pH响应的磁共振成像造影剂的研究进展

pH响应的磁共振成像(MRI)造影剂不仅能够对病变部位进行特异性增强成像,提高MRI检测疾病的灵敏度,而且可通过检测病变组织中的pH变化,为疾病的诊断提供依据。本文综述了pH响应的MRI造影剂的研究进展,介绍了其pH响应机理、种类与结构及应用,并对它的发展前景做了展望。     

氧化铁纳米颗粒在磁共振成像中的应用

目前临床诊断中钆基造影剂的应用十分广泛,然而其对人体的毒性无法忽视,因此研究者致力于低毒性造影剂的研发。氧化铁纳米颗粒(Iron Oxide Nanoparticles,IONP)因其超顺磁性在磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)中具有良好的暗对比效果,并且具有良好的生物相容性。随着生物材料和分子影像技术的发展,IONP在MRI成像中的应用愈发广泛。近年来,IONP在多模态成像和诊断治疗一体化方面取得了进展。本文将以IONP的MRI成像机理、制备和表面修饰为基础,阐述近年来IONP在MRI成像应用的研究成果和问题,期望IONP取得更好的发展。     

成像核弛豫速率和化学位移与其分子量大小和钆喷酸浓度的相关性

在测试磁共振成像(MRI)用造影剂钆喷酸葡胺(Magnevist)溶液的纵向弛豫速率和化学位移实验中, 观察到溶液中被观测核的弛豫速率加快和化学位移变化与其分子大小和造影剂浓度呈密切的相关性: 对于小分子成像核(水), 弛豫速率和化学位移都与造影剂浓度变化呈很好的线性关系; 而对于大分子成像核(PEG-2000和PEG-6000), 其化学位移和弛豫速率与造影剂浓度变化则呈非线性关系.     

CdTe/Mn3 O4/SiO2荧光/磁共振双模成像纳米球的制备与表征

成功地制备了CdTe/Mn_3O_4/SiO_2核壳结构的荧光/磁共振成像双功能纳米球,并用透射电镜(TEM)、能谱分析(EDXA)、磁共振成像(MRI)、红外、荧光光谱等对其结构、磁共振成像和发光性能进行了表征。TEM照片显示所合成的纳米球具有明显的球形核壳结构。EDXA分析显示所制备的CdTe/Mn_3O_4/SiO_2纳米球表面只检测到Si和O元素,证明CdTe量子点和Mn_3O_4纳米立方体被成功地包被于二氧化硅纳米球之内。荧光发射光谱显示相对于CdTe量子点,CdTe/Mn_3O_4/SiO_2纳米球荧光发射光谱虽然发生了一定的蓝移,但是仍具有良好的荧光性能。MRI分析可知CdTe/Mn_3O_4/SiO_2纳米球的弛豫参数(r_1)为3.88 s~(-1)(mg·L~(-1))~(-1),说明所合成的CdTe/Mn_3O_4/SiO_2纳米球可用于T_1-加权磁共振成像。细胞毒性实验表明,当CdTe/Mn_3O_4/SiO_2溶液浓度达到300μg·mL~(-1)时,细胞活力仍可达到90%以上,表明此浓度对细胞的毒性作用较弱。     

Gd3+/Yb3+掺杂ZnO量子点作为双模式磁共振/CT成像探针

基于结合磁共振成像(MRI)的高空间分辨率和CT成像的深穿透能力设计思想,在乙醇溶液中水解醋酸锌、醋酸钆和醋酸镱,制备了油酸稳定的Gd3+/Yb3+掺杂ZnO量子点(ZnO∶Gd/Yb),并对其表面进行了氨基修饰。研究了ZnO∶Gd/Yb量子点的弛豫性能、X射线吸收性能、细胞毒性及体外MRI和CT成像。当Zn2+,Gd3+,Yb3+的摩尔比为1.0∶0.12∶0.20时,ZnO∶Gd/Yb量子点展现了最高的弛豫效率6.06 mmol/(L.s)对X-射线的吸收能力也显著高于临床CT造影剂碘比醇。体外MRI和CT成像实验表明,当Gd3+的浓度为1.5 mmol/L时,T1加权MRI信号明显增强,当Yb3+的浓度为5 g/L时,可呈现清晰的CT图像。细胞毒性实验表明,ZnO∶Gd/Yb量子点的浓度低于1.5 mmol/L(Gd3+)时,量子点的毒性相对较低。     

侵蚀性葡萄胎的MRI影像学表现及其诊断效果

为探讨侵蚀性葡萄胎(IHM)的磁共振成像(MRI)影像学表现及其诊断效果,本研究对36例疑似IHM患者均行MRI平扫和动态增强扫描(DCE)检查,观察了IHM的MRI影像学表现,分析了MRI诊断IHM的灵敏度、特异度和准确度。结果显示,IHM的MRI影像学表现具有特征性;MRI诊断IHM的灵敏度为75.00%、特异度为83.33%、准确度为77.78%;IHM组的时间-信号强度曲线(TIC)以Ⅰ型为主,良性病变组的TIC以Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型为主,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。本文证实MRI检查可清晰显示宫腔内情况及子宫肌层受侵程度,MRI平扫结合DCE可提高诊断IHM的准确性。     

聚天冬氨酸修饰对磁性氧化铁纳米粒子稳定性及脑MRI造影效果的影响

<正>超顺磁性氧化铁(Superparamagnetic iron oxide,SPIO)作为医用磁共振成像(Magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)造影剂,可以有效地改变人体组织中质子的自旋-自旋弛豫时间,从而增强磁共振成像的对     

大鼠器官中MRI增强试剂弛豫度的测量

测量了钆螯合物的磁共振成像(MRI)对比度增强试剂钆双胺(omniscan)在大鼠不同组织,包括肝、脾、肾、心脏、肌肉和血液中的核磁共振(NMR)弛豫度,以及在不同的大分子介质环境,如小牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和甲基纤维素(MC)溶液中的弛豫度.实验数据表明:增强试剂钆双胺在小鼠的不同组织中的弛豫度互不相同,在大分子介质溶液中弛豫度随介质大分子浓度的增大而提高.     

可激活磁共振成像纳米探针的制备及生物医学应用

在生物医学领域,磁共振成像是一种非常重要的疾病诊疗技术.近50%的磁共振检查已经涉及造影剂的应用.可激活磁共振成像纳米探针以优化信噪比为原则,借助特异性的生物分子识别作用或分子交互作用增强磁共振信号,提高了磁共振诊断的敏感性与特异性,推动着磁共振成像在生物医学领域的广泛应用.本文就目前国内外热门研究的可激活磁共振纳米探针的种类、原理等方面进行阐述,详细介绍了可激活磁共振纳米探针在生物医学上的应用,在前景方面也进行了展望.     

磁共振成像造影剂的研究进展

磁共振成像技术已成为临床医学影像学检查的重要手段,30%以上的磁共振成像诊断需要使用造影剂,因此磁共振成像造影剂也成为一种重要的临床诊断药物.本文简单介绍磁共振成像造影剂的定义、原理和分类,并对当前的研究进展进行了的评述,认为开发具有靶向性、高弛豫效率、使用安全的造影剂是研究的主要方向.     

磁共振/光学双模态分子探针的研究现状与展望

基于磁共振与荧光成像的双模态成像技术不仅克服了传统单一分子影像技术在灵敏度、特异度、分辨率等方面的固有缺陷，更是拓宽了分子影像技术在诊断及治疗监控等领域的研究范围及应用前景。本文将对磁共振/荧光双模态分子探针的应用情况和研究进展等进行综述。     

Real‐Time Interrogation of Aspirin Reactivity,Biochemistry, and Biodistribution by Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy enables quantitative, non‐radioactive, real‐time measurement of imaging probe biodistribution and metabolism in vivo. Here, we investigate and report on the development and characterization of hyperpolarized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and its use as a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe. Aspirin derivatives were synthesized with single‐ and double‐¹³C labels and hyperpolarized by dynamic nuclear polarization with 4.7 % and 3 % polarization, respectively. The longitudinal relaxation constants (T₁) for the labeled acetyl and carboxyl carbonyls were approximately 30 seconds, supporting in vivo imaging and spectroscopy applications. In vitro hydrolysis, transacetylation, and albumin binding of hyperpolarized aspirin were readily monitored in real time by ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy. Hyperpolarized, double‐labeled aspirin was well tolerated in mice and could be observed by both ¹³C‐MR imaging and ¹³C‐NMR spectroscopy in vivo.     

Chemical design of nanoparticle probes for high-performance magnetic resonance imaging

Synthetic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are emerging as versatile probes in biomedical applications, especially in the area of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their size, which is comparable to biological functional units, and their unique magnetic properties allow their utilization as molecular imaging probes. Herein, we present an overview of recent breakthroughs in the development of new synthetic MNP probes with which the sensitive and target-specific observation of biological events at the molecular and cellular levels is possible.     

Ultraparamagnetic Cells Formed through Intracellular Oxidation and Chelation of Paramagnetic Iron

Making cells magnetic is a long‐standing goal of chemical biology, aiming to enable the separation of cells from complex biological samples and their visualization in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Previous efforts towards this goal, focused on engineering cells to biomineralize superparamagnetic or ferromagnetic iron oxides, have been largely unsuccessful due to the stringent required chemical conditions. Here, we introduce an alternative approach to making cells magnetic, focused on biochemically maximizing cellular paramagnetism. We show that a novel genetic construct combining the functions of ferroxidation and iron chelation enables engineered bacterial cells to accumulate iron in “ultraparamagnetic” macromolecular complexes, allowing these cells to be trapped with magnetic fields and imaged with MRI in vitro and in vivo. We characterize the properties of these cells and complexes using magnetometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, biochemical assays, and computational modeling to elucidate the unique mechanisms and capabilities of this paramagnetic concept.     

High-Field Detection of Biomarkers with Fast Field-Cycling MRI: The Example of Zinc Sensing

Many smart magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes provide response to a biomarker based on modulation of their rotational correlation time. The magnitude of such MRI signal changes is highly dependent on the magnetic field and the response decreases dramatically at high fields (>2 T). To overcome the loss of efficiency of responsive probes at high field, with fast-field cycling magnetic resonance imaging (FFC-MRI) we exploit field-dependent information rather than the absolute difference in the relaxation rate measured in the absence and in the presence of the biomarker at a given imaging field. We report here the application of fast field-cycling techniques combined with the use of a molecular probe for the detection of Zn²⁺ to achieve 166 % MRI signal enhancement at 3 T, whereas the same agent provides no detectable response using conventional MRI. This approach can be generalized to any biomarker provided the detection is based on variation of the rotational motion of the probe.     

ESR line width and line shape dependence of Overhauser‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

Electron spin resonance and Overhauser‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging studies were carried out for various concentrations of ¹⁴N‐labeled 3‐carbamoyl‐2,2,5,5‐tetramethyl‐pyrrolidine‐1‐oxyl in pure water. Overhauser‐enhancement factor attains maxima in the range of 2.5–3 mm concentration. The leakage factor showed an asymptotic increase with increasing agent concentration. The coupling parameter showed the interaction between the electron and nuclear spins to be mainly dipolar in origin. The electron spin resonance parameters, such as the line width, line shape and g‐factor, were determined. The line width analysis confirms that the line broadening is proportional to the agent concentration, and also the agent concentration is optimized in the range of 2.5–3 mm . The line shape analysis shows that the observed electron spin resonance line shape is a Voigt line shape, in which the Lorentzian component is dominant. The contribution of Lorentzian component was estimated using the winsim package. The Lorentzian component of the resonance line attains maxima in the range of 2.5–3 mm concentration. Therefore, this study reveals that the agent concentration, line width and Lorentzian component are the important factors in determining the Overhauser‐enhancement factor. Hence, the agent concentration was optimized as 2.5–3 mm for in vivo/in vitro electron spin resonance imaging and Overhauser‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging phantom studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magnetic resonance in Cu(hfac)2LR heterospin chain polymer complexes

Cu(hfac)₂ chain polymer heterospin complexes with pyrazole-substituted nitronylnitroxides (L^R, where R = Me, Et) with a composition Cu(hfac)₂L^R, exhibiting structural rearrangements with magnetic effects in the solid state at reduced temperatures, were studied by magnetic resonance. The magnetic resonance spectrum changes substantially for substituents of different types. The results of this study are discussed in the context of the cluster approach in view of the specific crystal structure of the compounds.     

Magneto‐Plasmonic Janus Vesicles for Magnetic Field‐Enhanced Photoacoustic and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors

Magneto‐plasmonic Janus vesicles (JVs) integrated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and magnetic NPs (MNPs) were prepared asymmetrically in the membrane for in vivo cancer imaging. The hybrid JVs were produced by coassembling a mixture of hydrophobic MNPs, free amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs), and AuNPs tethered with amphiphilic BCPs. Depending on the size and content of NPs, the JVs acquired spherical or hemispherical shapes. Among them, hemispherical JVs containing 50 nm AuNPs and 15 nm MNPs showed a strong absorption in the near‐infrared (NIR) window and enhanced the transverse relaxation (T₂) contrast effect, as a result of the ordering and dense packing of AuNPs and MNPs in the membrane. The magneto‐plasmonic JVs were used as drug delivery vehicles, from which the release of a payload can be triggered by NIR light and the release rate can be modulated by a magnetic field. Moreover, the JVs were applied as imaging agents for in vivo bimodal photoacoustic (PA) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of tumors by intravenous injection. With an external magnetic field, the accumulation of the JVs in tumors was significantly increased, leading to a signal enhancement of approximately 2–3 times in the PA and MR imaging, compared with control groups without a magnetic field.     

A fluorescence enhanced probe for sulfur dioxide detection and fluorescence imaging in living cellsEI北大核心CSCD

基于香豆素和苯并吡啶基团,构建了用于二氧化硫(SO_(2))高效检测的荧光探针P1,其化学结构通过核磁氢谱(^(1)H NMR)、碳谱(^(13)C NMR)和高分辨质谱(HR-MS)确证。在缓冲溶液体系中,单独的探针P1具有微弱的荧光,识别SO_(2)后荧光发射强度明显增强,能够实现对SO_(2)的专一性裸眼识别,检出限为126 nmol/L。生物应用实验结果表明,该探针具有较低的细胞毒性,可用于生物活细胞中外源性SO_(2)的荧光成像。