是冶金和燃煤;黄田坝和琉璃场工业区近地表大气尘的主要排放源是冶金尘、污水和土壤。     

南充市表层土壤中多环芳烃的源解析研究

运用同分异构体比率、聚类分析法和主成分因子载荷法对南充市表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染源进行了定性和定量分析。研究表明:同分异构体比率分析揭示表层土壤中PAHs污染来源以燃烧源为主;聚类分析将土壤中13种PAHs组分分成3个主群,3个主群分别指示为交通类PAHs污染、煤燃烧类PAHs污染和混合类PAHs污染。主成分因子/多元线性回归分析显示,PAHs主要来源于3大污染源,并定量计算了3种源的贡献量,其中交通燃油污染的贡献率最大(占42.4%),而燃煤燃烧排放、混合污染所占比例分别为32.4%和25.2%。     

铅同位素在示踪城市环境污染源研究中的应用

在分析铅同位素示踪环境铅污染源理论的基础上,以成都市为例,对成都市城市环境（土壤、大气降尘、主要水系沉积物）铅污染的主要来源进行了研究.结果表明,成都市城市环境污染主要来自于燃煤扬尘和汽车尾气排放.铅同位素示踪理论应用于城市环境污染源的研究,能够取得比较理想的结果.     

基于ICP-MS和机器学习的土壤物证溯源研究

土壤是犯罪现场最常出现的物证,对现场土壤进行地理溯源能够为认定犯罪事实提供有力证据。本研究收集了来自五座城市、20个取样点的土壤样本,用ICP-MS测定了样本中钠(Na)、铝(Al)、钙(~(43)Ca、~(44)Ca)、铬(Cr)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、银(Ag)、镉(Cd)、钡(Ba)和铅(~(206)Pb、~(207)Pb、~(208)Pb)18种元素及同位素的含量,使用机器学习方法对土壤来源进行区分,SVM的识别准确率可达99%。依据元素与人类活动的相关性,又筛选出8种重金属元素作为特征,对土壤城市来源进行识别,其中SVM识别准确率为100%,贝叶斯模型识别准确率为97%。结果表明基于ICP-MS多元素测定和机器学习方法能够实现对土壤来源的准确识别。     

非传统稳定同位素在土壤重金属源解析方面的应用

随着工业发展,土壤中累积的重金属对人类产生健康威胁。在全面评估土壤重金属污染的情况下,通过非传统稳定同位素测量可以对其来源进行有效解析。鉴于这一新兴领域的快速发展,对非传统稳定同位素在土壤重金属源解析中的作用进行了阐述。在此基础上,提出了现有的问题和展望,为土壤重金属污染源解析理论、技术的研究与应用提供借鉴,推进土壤重金属污染防控的建立与完善。     

土壤重金属污染来源及其解析研究进展

土壤重金属污染问题是环境和土壤科学研究者关注的热点问题。对土壤重金属污染物来源的鉴别是准确、有效控制和治理污染源的前提。根据近年来国内外对土壤重金属污染的相关研究报道,综述了土壤中污染物的工业、农业和交通因子三大主要来源,重点阐述了目前解析土壤重金属污染来源所运用的化学形态研究、剖面分布、同位素示踪、空间分析和多元统计等方法,并就存在的问题和今后的研究重点进行了总结。     

研究人员提出华北平原氧化亚氮减排新举措

据悉,中科院成都山地所蔡延江博士采用静态箱-气相色谱法,在河南省封丘县对不同施肥制度下玉米-小麦轮作体系的氧化亚氮排放进行了观测研究。结果显示,将一半有机肥与一半无机肥氮配施,能有效降低我国华北平原农田土壤氧化亚氮的排放。相关成果发表在《大气环境》杂志上。据了解,氧化亚氮是排在二氧化碳、甲烷之后的第三大温室气体,其单分子增温潜势是二氧化碳的298倍,其中农业生产及氮肥施用是氧化亚氮的重要排放源。过量施用氮肥导致的温室气体排放,已成为我国乃至全球农业可持续发展的严重威胁。此次研究人员通过对比长期定位试验地内不施肥(CK)与有机肥(OM)、有机肥氮和化肥氮各半     

微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷测定方法研究

农业面源氮磷污染是当前地表水体污染主要来源,而土壤有效态氮磷测试大都依赖于流动分析仪在实验室完成,无法满足个性化土壤有效态氮磷现场测定需求。建立了一种微流池多光程的土壤有效态氮磷测定技术,通过柔性化参数设置,实现不同土壤有效态氮磷测试规范和现场测试。以广东省韶关市农业科学研究所和北京市农林科学院提供的26个样品为例进行有效态铵态氮、硝态氮和磷测定验证。实验结果表明,微流池多光程土壤有效态氮磷测定方法中有效态铵态氮、硝态氮和磷的检出限(LOD)分别为0.0086、0.0094和0.0078 mg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.80%、5.7%和0.90%,加标回收率在92.0%~103%,平均单样品测试时间6 min。测试过程自动化,极大地提升了土壤有效态氮磷测定效率和测试结果准确性,为农业面源污染防治提供技术支撑。     

北京地区有机物种人为源排放量及O3生成潜势估算

在华北地区总VOCs排放清单的基础上,通过调研国、内外VOCs主要人为污染源排放源谱,计算了北京市各行业、各区县88个VOCs物种的排放量,发展了北京市2003年和2006年VOCs物种排放清单,并估算了北京地区VOCs排放的O3生成潜势.结果显示:北京市2003年和2006年人为源向大气排放VOCs总量分别为34.6×104t和55.0×104t,VOCs排放总OFP值分别为131.9×104t和209.5×104t;对北京地区O3生成潜势贡献最大的前10个VOCs物种依次为乙烯、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、1-丁烯、异戊烷、反-2-丁烯、丙烯、顺-2-丁烯、邻-二甲苯和乙炔,这10个物种的累计排放量占VOCs排放总量的60%左右,但对总OFP值的贡献率接近80%;北京城区是VOCs排放的高值区,同时也是O3生成潜势最大的区域;降低交通排放、溶剂挥发及油品挥发排放是降低北京地区VOCs排放、控制O3生成的有效途径.     

“全国第四届仪器分析及样品预处理学术研讨会”征文通知

2000年5月在成都召开“仪器分析及样品预处理学术研讨会议”:1　征文内容:(1)生命科学领域,如医学、临床检验、中药、西药及生物样品的分析。(2)环境科学,水质检查、大气、废水、土壤、沉积物等。(3)卫生防疫,地方病、流行病的监测及各种污源的管理。(4)食品科学,粮食制品...     

Source Apportionment of Ambient PM10 in the Urban Area of Longyan City,China: a Comparative Study Based on Chemical Mass Balance Model and Factor Analysis Method

In order to identify the day and night pollution sources of PM10 in ambient air in Longyan City,the authors analyzed the elemental composition of respirable particulate matters in the day and night amb...     

某冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染评价分析及源解析研究

有色金属矿产资源采选冶活动造成的土壤重金属污染已成为严重的环境问题。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法和光谱法测定某冶炼厂周边不同区域内土壤中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Ni、Cr、Cd、Hg元素含量,采用Kriging空间插值方法对重金属空间分布特征进行分析,采用内梅罗指数法对其污染状况进行评价,采用多元统计分析对重金属元素的污染源进行分析。结果表明,研究区土壤采样点80%处于污染状态,且以重度污染为主,污染比较严重的区域受风向影响在冶炼厂的西部和南部方向,污染严重的重金属元素为Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn和As,土壤中各重金属元素的污染源除来自于冶炼厂外,Zn-Cd-PbCu-As、Ni-Cr、Hg分别还受到机动车辆排放、自然因素、燃煤及农药使用的影响。     

INAA in Combination with Other Analytical Techniques in the Study of Urban Aerosol Sources

Concentrations of elements in fine and coarse PM10 samples collected in Ho Chi Minh City were determined by INAA for the purpose of characterising air pollution sources using multivariate receptor modeling techniques. Seven sources common to coarse and fine samples were identified. Resuspended soil dust is dominant in the coarse samples accounting for 41% of the particulate mass. In the fine samples, vehicle emissions and coal burning are most important accounting for about 20% each. Although a great number of elements were included in the input data for receptor modeling, the interpretation of emission sources was not always straightforward. Information on other source markers were needed. Therefore, a polarography method was used for quantifying lead, and recently, ion chromatography method became available for quantifying secondary sulphates, nitrates and other water soluble ions.     

A study of the chemical forms or species of manganese found in coal fly ash and soil

The chemical speciation of manganese of environmental and toxicological interest was undertaken in coal fly ash and soil. Hard coal used in combustion creates considerable quantities of waste ash. The greatest quantities of industrial ashes are stored in the form of waste-heaps, which create a serious problem as the source of inorganic pollution. It is necessary to identify physical and chemical properties of ash, especially when analyzing the pollution of soil by trace metals, which are potentially mobile in environment. In this work, a new analytical method has been developed and used successfully for identification and determination of chemical forms of manganese in coal fly ash and soil. The basic chemical forms of metals contained in the environmental samples (fly ash and soil) can be described by using sequential extraction method. To identify Mn ions, the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method was used by means of comparative analysis of spectrophotometric spectra of appropriate Mn ions in the standard solutions and solutions obtained after extraction. The concentration of manganese in all solutions was determined by the Flame Atomic Absorption method. The experimental approach and analytical method developed in this study appear adequate for this purpose and can therefore be used for similar research.     

成都市三环地区地基土壤氡含量测量

对成都市三环地区地基土壤中氡含量进行了检测,掌握了区域性氡含量的分布状况,探讨了整个成都市待建地坪基础中的放射性水平,并佐以对成都市地质构造的浅析,为今后城市化进程中的新建、扩建建筑的地下防氡设计提供依据,以最终提升市民的生活环境质量。     

Geostatistical and multivariate statistical analysis of heavily and manifoldly contaminated soil samples

The surroundings of the former Kremikovtzi steel mill near Sofia (Bulgaria) are influenced by various emissions from the factory. In addition to steel and alloys, they produce different products based on inorganic compounds in different smelters. Soil in this region is multiply contaminated. We collected 65 soil samples and analyzed 15 elements by different methods of atomic spectroscopy for a survey of this field site. Here we present a novel hybrid approach for environmental risk assessment of polluted soil combining geostatistical methods and source apportionment modeling. We could distinguish areas with heavily and slightly polluted soils in the vicinity of the iron smelter by applying unsupervised pattern recognition methods. This result was supported by geostatistical methods such as semivariogram analysis and kriging. The modes of action of the metals examined differ significantly in such a way that iron and lead account for the main pollutants of the iron smelter, whereas, e.g., arsenic shows a haphazard distribution. The application of factor analysis and source-apportionment modeling on absolute principal component scores revealed novel information about the composition of the emissions from the different stacks. It is possible to estimate the impact of every element examined on the pollution due to their emission source. This investigation allows an objective assessment of the different spatial distributions of the elements examined in the soil of the Kremikovtzi region. The geostatistical analysis illustrates this distribution and is supported by multivariate statistical analysis revealing relations between the elements.     

Levels, risk assessment and sources of PM10 fraction heavy metals in four types dust from a coal-based city

The concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb in PM₁₀ fraction of four types of dust in a coal-based city, Fushun were detected by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Results showed that most of the average concentrations for 11 metals in dust were higher than Chinese soil background values, especially for Cu, Zn, Hg, Cd and Pb with higher pollution index values. The re-suspended dust from residential and school building surfaces showed middle and high level of pollution by geoaccumulation index assessment which should raise attention as their potential health risk to local residenter and students. Six hotspots were found from spatial distribution analysis, locating at the northeast corner, central area close to mines, southwest area adjacent to an expressway, northeast area close to power plants, the city center and the industrial district reflecting the influence of agricultural activities, mining activities, vehicle emission, coal combustion and industrial activities. Correlation and principal component analysis showed accordant results indicating that vehicle emission, industrial activities, coal combustion and crustal materials were the main sources for heavy metals in PM₁₀ fraction of fugitive dust in Fushun.     

成都市工业区大气环境污染状况研究

以成都东郊工业区为例,采集气溶胶样品用中子活化分析测定了24种元素的含量,将分析结果与京津地区、广州地区进行比较,并用气溶胶中元素含量的均值做了富集因子分析。结果表明,该区的气溶胶污染与煤炭燃烧等有关。