深共熔溶剂在有机反应中的应用

深共熔溶剂(DES)作为一种低共熔混合物,由于具有廉价易得、蒸汽压低、无毒性、不易燃、可生物降解、可调控以及易循环使用等优点,逐渐成为一种新型的绿色溶剂或催化剂。本文介绍了DES的组成、分类,重点综述了DES作为溶剂或催化剂应用于常见的加成、取代、偶联、缩合、环化、酯化、多组分及解聚等有机反应。最后展望了DES在有机反应中的发展前景。     

基于功能离子液体促进的有机反应研究进展

离子液体作为绿色溶剂和催化剂,具有低挥发性,优良的热稳定性、溶解性以及可回收等优点,近年来广泛应用于有机合成领域中,在提高反应速率,反应选择性等方面发挥了巨大作用.综述了离子液体作为催化剂或溶剂在传统有机合成反应中的最新研究成果,包括Baylis-Hillman反应、Michael加成反应、氧化还原反应、Knoevenagel缩合反应、Aldol缩合反应、Diels-Alder反应、Heck偶联反应、Suzuki反应、不对称反应、Biginelli反应、Mannich反应、Hantzsch多组分反应.分析离子液体结构对反应催化性能的影响,探讨其反应机理,为开发新型结构可调性功能离子液体打下基础.     

深共融溶剂促进的亨利-傅克烷基化串联反应（英文）

在氯化锌和氯化胆碱组成的深共融溶剂中,以芳香醛、硝基甲烷和N-取代苯胺为原料,建立了一种绿色的亨利-傅克烷基化串联反应方法.在该方法中,醛先与硝基甲烷发生Henry反应,其产物再与富电子芳烃进行Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应.该一锅法串联反应不需要额外添加催化剂,在温和条件下就能以较高产率快速地合成一系列目标产物.深共熔溶剂(氯化锌和氯化胆碱)廉价,且可循环使用,从而降低了合成成本.     

四种深共融溶剂的性质:密度、电导率、动力粘度及折光率

制备了四种四丁基氯化铵类深共融溶剂,包括四丁基氯化铵:丙酸[TBAC:2PA]、四丁基氯化铵:乙二醇[TBAC:2EG]、四丁基氯化铵:聚乙二醇[TBAC:2PEG]、四丁基氯化铵:苯乙酸[TBAC:2PAA].在288.15-338.15 K温度范围内,测定了它们的密度、电导率、动力粘度及折光率.讨论了温度对密度、电导率、动力粘度及折光率等性质的影响.通过经验方程估算了深共融溶剂的热膨胀系数、分子体积、标准摩尔熵及晶格能等热力学性质参数.利用Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT)方程和Arrhenius方程,将测量的电导率和动力粘度对温度拟合,得到了动力粘度和电导率随温度变化方程式.有关研究对深共融溶剂的工业化应用具有重要意义.     

低共熔溶剂催化有机合成反应的研究进展

低共熔溶剂(DESs)是一种新型的离子液体(ILs)类似物,与传统有机溶剂、离子液体相比,DESs具有低毒、廉价、易于合成、生物可降解性等特点,因此在众多领域广受关注。近年来DESs在有机合成领域备受关注,被广泛用作合成反应的溶剂、催化剂、反应物等,在有机反应方面存在很大发展空间,本文综述了DESs在有机合成反应中的应用,重点讨论其在氧化还原反应、取代反应、缩合反应、环化反应等方面的研究进展,为其开发应用提供新思路。     

氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油的性质与应用

作为绿色溶剂,离子液体在化学和物理学科引起广泛关注.低共融溶剂,如氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油,不仅被认为是一类新型的离子液体,还具有价格低廉、环境友好及合成简便等优势.为了促进氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油这两种低共融溶剂的应用,本文考察了氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油的微观结构、物理化学性质及水分对其物性的影响,并将其与传统离子液体进行了比较.此外,还分析了氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油在摩擦学及CO2分离中的潜在应用.已有研究结果表明,氯化胆碱/尿素和氯化胆碱/甘油有希望应用于摩擦学及CO2分离中,但是在大规模工业应用之前依然存在很多不确定性和瓶颈,还需要进一步在其纳米结构、实验测定及模型等方面进行研究.     

功能化离子液体在酯化反应中的应用进展

近年来，功能化离子液体(TSILs)的研究发展迅速。酯化反应作为一类重要的有机合成反应，一直是有机化学领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了TSILs（单核和双核TSILs、多金属氧酸盐TSILs、大分子聚合TSILs及深共晶溶剂）的特点、合成及其在酯化反应中的应用和催化机理。对比了TSILs与传统催化剂对酯化反应的催化效果。最后，对TSILs的发展进行了总结与展望。     

超临界(压缩)二氧化碳介质中的选择氧化*

由于超临界二氧化碳（SCCO₂）具有稳定、安全、不燃、清洁无毒、粘度小、扩散快、可压缩的特殊性质,所以使得超临界二氧化碳非常适合作为催化反应的绿色溶剂.除此之外,多种气体在超临界二氧化碳中的溶解度很高,这对于那些受传质阻碍和易引起安全隐患的气相反应来讲,使用SCCO₂作为替代的反应溶剂具有重要的价值。值得指出的是：如果选择超临界二氧化碳作为氧化反应的溶剂,其自身不会发生反应而产生副产物,从而容易得到清洁的产物。本文主要讨论了超临界二氧化碳作为反应介质对醇、烯烃和烷烃等选择氧化反应的影响,通过与传统溶剂比较可以看出超临界二氧化碳作为氧化反应溶剂的优势,对近几年来以分子氧为氧化剂,以超临界二氧化碳为介质的催化选择氧化的反应体系作了综述,并对未来的发展提出了展望。     

离子液体在纤维素研究中的应用*

离子液体是一种新型的绿色溶剂,纤维素是一种可再生的生物资源,作为非衍生化纤维素溶剂,离子液体在纤维素研究中呈现出了良好的发展态势。本文综述了纤维素在离子液体溶解、再生、衍生化反应及其在生物酶催化等方面的一些研究成果。     

活性炭纤维在环境保护领域中的功用

本文综述了活性炭纤维在环境保护领域中的功用。选种新型吸附剂在微观结构和宏观形态上都与传统的粒状活性炭有着本质的区别,在回收强腐蚀性溶剂、反应活性溶剂、低浓度污染物和其它难处理物质方面表现了特效的功能。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.