葡萄糖氧化酶-过氧化氢酶复合体系提纯异麦芽低聚糖

异麦芽低聚糖（IMO）具有低甜度、低热量、抗龋齿以及双歧因子特性等许多优异的生理功能。近年来,在医药保健、功能性食品和饲料添加剂等行业得到了广泛的应用。目前采用酶法生产的异麦芽低聚糖产品中异麦芽低聚糖的质量分数仅为50％左右,其中葡萄糖和麦芽糖的含量将近一半,     

测定异麦芽低聚糖组分的高效液相色谱法

采用高效液相色谱法，以Zorbax C18为固定相，水为流动相，示差折光仪为检测器，外标法进行定量分析，一次进样可同时测定葡萄糖、异麦芽糖、异麦芽三糖和4－α－葡糖基麦芽糖、异麦芽四糖等。测定了用双酶协同作用制取异麦芽低聚糖工艺产品中的成分，二次确认试验所得结果良好，相对标准偏差为0.28%-1.7%(n=5)，线性相关系数为0.9996-1.000，低聚糖的最小检测量在微克级。     

离子色谱分离法提纯异麦芽低聚糖

异麦芽低聚糖(IMO)具有显著的生理功能、低热量、安全无毒和结构稳定等特性,广泛应用于食品工业.本文尝试用强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂对异麦芽低聚糖浆分离纯化,尽可能去除糖浆中的葡萄糖等成分,减少四糖以上成分,富集异麦芽低聚糖,提高产品的功能性.     

软骨素酶ABC酶解高效液相法测定鱼翅中的透明质酸

 建立了一种测定鲨鱼翅中透明质酸的酶解 高效液相方法。在37℃,0 2mol/LTris HCl缓冲溶液中,鱼翅中的透明质酸被硫酸软骨素酶ABC酶解成透明质酸二糖。条件为:ZORBAX糖分析柱(4 6mmi d ×250mm,5μm)柱;紫外检测波长226nm;流动相为乙腈 0 5%磷酸(体积比为2∶98),流速1mL/min;进样量10μL。透明质酸二糖的线性范围为25g/L～600g/L。将此法应用到鱼翅的实际样品检测中,取得了良好的结果,透明质酸在鱼翅样品中的质量分数为0 86%～1 96%。     

基于高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨率质谱的寡糖轮廓分析用于蜂蜜中淀粉糖浆的掺假鉴别研究

采用高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨率质谱(HPLC-Q/Orbitrap MS)建立了寡糖轮廓分析的方法。通过对纯天然蜂蜜和淀粉类糖浆中的麦芽三糖、麦芽四糖、麦芽五糖、麦芽六糖和麦芽七糖进行定性定量分析,发现淀粉类糖浆中含有未被酶解完全的微量麦芽类寡糖,且麦芽七糖在所有检测样本中干扰小,对结果的定量无影响,而其他寡糖类物质的定性和定量结果会存在干扰。最终选择麦芽七糖作为蜂蜜中掺入淀粉糖浆的典型标志物。在实际样品分析中,根据麦芽七糖的保留时间和离子对的相对丰度比可以定性判断蜂蜜中是否掺有淀粉糖浆;通过标准曲线法可以定量测定样液中麦芽七糖的含量。在20,50,100 mg/kg 3个加标水平下,麦芽七糖的平均回收率为75%~82%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为3.1%~6.7%,方法检出限为0.1μg/m L。应用该方法可在10 min内完成整个分析过程,且样品前处理简单,结果可靠,灵敏度高,可用于纯天然蜂蜜中掺入淀粉糖浆的快速确证和检测。     

HPLC法同时测定鸡腿菇水解液中单糖及多糖的研究

建立了HPLC法测定鸡腿菇水解液中单糖、低聚糖及多糖含量的分析方法.选用Aminex HPX-87H柱,示差折光检测器,柱温50 ℃,5 mmol/L的硫酸为流动相,流速0.4 mL/min,进样量20 μL,外标法定量.结果表明,单糖、低聚糖及多糖均得到较好分离,其峰面积与质量浓度线性关系良好,相关系数r~2值为0.991 2 ～0.999 7,回收率为98% ～106%.采用HPLC-示差法与气相色谱法测定多糖、低聚糖及单糖相比,样品无需衍生处理,过滤后可直接进样检测.该法可同时测定原料水解液中可能存在的主要单糖、低聚糖及多糖.     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用结合固相甲基化技术测定不同生长环境人参中寡糖分布

以NaOH为填料制备固相甲基化柱,以CH_3I为甲基化试剂,利用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用技术(UPLC-QQQ-MS)检测寡糖甲基化产物。在前期研究工作基础上,进一步优化固相甲基化条件。与寡糖对照品相对保留时间和质谱碎片信息比对,在人参中共检测到6种还原寡糖(麦芽糖、麦芽三糖、麦芽四糖、麦芽五糖、麦芽六糖、麦芽七糖)和3种非还原寡糖(蔗糖、蔗果三糖、蔗果四糖)。该方法可应用于同时测定上述人参中9种寡糖的含量。采用UPLC-QQQ-MS结合固相甲基化技术可对人参寡糖进行高效衍生和定量分析,为探讨生长环境对人参中寡糖分布的影响提供了有效方法。     

异麦芽低聚糖浆的分离与测定

采用001×7(732)强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂色谱分离法对异麦芽低聚糖(IMO)糖浆进行了分离提纯,并用HPLC分析测定其组成。试验表明,当进料量35 mL;操作温度71℃,洗脱速度9 mL.min-1,树脂柱9 mm×4 m,可以有效地去除葡萄糖等成分,提高异麦芽低聚糖的纯度。     

高效液相色谱法测定果低聚糖中的糖含量

 以ＹＷＧ－ＮＨ２色谱柱和ＲＩＤ－６Ａ示差折光检测器对果低聚糖进行高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）分析，获得了良好的分离效果。结果表明：果低聚糖糖浆中含有３０％～３５％的葡萄糖和５５％～５８％的果低聚糖（包括三糖、四糖和五糖），此外，还含有少量的果糖和蔗糖。ＨＰＬＣ能准确、快速地定性、定量果低聚糖中各组分糖，方法灵敏度高、重现性好，有理想的回收率，单糖和低聚糖的最低检出限在微克级。     

高效液相色谱法测定果低聚糖中的糖含量

以ＹＷＧ－ＮＨ２色谱柱和ＲＩＤ－６Ａ示差折光检测器对果低聚糖进行高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）分析，获得了良好的分离效果。结果表明：果低聚糖糖浆中含有３０％～３５％的葡萄糖和５５％～５８％的果低聚糖（包括三糖、四糖和五糖），此外，还含有少量的果糖和蔗糖。ＨＰＬＣ能准确、快速地定性、定量果低聚糖中各组分糖，方法灵敏度高、重现性好，有理想的回收率，单糖和低聚糖的最低检出限在微克级     

Investigations of a series of nonionic surfactants of sugar-lipid hybrids by light scattering and electron microscopy

Sugar-lipid hybrids of the type C_nC_m were prepared by coupling an alkane chain (C_n) with a maltooligosaccharide (G_m) over an amide linkage. Coupling was performed with maltobionolactone (G₂) and n-alkylamine chains C_n withn=8,10,12,14,16, i.e. variation of the hydrophobic part of the molecule, and with hexadecylamine (C₁₆) and different maltooligosaccharides (G_m, m=2,3,4,6). The solution properties of the various products were studied by means of static and dynamic light scattering (LS) and by electron-microscopy (EM).The results may be summarized as follows: If the alkane chain is shorter thann=14, small spherical micelles with a radius of about 3 nm are observed. In time these micelles aggregate further to form increasingly larger spherical clusters which eventually precipitate. Long rod-like micelles form whenn 14. Contour length and chain stiffness were determined by applying theories of semiflexible chains. A qualitative confirmation of the light scattering results, i.e., micelle size and shape, was obtained from electron microscopy.     

Products from enzyme-catalyzed oxidations of norcarenes

Recent studies revealed that norcarane (bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane) is oxidized to 2-norcarene (bicyclo[4.1.0]-hept-2-ene) and 3-norcarene (bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene) by iron-containing enzymes and that secondary oxidation products from the norcarenes complicate mechanistic probe studies employing norcarane as the substrate (Newcomb, M.; Chandrasena, R. E. P.; Lansakara-P., D. S. P.; Kim, H.-Y.; Lippard, S. J.; Beauvais, L. G.; Murray, L. J.; Izzo, V.; Hollenberg, P. F.; Coon, M. J. J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 1121-1127). In the present work, the product profiles from the oxidations of 2-norcarene and 3-norcarene by several enzymes were determined. Most of the products were identified by GC and GC-mass spectral comparison to authentic samples produced independently; in some cases, stereochemical assignments were made or confirmed by 2D NMR analysis of the products. The enzymes studied in this work were four cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP2B1, CYPDelta2E1, CYPDelta2E1 T303A, and CYPDelta2B4, and three diiron-containing enzymes, soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), toluene monooxygenase (ToMO) from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1, and phenol hydroxylase (PH) from Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1. The oxidation products from the norcarenes identified in this work are 2-norcaranone, 3-norcaranone, syn- and anti-2-norcarene oxide, syn- and anti-3-norcarene oxide, syn- and anti-4-hydroxy-2-norcarene, syn- and anti-2-hydroxy-3-norcarene, 2-oxo-3-norcarene, 4-oxo-2-norcarene, and cyclohepta-3,5-dienol. Two additional, unidentified oxidation products were observed in low yields in the oxidations. In matched oxidations, 3-norcarene was a better substrate than 2-norcarene in terms of turnover by factors of 1.5-15 for the enzymes studied here. The oxidation products found in enzyme-catalyzed oxidations of the norcarenes are useful for understanding the complex product mixtures obtained in norcarane oxidations.     

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for the evaluation of the C-terminal lysine distribution of a recombinant monoclonal antibody

Recombinant monoclonal antibodies produced using mammalian cell lines contain multiple chemical modifications. One specific modification resides on the C-terminus of the heavy chain. Enzymes inside the cell can cleave the C-terminal lysine from the heavy-chain molecules, and variants with and without C-terminal lysine can be produced. In order to fully characterize the protein, there is a need for analytical methods that are able to account for the different product variants. Conventional analytical methods used for the measurement of the distribution of the two different variants are based on chemical or enzymatic degradation of the protein followed by chromatographic separation of the degradation products. Chromatographic separations with gradient elution have long run times, and analyses of multiple samples are time-consuming. This paper reports development of a novel method for the determination of the relative amounts of the two C-terminal heavy-chain variants based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) measurements of the cyanogen bromide degraded recombinant monoclonal antibody products. The distribution of the variants is determined from the MALDI-TOF mass spectra by measuring the peak areas of the two C-terminal peptides. The assay was used for the assessment of the C-terminal lysine distribution in different development lots. The method was able to differentiate between the products obtained using the same cell line as well as between products obtained from different cell lines.     

Effect of Fermentation Time on Antioxidant and Anti-Ageing Properties of Green Coffee Kombucha Ferments

Kombucha, also known as the Manchurian mushroom, is a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast, the so-called SCOBY. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the ferments obtained from green coffee beans after different fermentation times with kombucha. Results for the ferments were compared to the green coffee extract that was not fermented. In this study, the antioxidant potential of obtained ferments was analyzed by assessing the scavenging of external and intracellular free radicals and the assessment of superoxide dismutase activity. Cytotoxicity of ferments on keratinocyte and fibroblast cell lines was assessed as well as anti-aging properties by determining their ability to inhibit the activity of collagenase and elastase enzymes. In addition, the composition of the obtained ferments and the extract was determined, as well as their influence on skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after application of samples on the skin. It has been shown that the fermentation time has a positive effect on the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties. The highest values were recorded for the tested samples after 28 days of fermentation. After 14 days of the fermentation process, it was observed that the analyzed ferments were characterized by low cytotoxicity to keratinocytes and fibroblasts. On the other hand, the short fermentation time of 7 days had a negative effect on the properties of the analyzed ferments. The obtained results indicate that both green coffee extracts and ferments can be an innovative ingredient of cosmetic products.     

The influence of the ionic medium on the behaviour of sodium glycocholate and cholate aqueous solutions

In the framework of research on the sodium bile salts, solutions of sodium cholate and glycocholate had been studied only at three ionic medium concentrations. In this paper, experiments in two other concentrations of ionic medium are carried out both to verify the behaviour dependence on the ionic medium and to apply the results of this paper to a future investigation on solutions containing contemporary sodium cholate and glycocholate. To this aim, solubility, protonation constants, lead (II) salts solubility products at 25 degrees C and in 0.300 and 0.750 mol dm(-3) N(CH3)4Cl were determined. The formed species in solutions containing lead (II) together with the selected bile salts and the behaviour of the sodium salts in micellar and premicellar solutions were investigated, too. The obtained results were compared with those obtained at the other ionic medium concentrations.     

Kinetic resolution of primary alcohols having remote stereogenic centers: lipase mediated kinetic resolution of (±)-3-chloro-3-arylpropanols

Kinetic resolutions of (±)-3-chloro-3-arylpropanols by lipase mediated acetylation are described for the first time. Acetylation with CCL provided the best enantioselectivity amongst the enzymes used. Enantiomerically enriched products were obtained with up to 78% ee after two successive lipase-catalyzed acetylations. Different substituents on the aromatic ring and bromide, instead of chloride, on the substrates were found to have no drastic influence on the enantioselectivity of the reaction.     

Studies on the metabolism of gomisin A (TJN-101). II. Structure determination of biliary and urinary metabolites in rat

After oral administration of gomisin A (1) to rats, the bile and urine were collected and treated with beta-glucuronidase and arylsulfatase. Seven metabolites, met B (2), met A-III (3), met E (4), met D (5), met F (6), met G (7), and met H (8) were isolated from the bile treated with the enzymes. Eight metabolites 2-8, and met A-II (9) were isolated from the urine treated with the enzymes. A major metabolite 2, and two minor metabolites 3 and 9 were identified as met B, met A-III, and met A-II, respectively, which are oxidative products of 1 formed by rat liver S9 mix. The structures of five new metabolites 4-7, and 8 were determined on the basis of chemical and spectral studies.     

Methods for routine control of irradiated food: Determination of the irradiation status of shellfish by thermoluminescence analysis

In some countries, clearance has been given for treating certain types of shellfish by ionizing radiation in order to increase the shelf-life and to reduce health hazards which might be caused by contaminating microorganisms. In the present study, thermoluminescence (TL) analysis was used to examine the irradiation status of shellfish products purchased from local suppliers. For analysis minerals were isolated from the guts of the animals. Although on none of the examined products an irradiation treatment prior to analysis could be shown, the results obtained on non-irradiated and irradiated products have revealed that irradiation within the commercially used dose range can clearly be detected. Already first glow TL intensities of minerald indicated irradiation treatments. Normalized TL signals of non-irradiated and irradiated samples were clearly separated. By calculation of differences of TL intensities and TL signals between non-irradiated and irradiated samples in dependency of integration temperature an optimized integration area for glow curves was determined. The result of this study agree well with results obtained by two large-scale intercomparisons between food control laboratories to detect irradiation treatment of spices and herbal products as well as of fruit and vegetables by TL analysis of contaminating minerals.     

Cellulase production of Trichoderma reesei rut C 30 using steam-pretreated spruce

Various techniques are available for the conversion of lignocellulosics to fuel ethanol. During the last decade processes based on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose have been investigated more extensively, showing good yield on both hardwood and softwood. The cellulase production of a filamentous fungi, Trichoderma reesei Rut C30, was examined on carbon sources obtained after steam pretreatment of spruce. These materials were washed fibrous steam-pretreated spruce (SPS), and hem icellulose hydrolysate. The hemicellulose hydrolysate contained, besides water-soluble carbohydrates, lignin and sugar degradation products, which were formed during the pretreatment and proved to be inhibitory to microorganisms. Experiments were performed in a 4-L laboratory fermentor. The hydrolytic capacity of the produced enzyme solutions was compared with two commercially available enzyme preparations, Celluclast and logen Cellulase, on SPS, washed SPS, and Solka Floc cellulose powder. There was no significant difference among the different enzymes produced by T. reesei Rut C30. However, the conversion of cellulose using these enzymes was higher than that obtained with logen or Celluclast cellulases using steam-pretreated spruce as substrate.     

Determination of the Molecular Weight of Extracellular Ribonuclease Isoenzymes from Aspergillus Niger in Crude Extracts by Thin Layer Gel Filtration and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract

The extracellular ribonucleases from Asperqillus niger culture medium were fractionated according to their molecular weight by thin layer gel filtration through Sephadex G100 superfine and the enzyme activity was detected by a standard staining technique on a replica print paper. Another replica paper was laid onto the top of a polyacrylamide gel and the absorbed proteins were separated by electrophoresis. By comparing the electrophoretic pattern with that of a control not subjected to gel filtration, the molecular weight of each isoenzyme in the crude extract could be determined. Gel electrophoresis however, is only used to establish the correspondence between the original electrophoretic pattern of the isoenzymes in the crude preparation and that detected on the replica print paper taken after the thin layer gel filtration run. There was good agreement between the values obtained for the crude and purified enzymes.