水-正已烷-乙醇体系的液液平衡研究

近年来,超临界合成进展迅速。钟炳等人在超临界状态下利用正己烷、环已烷等液体介质,将一氧化碳合成甲醇[1],效率已达90%以上。作为基础工作,刘建国等人研究了水-正己烷-甲醇体系的液液平衡[2];冯耀声等人研究了水-丙烷-乙醇体系的相平衡[3];Letcher等人研究了水-正庚烷-醇体系     

一氧化碳、氢、甲醇和正乙烷体系的分子模拟

钟炳等将超临界流体引入固定床反应器进行催化分离一体化合成甲醇的研究,取得了良好的效果［１］．对于一氧化碳加氢合成甲醇这一体系,文献报导的相平衡实验数据十分缺乏,ＤｅＬｏｏｓ［２］和Ｚａｗｉｓｚａ［３］仅对甲醇和正己烷二元体系的相行为进行了研究．对于合...     

CO对CO2加氢合成甲醇的影响

甲醇是重要的有机化工原料，同时它也已被确认为尾气污染少、辛烷值高的汽、柴油接烧的洁净燃料和大功率燃料电池的燃料[1]．随着世界石油贮量的枯竭，甲醇汽车将快速发展，所以CO2加氢合成甲醇具有广阔的应用前景和深远的理论意义．铜基催化剂上CO2加氢主要存在二个竞争反应[2     

糠醛水溶液的液-液萃取分离

糠醛是重要的化工溶剂和中间体,传统生产过程流程复杂[1],能耗高。近年已提出用不同溶剂萃取分离糠醛和水[2]。本文在前文基础上[3]选择醋酸丁酯为萃取剂测定糖醛-水-醋酸丁酯体系的LLE数据,由二组二元体系和三元体系液液平衡数据确定UNIQUAC模型中三对模型参数,并采用UNIQUAC模型模拟计算糖醛水溶液萃取分离结果,以便为错流和逆流萃取试验提供依据。1　实验部分糠醛水溶液和醋酸丁酯加入液液平衡釜[4],磁力搅拌器搅拌30分钟,待温度稳定后,静置40分钟,取上相和下相分析。平衡釜采用CS501型超级恒温水浴控温,平衡结果由SP-6800…     

液多相催化体系在不对称氢化中的应用

近年来 ,随着人们对手性对映异构体在生物活性上存在巨大差异认识的提高 ,使对手性纯化学品的市场需求大大增加 ,尤其表现在药物、农用化学品、食品添加剂及香料等领域 [1～ 6] .作为获得手性纯物质的重要途径 ,不对称催化反应在众多不对称合成反应中是最有效的 ,也最具有经济开发价值 ,因而成为当前有机合成和催化的一个前沿研究领域 [7～ 8] .其中 ,不对称氢化是不对称催化反应在工业生产上的首例应用 ,也是目前研究最深入、最广泛的不对称催化题目之一[9] .1 968年 ,Horner[10 ] 和Knowles[11]等将手性膦配体引入 Osborn等 [12 ]的均相…     

氨基酸在甲醇—水混合溶剂中的气液平衡

采用改进的Ｒｏｓｅ釜测定了在３３３Ｋ和３３８Ｋ下，氨基乙酸、ＤＬ－氨基丙酸及Ｌ－氨基异戊酸在甲醇－水混合溶剂中的气液平衡数据。实验结果表明，当甲醇－水混合溶剂的相对组成固定时，体系的平衡压力与加入的氨基酸的浓度间存在线性关系，使已建立的含盐混合溶剂的“广义线性定理”进一步扩展到含有非挥发性物质的混合溶剂中。用热力学原理导出了线性方程的数学解析式；讨论了引入氨基酸对混合溶剂结构及性质的影响规律。     

生物质合成气一步法合成LPG的实验研究

由生物质气化合成液体燃料(甲醇、二甲醇和低碳烃类),是理想的碳中性绿色燃料,将其用作城市交通和民用燃料,已经引起全世界的广泛关注.[1,2]     

离子液体在多水相液液平衡体系中的作用

通过用短链离子液体(1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C2mim]Br、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C4mim]Br)部分或全部取代SDS/DTAB/PEG/NaBr/H2O多水相体系中的无机盐NaBr,用长链离子液体十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C12mim]Br部分取代体系中阳离子表面活性剂DTAB,系统研究了离子液体在分相体系中的作用及其对分相体系性质的影响.研究表明,SDS/DTAB/PEG/NaBr/H2O混合体系形成的四水相体系可以看作"聚合物双水相"与"表面活性剂双水相"共存的结果.短链离子液体([C2mim]Br、[C4mim]Br)较强的亲水性能赋予其较强的盐析能力,在混合体系中表现出明显的盐效应,保证了四水相体系中"聚合物双水相"的存在.短链离子液体与聚合物之间的相互作用及其对表面活性剂之间相互作用的影响均不可忽略.对混合体系的相行为,共存多相的性质有重要的影响.而长链离子液体[C12mim]Br主要通过自身的疏水作用影响"表面活性剂双水相"的性质,充当表面活性剂的角色.然而,[C12mim]Br与DTAB分子结构上的差异,导致表面活性剂分子在"表面活性剂双水相"的两相重新分配,影响了对应两相的体积及萃取能力.可见,通过调节离子液体的烷基链长、混合体系中的含量等可获得具有特定性质的多水相体系.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的研究

燃料电池作为一种无污染、高效率的能源引起世界各大汽车公司的广泛关注[1,2]。用于燃料电池的燃料目前研究较多的是氢气,用氢气作燃料存在储存、安全、运输等问题,寻求合适贮氢方法或替代燃料,实现车载制氢是解决问题的办法。甲醇作为液体燃料,因具有高能量密度,低碳含量,以及运输和贮存等优势成为车载制氢的理想燃料,甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应也成为研究的热点[3～10]。车载制氢对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应体系中的产氢速率,氢气和CO的含量都有一定的要求。尤其对CO含量要求更为苛刻,因CO易引起燃料电池阳极催化剂中毒[11,12]。因此,开…     

Pt/C电极表面活化处理对乙醇电催化氧化的影响

0引言直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)由于其燃料来源丰富、价格低廉、甲醇携带和储存安全方便等独特的优越性而越来越受到重视[1]。但DMFC中常用的阳极Pt催化剂对甲醇氧化的低的电催化活性及易于被甲醇氧化的中间体,吸附态的CO(COad)毒化的问题一直是制约DMFC走向实用化的关键问题[2,3]。由于甲醇分子小,在质子交换膜上有较大的透过作用,并且甲醇具有较高的毒性,所以寻求甲醇的替代燃料也是一直以来被广泛关注的问题[4,5]。乙醇是最简单的链醇分子,相对于甲醇来说,乙醇有很多优点,乙醇基本上没有毒性,来源丰富,价格可与甲醇竞争,能量密度高…     

超临界甲醇降解对苯二甲酸丁二酯的研究

作为一种综合性能优良的新型工程塑料,对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)工程塑料及其各种合金在全球范围内已经广泛用于电子电气、汽车、机械及民用等各个领域,而中国是其中需求量最大的国家．     

Modeling gradient elution in countercurrent chromatography: efficient separation of tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge

Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a support-free liquid-liquid chromatography using centrifugal fields to hold the liquid stationary phase. CCC has been widely applied in the separation of various natural and synthetic components using a variety of biphasic liquid systems. The related hexane or heptane/ethyl acetate/methanol or ethanol/water biphasic liquid systems demonstrated their significance in CCC. Gradient is difficult in CCC since any composition change in one phase induces a composition change of the other phase to maintain phase equilibrium. This work provides a new insight into linear gradient elution in CCC that is feasible with some biphasic liquid systems such as selected compositions of the hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water systems. The equations modeling solute motion inside the CCC column are proposed. Particular compositions of the liquid system, namely the hexane/ethyl acetate/ethanol/water 8:2:E:W compositions with E + W = 10, were studied from W = 1 to 9. They showed moderate changes in the upper organic phase compositions. The model is tested with the separation of tanshinones from the rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Different linear solvent gradient profiles were experimentally performed between 8:2:5:5 and 8:2:3:7 compositions and the results were evaluated using the proposed model. Five tanshinones including dihydrotanshinone I, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, 1,2-dihydrotanshinquinone, and tanshinone IIA have been successfully separated (>95% purities) using a gradient profile optimized by the developed model. The gradient model can be used only with biphasic liquid systems in which one phase shows minimum composition changes when the other phase composition changes notably. This case is not the general case for biphasic liquid systems but can be applied with specific compositions of the quaternary hexane or heptane/ethyl acetate/methanol or ethanol/water most useful CCC liquid systems.     

Separation and characterisation of five polar herbicides using countercurrent chromatography with detection by negative ion electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry.

Five polar herbicides were separated and characterised using high-speed analytical countercurrent chromatography (HSACCC) in conjunction with online electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The countercurrent chromatography used a standard isocratic biphasic solvent system of hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water in reverse phase to effect the separation of these five environmentally important compounds. The chromatograph was coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer via a standard electrospray liquid chromatography interface that was able to give mass spectra in negative ion mode of each compound. Limits of detection are reported for this series of compounds along with representative negative ion ESI-MS data and calibrations for the separation.     

Improved Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Extraction Combined with GC–ECD for the Determination of Organochlorinated Pesticides in Water

In this study, improved homogeneous liquid–liquid extraction (HLLE), equipped with GC–ECD has been developed for the extraction and determination of organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in water. The phase separation phenomenon occurred by temperature in a ternary solvent (water/methanol/chloroform) system. Several factors influencing the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized with orthogonal array design. Furthermore, in this study, for the first time, before immiscible organic phase formation, different volumes of deionized water were subjected to homogeneous solution to investigate the effect of this factor on the extraction performance of HLLE. Optimal results were as follows: volume of the extracting solvent (chloroform), 50?μL; volume of the consolute solvent (methanol), 1.2?mL; volume of the sample, 2.5?mL; volume of the deionized water, 0.5?mL; time of centrifuge, 7?min. Under the optimum conditions, repeatability was obtained by spiking OCPs at concentration level of 20?μg?L^?1, the RSDs varied between 4.8 and 10.7% (n?=?4). The limits of detection of 0.02–0.12?μg?L^?1 were obtained for the OCPs. Enrichment factors and the extraction percent of the studied compounds were in the range of 240–300 and 69.2–84.0%, respectively. Finally, the results of the proposed HLLE method were compared with the same HLLE method without addition of deionized water. The results indicated that the proposed method has higher enrichment factors and lower detection limits.     

Preparative separation of bioactive constitutes from Zanthoxylum planispinum using linear gradient counter‐current chromatography

Counter‐current chromatography is a chromatographic technique with a support‐free liquid stationary phase. In the present study, a successful application of linear gradient counter‐current chromatographic method for preparative isolation of bioactive components from the crude ethanol extract of Zanthoxylum planispinum was presented. The application of n‐hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water quaternary solvents, in terms of “HEMWat” or “Arizona” solvent families, in gradient elution mode was evaluated. Results indicated that slightly proportional changes of biphasic liquid systems provided the possibility of gradient elution in counter‐current chromatography, maintaining stationary phase retention in the column. With the selected quaternary solvent systems composed of n‐hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (2:1:2:1 and 3:2:3:2, v/v), and optimized gradient programs, in total seven fractions were separated in 4.5 h. Most of the purified compounds could be obtained at the milligram level with over 80% purity. The present study indicated that the linear gradient counter‐current chromatographic approach possessed unique advantages in terms of separation efficiency, exhibiting great potential for the comprehensive separation of complex natural extracts.     

Study of [EMim][ESO4] ionic liquid as solvent in the liquid-liquid extraction of xylenes from their mixtures with hexane

The aim of this work is to determine if the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate is a good solvent for the separation of xylenes and hexane by liquid extraction. With this purpose, liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for the ternary systems {hexane + o-xylene, or m-xylene, or p-xylene + 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate} were determined at T = 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Selectivity and solute distribution ratio, derived from the experimental equilibrium data, were calculated and used to determine if this ionic liquid can be used as a potential solvent for the extraction of xylenes from their mixtures with hexane. The experimental LLE data for the ternary systems were correlated using the NRTL and UNIQUAC models.     

Cellulose tris‐(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐based chiral stationary phase for the enantioseparation of drugs in supercritical fluid chromatography: comparison with HPLC

A cellulose tris‐(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐based chiral stationary phase was studied as a tool for the enantioselective separation of 21 selected analytes with different pharmaceutical and physicochemical properties. The enantioseparations were performed using supercritical fluid chromatography. The effect of the mobile phase composition was studied. Four different additives (diethylamine, triethylamine, isopropylamine, and trifluoroacetic acid) and isopropylamine combined with trifluoroacetic acid were tested and their influence on enantioseparation was compared. The influence of two different mobile phase co‐solvents (methanol and propan‐2‐ol) combined with all the additives was also evaluated. The best mobile phase compositions for the separation of the majority of enantiomers were CO₂/methanol/isopropylamine 80:20:0.1 v/v/v or CO₂/propan‐2‐ol/isopropylamine/trifluoroacetic acid 80:20:0.05:0.05 v/v/v/v. The best results were obtained from the group of basic β‐blockers. A high‐performance liquid chromatography separation system composed of the same stationary phase and mobile phase of similar properties prepared as a mixture of hexane/propan‐2‐ol/additive 80:20:0.1 v/v/v was considered for comparison. Supercritical fluid chromatography was found to yield better results, i.e. better enantioresolution for shorter analysis times than high‐performance liquid chromatography. However, examples of enantiomers better resolved under the optimized conditions in high‐performance liquid chromatography were also found.     

Chemistry in Supercritical Water

Water is a special liquid —and not only under “normal” conditions. Water in the supercritical state (shaded area in the phase diagram) is distinguished by special properties which are wholly at variance with those of normal water. So far these have usually been exploited for the purification of waste water, for example for the complete oxidation of poorly degradable substances. But what is the potential of supercritical water for synthesis? Answers are provided here on the basis of thermodynamic and kinetic studies as well as with reference to measurements of corrosion.     

Binary phase behavior and aggregation of dilute methanol in supercritical carbon dioxide: a Monte Carlo simulation study

Configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs and isobaric-isothermal ensembles using the transferable potentials for phase equilibria force field were carried out to investigate the thermophysical properties of mixtures containing supercritical carbon dioxide and methanol. The binary vapor-liquid coexistence curves were calculated at 333.15 and 353.15 K and are in excellent agreement with experimental measurements. The self-association of methanol in supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated over a range of temperatures and pressures near the mixture critical point. The temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants for the formation of hydrogen-bonded aggregates (from dimer to heptamer) allowed for the determination of the enthalpy of hydrogen bonding, DeltaHHB, in supercritical carbon dioxide with values for DeltaHHB of about 15 kJ mol(-1) falling within the range of previously proposed values. No strong pressure dependence was observed for the formation of aggregates. Apparently the decrease of the entropic penalty and of the enthalpic benefit upon increasing pressure or solvent density mostly cancel each other's effect on aggregate formation.     

Enrichment and isolation of barbigerone from Millettia pachycarpa Benth. using high‐speed counter‐current chromatography and preparative HPLC

Enrichment of the anti‐tumor compound barbigerone along with a rotenoid derivative from Millettia pachycarpa Benth. was performed by a two‐step high‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC) separation process. In the first step, 155.8 mg of target fraction (Fra6) was obtained from 400 mg ethyl acetate extract of M. pachycarpa Benth. with an increase in barbigerone from 5.1 to 13% via HSCCC using a solvent system of n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (5:4:5:3, v/v) under normal phase head to tail elution. HSCCC was repeated to eliminate the major contaminant in this initial fraction 6. After a separation time of 65 min, 22.1 mg barbigerone of 87.7% purity was obtained from Fra6 with the ternary solvent system of n‐hexane–methanol–water (2:2:1, v/v) under normal phase elution. Finally, preparative HPLC was employed for the further isolation of barbigerone and the rotenoid derivative. The structures were confirmed by ESI‐MS, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR.