尖晶石型八面体结构锰酸锂的制备及其电化学性能

采用模板导向法和高温固相法制备尖晶石型八面体结构的LiMn₂O₄锂离子电池正极材料,研究了该材料的结构和电化学性能。 电化学性能研究表明,该电极材料具有良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能,在2.5~4.5 V电压范围,电流密度为100 mA/g时,首周充放电比容量分别为147和179 mA·h/g,循环50周后,其充放电比容量仍分别保持在180/181 mA·h/g。 优良的电化学性能可能归因于尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的形貌结构特征,该方法为制备锂离子电池正极材料提供了思路和依据。     

一步硫/磷热处理制备空心Co9S8/CoP/C纳米复合材料及其储钠性能研究

低成本、高性能的钠离子电池有望成为代替锂离子电池的下一代核心器件.但是开发出高比容量、高倍率的钠离子电池负极材料依然是瓶颈.本文通过水热/溶剂热法制备了Co基前驱体,然后将其一步硫/磷热处理制得具有空心多孔结构的h-Co₉S₈/CoP/C纳米复合材料.通过X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征以确定纳米复合物的物相以及形貌特征.当h-Co₉S₈/CoP/C作为钠离子电池负极材料时,该电极材料展示了高的比容量(561 mAh g^-1@0.1 Ag^-1)、较好的循环性能(可逆比容量200 mAh g^-1@2 Ag^-1)和倍率性能.h-Co₉S₈/CoP/C之所以显示出良好的储钠性能,主要得益于其空心多孔结构不仅提供更多的空间缓解钠在反复嵌入和脱出过程造成的体积膨胀效应,而且可以缩短离子/电荷扩散途径以加快反应动力学,此外,Co₉S₈、CoP和C独特的电子结构优势得以共同发挥.     

碳化钼改性二氧化硅的制备及其电化学性能

采用硅酸四乙酯、钼酸铵和蔗糖分别作为硅源、钼源和碳源,通过溶胶?凝胶法制备了碳包覆二氧化硅（SiO₂）和碳化钼（Mo₂C）颗粒的SiO₂/Mo₂C/C复合物,并借助X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜等仪器对复合物的物相组成、形貌结构等进行了表征测试,同时研究了复合物作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能。结果表明,当硅酸四乙酯、钼酸铵和蔗糖的质量比为3∶1∶2（记为SiO₂/Mo₂C/C 2）用作锂离子电池的负极材料时具有较好的电化学性能。在电流密度为100 mA/g,首次充电和放电比容量分别为662和896 mA·h/g,经过200次循环后,可逆容量仍可达625 mA·h/g。即使在2 A/g的大电流密度下,可逆容量仍可达272 mA·h/g。该复合材料表现出良好的倍率性能和循环稳定性,这主要归因于Mo₂C具有良好的稳定性和较高的导电性,提高了SiO₂的导电性,同时碳包覆层可以保护核心材料直接与电解液反应生成副产物,还可以作为缓冲层减缓SiO₂的体积膨胀,因此在进行充放电的过程中,材料的电化学性能得到显著的提升。在此提出利用过渡金属碳化物改善SiO₂导电性和循环性能的新思想,可以为其它负极材料的改性提供新的研究思路并扩宽研究方向。     

锂离子电池负极材料SnO2的形貌调控合成

SnO₂是一种重要的宽禁带半导体材料,由于具有较高的理论容量,将其作为锂离子电池的负极材料有广阔的应用前景。材料的微观形貌对其物理化学性能有重要的影响作用,因此近年来大量的研究工作围绕SnO₂的形貌调控合成开展。本文综述了作为锂离子电池负极材料SnO₂的各种形貌的调控合成,如颗粒状、片状、一维、空壳、分级结构等,以及其形貌对电化学性能的影响,分析总结了各种形貌对其电化学性能的影响规律以及形貌调控的发展趋势。     

LiNbO3负极薄膜电化学性能及全固态薄膜锂离子电池应用

全固态薄膜锂离子电池具有易微型化与集成化等优点,因此,非常适合为微系统供电。负极对全固态薄膜锂离子电池的性能有重要影响。现有电池通常采用金属锂作为负极,然而其枝晶生长问题及低的热稳定性限制了相应电池在工业、军事等高温、高安全场合应用。为此,本文系统研究了LiNbO₃薄膜的电化学性能,结果表明:LiNbO₃薄膜呈现高比容量(410.2 mAh·g^-1)、高倍率(30C时比容量80.9 mAh·g^-1)和长循环性能(2000圈循环后的容量保持率为100%),以及高的室温离子电导率(4.5×10^-8 S·cm^-1)。在此基础上,基于LiNbO3薄膜构建出全固态薄膜锂离子电池Pt|NCM523|LiPON|LiNbO₃|Pt,其展现出较高的面容量(16.3μAh·cm^-2)、良好的倍率(30μA·cm^-2下比容量1.9μAh·cm^-2)及长循环稳定性(300圈循环后的容量保持率...     

锂离子电池3d 过渡金属氧化物负极微/纳米材料

与传统的碳材料相比,锂离子电池3d 过渡金属氧化物(M_xO_y,M = Co、Fe、Cu、Ni) 负极材料具有更高的容量、倍率及安全性能,更适于锂离子电池在移动电子设备、电动汽车、备用储能和智能电网等领域的应用,因此备受关注。本文介绍了M_xO_y 负极材料的充放电机理,并以零维、一维、二维、三维等纳米结构及空心、核壳等多种微/纳米结构为出发点,详细讨论了过渡金属氧化物电极材料的电化学性能与结构特征之间的关系,分析了具有不同结构特征的负极材料的合成方法;展望了3d 过渡金属氧化物负极微/纳米材料的研究趋势和发展前景。     

锂离子电池高容量合金基含锂负极材料的研究进展

现有的以石墨为负极的锂离子电池能量密度逐渐接近其理论极限. 基于合金化反应机制的高容量含锂负极材料Li_xM_y(M为能够和锂发生合金化反应的元素)是一类新兴的负极材料, 具有数倍于石墨的储锂比容量, 且可以为电池提供活性锂源. 这些特性使其能够与高容量无锂正极材料(如S, O₂, FeF₃和V₂O₅等)相匹配, 构建下一代高比能锂离子电池新体系. 本文综述了近年来高容量合金基含锂负极材料(如Li_xSi, Li_xSn, Li₃P和Li_xAl基系列材料)的研究进展, 分析了所面临的挑战, 概述了材料的合成与电极的制备方法, 并介绍了它们在常规锂离子电池、 锂离子-硫电池及锂离子-空气电池等多个全电池体系中的应用实例, 提出并举证了其电化学性能优化与调控的策略, 最后展望了未来的研究方向.     

锂离子电池高比容量负极用粘结剂

随着锂离子电池向高比能量方向发展,传统的石墨负极材料将逐渐被合金、金属氧化物等高比容量负极材料所取代。高比容量负极材料在循环过程中易产生较大的体积变化,从而导致电极循环性能衰退,限制了其实际应用。除从材料本身入手外,变换粘结剂是改善高比容量负极材料电化学性能的有效途径。本文对近十年来锂离子电池高比容量负极用粘结剂的发展进行了总结。对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)粘结剂进行改性处理,提高其黏弹性,可以显著改善电极的电化学性能。与PVDF相比,水性羧甲基纤维素(CMC)粘结剂可以明显提高Si基电极的电化学性能。CMC用作高比容量负极材料粘结剂明显优于PVDF的原因包括其利于电极浆料分散、与电解液不反应以及能够与活性物质之间形成化学键(共价键或氢键)等。同时,CMC本身的结构参数(分子量、取代度、阳离子)、CMC加入量、浆料pH值及电极孔隙率均对CMC电极的性能具有重要影响。聚丙烯酸(PAA)及海藻酸钠粘结剂由于含有更多的羧基(—COOH)基团,对高比容量负极材料具有更好的效果。其他新型粘结剂在高比容量负极性能的提升方面也具有较大潜力。     

Fe2O3/rGO纳米复合物的制备及其储锂和储钠性能

金属氧化物可通过电化学转换反应与锂离子及钠离子发生多电子可逆结构转换,是一类极具应用前景的高容量锂离子和钠离子电池负极材料。实验以氧化石墨烯和铁盐为前驱体,采用简单的溶剂法,成功将Fe₂O₃纳米单晶粒子均匀负载于石墨烯的导电片层上,获得Fe₂O₃/rGO(还原氧化石墨烯)纳米复合材料。复合电极在锂离子和钠离子电池中都表现出优异的充放电性能和循环稳定性。实验结果表明石墨烯的包覆不仅能降低Fe₂O₃发生转换反应的电荷传递阻抗,而且能够稳定电极在循环过程中带来的结构转变,极大改善电极大电流充放能力和循环稳定性。本研究为发展高容量的锂离子和钠离子电池负极材料提供了可行的途径。     

碳布负载的缺氧型Na2Ti3O7纳米带阵列作为高性能柔性钠离子电池负极材料

作为锂离子电池的理想替代品,钠离子电池因具有能源储备丰富、成本低廉等优点而受到人们的广泛关注。柔性便携式电子产品的发展亟需柔性储能器件的研制。因此,发展一种廉价、高性能的柔性钠离子电池负极材料成了科研工作者的共同目标。在此项工作中,我们通过简单的水热合成和热还原法发展了一种以柔性碳布为基底,与缺氧型的Na₂Ti₃O₇纳米带(NTO)构成三维阵列结构的新型柔性钠离子电池负极材料。复合材料(R-NTO/CC)的导电性和活性位点得到提高,电化学性能也大幅提升,在200 mA·cm^-2的电流密度下,实现100 mAh·cm^-2的面积比容量,且经过200次循环后仍保留最初电容值的80%。此外,这种电极还具有优良的倍率性能,当电流密度提高到400 mA·cm^-2时,仍保持69.7 mAh·cm^-2的面积比容量,是未引入氧空位材料的三倍之多。这种三维缺氧的电极材料可有效提高载流子浓度,缩短离子传输通道,从而大幅提升电极的电化学性能。此工作为设计合成高储钠性能的新型的负极材料提供了一种实用有效的策略。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.