酚类在芳烃溶剂中的缔合溶液热力学

用凝固点降低法测量了对甲酚、间甲酚、邻甲酚、2,4-二甲酚、2,6-二甲酚以及对甲酚+间甲酚、对甲酚+邻甲酚、间甲酚+邻甲酚、2,4-二甲酚+2,6-二甲酚的1:1摩尔比混合物等为溶质, 溶剂为苯或对二甲苯的活度系数, 用Wiehe-Bagley型的连续缔合模型对数据进行了处理, 得到了各种酚的自缔合常效K_A. 在同一溶剂中, K_A依下列顺序减小: 对甲酚>间甲酚>邻甲酚; 2,4-二甲酚>2,6-二甲酚. 各混合酚的表观K_A 介于两种纯酚的K_A之间.     

N-甲基苯胺、二苯胺与质子受体相互作用的研究

测量了N-甲基苯胺、二苯胺与一些极性非质子溶剂（B）在CCl_4中的红外光谱，观察到这两种劳胺均与所研究的质子受体发生了氢键交叉缔合作用，并利用光谱数据计算了相应缔合物的形成常数和部分氢键能．结果表明，二苯胺是比N-甲基苯胺更强的质子供体，非质子溶剂的极性、空间效应和不同成键原子对交叉缔合物的稳定性均有一定的影响．还从分子结构对有关结果进行了讨论.     

醇类在芳烃溶剂中的缔合溶液热力学

用凝固点降低法测量了在C1-C4醇类的各异构物分别存在下, 苯和对二甲苯溶剂的活度系数γB。用Wiehe-Bagley(WB)模型对数据进行了处理, 得到各醇的自缔合常数KA及无限稀活度系数γA。在同一溶剂中, KA依下列顺序减小: 甲醇>乙醇>正丙醇>正丁醇; 正丙醇>异丙醇; 正丁醇>异丁醇>叔丁醇≥仲丁醇。各醇在对二甲苯中的KA均大于相应的在苯中的KA。     

红外光谱法研究胺与几种溶质的缔合性质

室温下在3800—3000 cm~(-1)内测定了苯脓、N-甲基苯胺与正庚烷、四氯化碳、苯和甲苯二元混合稀溶液的红外光谱, 考察了溶剂对溶质特征红外光谱的影响。测定了苯胺、N-甲基苯胺与吡啶在四氯化碳中作用的红外光谱, 以及苯胺、N-甲基苯胺、三乙胺、三丁胺和吡啶与乙醇在四氯化碳中作用的红外光谱, 计算了相应的交叉缔合常数, 对不同种分子间的相互作用进行了探讨。几种含氮分子与乙醇缔合时, 给予电子的能力按以下次序递增: 苯胺～N-甲基苯胺<三丁胺<吡啶<三乙胺。此外, 还对乙醇+吡啶+氯仿三元体系的特征红外光谱随溶剂比例的变化进行了分析讨论。     

极性非质子溶剂与甲醇或1,2-二氯乙烷的汽液平衡

使用双沸点仪测定了丙酮、乙酸乙酯、对二氧六环、乙腈或三乙胺与甲醇或1,2→二氯乙烷以及二者混合物等十一组二元体系在99.3 kPa下的汽液平衡数据(T,x,p), 计算了有关体系的过量吉布斯自由能。结果表明, 六种非质子溶剂与甲醇组成的二元系GE>0; 乙腈或三乙胺与1,2-二氯乙烷组成的二元系GE>0, 而丙酮、乙酸乙酯或对二氧六环与1,2-二氯乙烷的二元混合物GE<0。从同种分子间或不同种分子间的缔合作用对上述结果进行了讨论。本文还在固定极性非质子溶剂(第三组分)物质的量浓度的条件下, 测定了非质子溶剂+1,2-二氯乙烷+甲醇三元混合物的汽液平衡数据, 考察了非质子溶剂的加入对甲醇+1,2-二氯乙烷二元系GE的影响。     

复杂缔合体系NMA-H2O的1H NMR研究

N-甲基乙酰胺(NMA)是最简单的肽键模型分子,广泛地被用来研究氢键相互作用.采用外标法测量了不同温度下NMA-H₂O缔合体系的¹H NMR数据,通过磁化率校正得到了混合物的准确化学位移数据.然后用量子化学计算的结果确定体系的缔合形式,运用化学缔合理论建立模型,对模型进行降维,减少模型参数;再采用最小二乘法,联合遗传算法(GA)和Levenberg-Marquardt算法对模型参数进行全局寻优,求解得到了缔合平衡常数和缔合平衡的ΔH和ΔS.此外,还采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了NMA-H₂O的几种主要缔合形式在298 K的ΔH,计算结果与化学缔合模型得到的结果和文献吻合较好.     

纳升电喷雾-离子迁移谱及其与高效液相色谱的联用

搭建了一套纳升级电喷雾-离子源离子迁移谱仪。首先,分别对尾吹气流速、溶剂流速等影响仪器去溶剂化效果的参数进行了研究和优化。在此基础上,用一系列胺类化合物对该仪器的去溶剂化效果、分辨能力以及灵敏度进行了表征。实验结果表明,该仪器能够对电喷雾离子液滴实现完全去溶剂化;三辛胺的检出限可以达到10 μg/L。最后,将该仪器用作高效液相色谱的检测器,在无需衍生化的条件下对胺类混合物样品进行检测。由三乙胺、二乙胺以及丁胺组成的混合样品被成功分离并测定。该系统对三乙胺、二乙胺以及丁胺的线性响应范围均达到近两个数量级。     

两性聚电解质溶液的分子热力学模型和分子动力学模拟

从带电硬球混合物出发采用化学缔合理论建立了聚电解质和两性聚电解质溶液的分子热力学模型.用考虑溶剂的粘滞力和热浴随机力作用的分子动力学(MD)方法模拟了聚电解质和两性聚电解质溶液的渗透系数.对模型预测结果和MD模拟结果进行了比较,表明基于化学缔合理论的分子热力学模型可以用于聚电解质溶液和两性聚电解质溶液热力学性质的预测,对于均聚电解质溶液效果令人满意,对由直径不同的离子构成的聚电解质溶液,模型的预测效果变差,有待进一步改进.该模型对两性聚电解质溶液渗透系数的预测效果比对聚电解质溶液的预测效果更好.     

改进的缔合物模型优化模拟KCl-MgCl2,KCl-FeCl2熔盐体系

改进的缔合物模型中缔合平衡的求解过程被简化,使其能够同时优化更广范围的热力学数据,包括量热、emf和相图等等数据,将其应用于KCl-MgCl2和KCl-FeCl2熔盐体系,从已有的热力学数据优化出合理的溶液模型参数,由该模型推算溶液的热力学性质,结果显示改进的缔合物模型能够很好地描述熔盐体系的非理想性质.     

全国化工标准物质委员会标准物质研究开发中心

<正>差示扫描量热仪温度检定/校准用系列标准物质[GBW(E)130174-130177]该系列国家标准物质由正辛烷、正十八烷、硫酸银、石英砂组成。采用高精度凝固点测量装置和相变温度测量装置定值。除能用于差示扫描量热仪(DSC)在-57℃、28℃、426℃及573℃区域的温度校准或检定外,还可用于热机械分析仪     

某些单体-单体、单体-二聚体体系的活度系数

用气液色谱法测定了苯在二苯醚、联苄、二苄醚、二苯甲烷、二苯乙炔、二苯甲酮、联苯、二苯胺、α-甲基萘、α-氯萘、α-溴萘、氮萘、α-硝基萘、α-萘胺等十四种溶剂中的无限稀活度系数;用单体-二聚体的溶液模型对以上体系进行活度系数的计算,计算值与实验值接近。 用气液色谱法测定了甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯等五种溶质在环丁砜、二甲基环丁砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮,5,N-二甲基吡咯烷酮等四种溶剂中的无限稀活度系数;用单体-单体的溶液模型计算溶剂的“溶解度参数”,计算得各溶剂的“溶解度参数”分别为一常数。     

Samplers for VOCs in air based on cyclodextrin-silica hybrid microporous solid phases

Samplers for VOCs in air based on cyclodextrin-silica hybrid microporous solid phases are proposed. The solid phase preparation is very easy and inexpensive. Proposed samplers compared with other solid phases present the advantages of a wider range of operative conditions for VOCs desorption. Samplers are tested based on results for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene (BTEX) in air. Operational parameters are optimized and quantitative recovery is obtained using a solid phase from 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and acetonitrile as the extraction solvent. The recoveries obtained are 89 ± 4%, 90 ± 6%, 91 ± 2%, 87.0 ± 0.9%, 88 ± 4%, and 88 ± 4% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene, respectively. Moreover results indicate a good reproducibility with a coefficient of variation below 6% and no significant difference between the reproducibility intra-synthesis and inter-synthesis. The proposed procedure has been applied to the determination of BTEX in several contaminated air samples and compared with results provided by a reference method.     

Equilibrium modeling of xylene adsorption on molecular sieves

The separation of xylene isomers is an important application in separation processes that is based on their adsorption properties on different adsorbents. In this work, the Price and Danner method was employed with a neural network to investigate the adsorption behavior of binary systems of p-xylene/m-xylene, p-diethyl benzene/m-xylene, and p-diethyl benzene/p-xylene and the ternary system of p-diethyl benzene/m-xylene/p-xylene at 130 and 175 °C. The Redlich–Kister, Wilson, and NRTL models were used to determine the activity coefficients in the adsorbed phase. Comparison with experimental data from the literature indicated that the proposed thermodynamic model would best determine surface excess when it is used along with the Redlich–Kister activity coefficient model.     

Freezing points and related properties of electrolyte solutions. III. The systems NaCl−CaCl2−H2O and NaCl−BaCl2−H2O

The freezing temperatures of aqueous calcium chloride and barium chloride and their mixtures with sodium chloride were measured at equivalent molalities of 0.1 to 1.5 mole-kg^?1. Osmotic and activity coefficients of the mixtures were calculated at the freezing points of the mixtures. From the freezing points and calorimetric enthalpies of mixing of sodium chloride-magnesium chloride solutions, osmotic and activity coefficients were calculated at 298°K. Agreement of the calculated properties with isopiestic and electrochemical measurements at 298°K is excellent.     

醇类在苯及对二甲苯中过量焓预测

醇类在苯及对二甲苯中过量焓预测裘利言，姚惟馨（南京化工学院应用化学系南京２１０００９）关键词醇，芳烃，缔合，过量焓含醇体系的热力学性质研究近来十分活跃。通常文献所报道的醇－芳烃体系中醇的摩尔分数ｘ＿Ａ在０．１～０．９，而对于极稀溶液区有关报道很少。这...     

Liquid-liquid equilibria for mixtures of (ethylene carbonate + aromatic hydrocarbon + cyclohexane)

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for mixtures of (ethylene carbonate + benzene + cyclohexane) at temperatures 303.15 and 313.15 K and (ethylene carbonate + BTX + cyclohexane) at temperature 313.15 K are reported, where the BTX is benzene, toluene and m-xylene. The compositions of liquid phases at equilibrium were determined by gas liquid chromatography. The selectivity factors and partition coefficients of ethylene carbonate for the extraction of benzene, toluene and m-xylene from (ethylene carbonate + BTX + cyclohexane) are calculated and presented. The obtained results are compared with the selectivity factors and partition coefficients of ethylene carbonate for the extraction of benzene from (ethylene carbonate + benzene + cyclohexane). The liquid-liquid equilibrium data were correlated with the UNIQUAC and NRTL activity coefficient models. The phase diagrams for the studied mixtures are presented and the correlated tie line results have been compared with the experimental data. The comparisons indicate the applicability of the UNIQUAC and NRTL activity coefficients model for liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations of the studied mixtures. The tie line data of the studied mixtures also were correlated using the Hand method.     

Freezing points and related properties of electrolyte solutions. II. Mixtures of lithium chloride and sodium chloride in water

The freezing points of aqueous lithium chloride and its mixtures with sodium chloride have been measured from 0.1 to 1.5m. From these measurements, calorimetric enthalpies of mixing, and osmotic coefficients of the pure salts at 298°K, osmotic and activity coefficients of the mixtures have been calculated up to 6.0m at 298°K. Excellent agreement with the literature values is found over the entire range of composition. This method of computation is considered to be superior to the analysis of only isopiestic results in the calculation of activity coefficients in mixed electrolytes.     

Countercurrent extraction separation of some platinum group metals: part III

The bromo complexes of platinum(IV), palladium(II), rhodium(III), and iridium(IV) were prepared and studies were made on their distribution between hydrobromic acid solutions and various common solvents. The solvents employed were n-tributyl phosphate (TBP), methyl isobutyl ketone, amyl acetate, and various TBP-benzene mixtures. Distribution coefficients as a function of HBr concentration are given for each metal for each solvent system. A careful study of the measured distribution coefficients clearly showed that a number of binary and ternary mixtures of the metals can be resolved with a Craig countercurrent distribution apparatus. Rh-Pt and Rh-Pd mixtures in 4.38M HBr solutions were quantitatively separated on a Io-stage Craig apparatus using a 90% TBP-10% benzene solvent. Rh-Ir mixtures in 4.38 M HBr were resolved by 3 consecutive batch extractions with 90% TBP-10% benzene. Mixtures of Pd, Rh, and Ir in 4.38 M HBr were resolved in 90 stages using methyl isobutyl ketone as the solvent. Pd, Rh and Ir were recovered in 97.0, 87.6 and 94.5% yields, respectively. Mixtures of Pd, Rh and Pt in 4.38 M HBr were resolved in 90 stages using amyl acetate and methyl isobutyl ketone as solvents. Pd, Rh and Pt were recovered in 90.0, 96.0 and 94.0% yields, respectively. Two computer programs for the IBM 1620 Computer are given ; these facilitate the comparison of theoretical and actual solute distributions.