缔合溶液热力学性质与谱学性质的关联

缔合溶液具有与理想溶液显著不同的热力学和谱学性质,对于热力学和谱学的研究,有助于我们理解缔合溶液的特殊行为.谱学技术中核磁共振(NMR)、红外(IR)和拉曼(Raman)光谱是研究分子间相互作用和溶液结构等微观性质的有效方法,谱学已成为分子热力学研究体系"四面体结构"中的第四个顶点.本文对缔合溶液中热力学(汽液平衡和焓)和谱学(NMR,IR和Raman)联系的最新研究进展进行了综述,着重介绍相关的模型,如化学缔合模型、局部组成(LC)、格子流体氢键(LFHB)理论以及统计缔合流体理论(SAFT).     

气液色谱法研究Ni[(C_8H_(17)O)_2PS_2]_2与脂肪胺加合反应的热力学性质

气液色谱法是研究非电解质溶液热力学性质的一个有效方法,可以测定非水溶液中有机化合物的缔合常数,研究氢键形成过程的热力学及过渡金属配合物与路易斯碱的加合反应热力学。本文探讨了该方法的适用范围,及酸碱加合反应的热力学性质;测定了Ni[(C_8H_(17)O)_2PS_2]_2为路易斯酸与脂肪胺系列发生加合反应的热力学性质。     

高溶解性盐水体系热力学模型预测能力的比较研究I: 二元体系

用原始Pitzer模型、扩展的Pitzer模型、Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg模型、S-MSA模型和BET模型分别对LiCl-H2O, LiBr-H2O, CaCl2-H2O, Mg(NO3)2-H2O, MnCl2-H2O和Mn(NO3)2-H2O等六种不同体系的热力学性质进行描述, 考察了各种模型的预测能力. 结果表明原始Pitzer模型不能准确描述高浓电解质溶液的性质; 扩展的Pitzer模型虽然能较准确地描述某些体系高浓度的热力学性质, 但预测能力不足; Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg模型对高浓盐水体系热力学性质具有一定的预测能力, 但拟合参数所用的最大浓度与溶解度相差很大时, 外推饱和点的热力学性质则会出现较大偏差; S-MSA模型虽然可以将拟合参数的浓度范围扩大到饱和, 但没有外推能力, 而且需要溶液的密度数据, 这限制了该模型的广泛应用; BET模型对这六种体系均体现出很强的预测能力, 预测结果准确, 且模型参数少, 物理意义明确, 该模型可用于熔盐水化物相变储能材料的设计.     

高溶解性盐水体系热力学模型预测能力的比较研究Ⅰ∶二元体系

用原始Pitzer模型、扩展的Pitzer模型、Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg模型、S-MSA模型和BET模型分别对LiCl-H2O,LiBr-H2O,CaCl2-H2O,Mg(NO3)2-H2O,MnCl2-H2O和Mn(NO3)2-H2O等六种不同体系的热力学性质进行描述,考察了各种模型的预测能力.结果表明原始Pitzer模型不能准确描述高浓电解质溶液的性质;扩展的Pitzer模型虽然能较准确地描述某些体系高浓度的热力学性质,但预测能力不足;Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg模型对高浓盐水体系热力学性质具有一定的预测能力,但拟合参数所用的最大浓度与溶解度相差很大时,外推饱和点的热力学性质则会出现较大偏差;S-MSA模型虽然可以将拟合参数的浓度范围扩大到饱和,但没有外推能力,而且需要溶液的密度数据,这限制了该模型的广泛应用;BET模型对这六种体系均体现出很强的预测能力,预测结果准确,且模型参数少,物理意义明确,该模型可用于熔盐水化物相变储能材料的设计.     

高溶解性盐水体系热力学模型预测能力的比较研究Ⅰ：二元体系

用原始Pitzer模型、扩展的Pitzer模型、Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg模型、S-MSA模型和BET模型分别对LiCl-H2O,LiBr-H2O,CaCl2-H2O,Mg（NO3）2-H,O,MnCl2-H2O和Mn（NO3）2-H2O等六种不同体系的热力学性质进行描述,考察了各种模型的预测能力．结果表明原始Pitzer模型不能准确描述高浓电解质溶液的性质;扩展的Pitzer模型虽然能较准确地描述某些体系高浓度的热力学性质,但预测能力不足;Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg模型对高浓盐水体系热力学性质具有一定的预测能力,但拟合参数所用的最大浓度与溶解度相差很大时,外推饱和点的热力学性质则会出现较大偏差;S-MSA模型虽然可以将拟合参数的浓度范围扩大到饱和,但没有外推能力,而且需要溶液的密度数据,这限制了该模型的广泛应用：BET模型对这六种体系均体现出很强的预测能力,预测结果准确,且模型参数少,物理意义明确,该模型可用于熔盐水化物相变储能材料的设计．     

两性聚电解质溶液的分子热力学模型和分子动力学模拟

从带电硬球混合物出发采用化学缔合理论建立了聚电解质和两性聚电解质溶液的分子热力学模型.用考虑溶剂的粘滞力和热浴随机力作用的分子动力学(MD)方法模拟了聚电解质和两性聚电解质溶液的渗透系数.对模型预测结果和MD模拟结果进行了比较,表明基于化学缔合理论的分子热力学模型可以用于聚电解质溶液和两性聚电解质溶液热力学性质的预测,对于均聚电解质溶液效果令人满意,对由直径不同的离子构成的聚电解质溶液,模型的预测效果变差,有待进一步改进.该模型对两性聚电解质溶液渗透系数的预测效果比对聚电解质溶液的预测效果更好.     

Li~+,Na~+,K~+,Mg~(2+)/Cl~-,SO_4~(2-)-H_2O体系Pitzer热力学模型

介绍了描述25℃Li+,Na+,K+,Mg2+/Cl-,SO42--H2O体系的热力学Pitzer模型.给出了为获得Pitzer混合参数而测定的Li+/Cl-,SO42--H2O,Li+,K+/Cl--H2O,Li+,Na+/Cl--H2O等三元体系和Li+,Mg2+/Cl-,SO42--H2O四离子体系溶液的渗透系数.详细叙述如何利用热力学数据和溶解度数据,获得Li+,Mg2+/Cl-,SO42--H2O,Li+,K+/Cl-,SO42--H2O,Li+,Na+/Cl-,SO42--H2O体系全部混合参数及7种锂盐Gibbs标准生成自由能.进而通过数据对比,介绍了本模型在含Li+多组分溶液25℃热力学性质计算、含Li+多组分体系25℃溶解相平衡预测等方面的应用.     

Fe-P体系热力学再优化

基于最新的实验热力学数据和相图数据,采用CALPHAD技术对Fe-P体系进行热力学再优化.其中,溶液相(液相、α-Fe和γ-Fe)的Gibbs自由能用替换溶液模型描述,其余化合物(Fe3P、Fe2P、FeP、FeP2和FeP4)看作严格计量比化合物.整个优化过程在Thermo-Calc软件包中完成,优化所得热力学数据和相图信息与实验信息吻合较好,为Fe基合金和含P多元合金体系的进一步优化提供了一组自洽可靠的热力学参数.     

La2O3掺杂对SrTiO3压敏电容双功能陶瓷显微结构及电性能的影响

用CALPHAD技术优化计算了稀土卤化物熔盐TbCl3-ACl(A=Li，Na，K，Rb，Cs)五个二元系相图以及其热力学性质。优化采用了短程有序-扩展似化学模型，得到了热力学性质和相图自洽一致的结果，并与相应的实验相图进行了比较，对其中差异的部分进行了分析和修正。讨论了热力学优化结果，并探讨了过剩热力学性质变化的规律和特征。     

LiF-CrF3二元系的热力学模拟

采用相图计算(CALPHAD)技术对LiF-CrF3体系进行了相图的优化计算.对液相分别采用置换熔体模型与缔合物模型进行描述,中间化合物Li3CrF6则采用准化学计量比化合物模型描述.模型参数的优化选取实验相平衡数据及第一性原理预测的数据,优化结果表明,缔合物模型比置换熔体模型更能准确地描述液相的实验相平衡数据.     

Sc2MgGa2 and Y2MgGa2

Scandium magnesium gallide, Sc₂MgGa₂, and yttrium magnesium gallide, Y₂MgGa₂, were synthesized from the corresponding elements by heating under an argon atmosphere in an induction furnace. These intermetallic compounds crystallize in the tetragonal Mo₂FeB₂‐type structure. All three crystallographically unique atoms occupy special positions and the site symmetries of (Sc/Y, Ga) and Mg are m2m and 4/m, respectively. The coordinations around Sc/Y, Mg and Ga are pentagonal (Sc/Y), tetragonal (Mg) and triangular (Ga) prisms, with four (Mg) or three (Ga) additional capping atoms leading to the coordination numbers [10], [8+4] and [6+3], respectively. The crystal structure of Sc₂MgGa₂ was determined from single‐crystal diffraction intensities and the isostructural Y₂MgGa₂ was identified from powder diffraction data.     

Electrochemical study of (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2 and (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2FeCl2

Summary The ability of [MoS₄]^2–, anions to be used as ligands for transition metal ions has been widely demonstrated, especially with Fe²⁺. The present study has been restricted to linear complexes such as (NEt₄)₂ [Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂] and (NEt₄)₂[Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂FeCl₂]. Their electrochemical properties are described: upon electrochemical reduction, these compounds yield MoS₂, as a black precipitate, and an iron complex in solution, assumed to be [SFeCl₂]^2–. The electrochemical reduction goes through two electron transfers, coupled with the breakdown of the molecular skeleton: a DISPl and an ECE mechanism. Depending on the solvent, the following equilibrium may be observed: [Cl₄Fe₂MoS₄]^2–[Cl₂FeMoS₄]^2–+FeCl₂. The equilibrium constant, K_D, was evaluated by differential pulse polarography. K_D is tightly related to the donor number of the solvent.     

The alkali hypophosphites KH2PO2, RbH2PO2 and CsH2PO2

The structures of the hypophosphites KH₂PO₂ (potassium hypophosphite), RbH₂PO₂ (rubidium hypophosphite) and CsH₂PO₂ (caesium hypophosphite) have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures consist of layers of alkali cations and hypophosphite anions, with the latter bridging four cations within the same layer. The Rb and Cs hypophosphites are isomorphous.     

Zur Kenntnis der Dialkalimetalldichalkogenide β-Na2S2, K2S2, α-Rb2S2, β-Rb2S2, K2Se2, Rb2Se2, α-K2Te2, β-K2Te2 und Rb2Te2

On Dialkali Metal Dichalcogenides β-Na₂S₂, K₂S₂, α-Rb₂S₂, β-Rb₂S₂, K₂Se₂, Rb₂Se₂, α-K₂Te₂, β-K₂Te₂ and Rb₂Te₂ The first presentation of pure samples of α- and β-Rb₂S₂, α- and β-K₂Te₂, and Rb₂Te₂ is described. Using single crystals of K₂S₂ and K₂Se₂, received by ammonothermal synthesis, the structure of the Na₂O₂ type and by using single crystals of β-Na₂S₂ and β-K₂Te₂ the Li₂O₂ type structure will be refined. By combined investigations with temperature-dependent Guinier-, neutron diffraction-, thermal analysis, and Raman-spectroscopy the nature of the monotropic phase transition from the Na₂O₂ type to the Li₂O₂ type will be explained by means of the examples α-/β-Na₂S₂ and α-/β-K₂Te₂. A further case of dimorphic condition as well as the monotropic phase transition of α- and β-Rb₂S₂ is presented. The existing areas of the structure fields of the dialkali metal dichalcogenides are limited by the model of the polar covalence.     

Formal [(2+2)+2] and [(2+2)+(2+2)] nonconjugated dienediyne cascade cycloadditions

[reaction: see text] Fluoranthene 2 and heptacycle 3 are easily accessible from the reaction of diyne 1 and norbornadiene (NBD) in the presence of the rhodium catalyst. The unusual [(2+2)+(2+2)] adduct 3 was confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure analysis.     

Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2

[(n‐Bu)₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 1 ), and [Ph₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 2 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of R₂SnCl₂ (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO₂PPh₂ in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph₂SnCl₂ with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O₂PPh₂)OMe]₂ ( 3 ) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group , the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)₂ linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.     

Die Photoionenspektren von SCl2, S2Cl2 und S2Br2

Photoionization Mass Spectra of SCl₂, S₂Cl₂, and S₂Br₂ Photoionization mass spectra of SCl₂, S₂Cl₂, and S₂Br₂ have been measured. Heats of formation, bond energies, and ionization potentials of fragments have been calculated from appearance potentials.