Cu/AC催化剂在气相氧化羰基化反应中铜状态变化分析

采用活性炭(AC)载体浸渍醋酸铜后热分解制得Cu/AC催化剂,用于催化甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯,通过对反应不同时间的催化剂进行XRD、TEM、H2-TPR、AAS、XPS和O2-TPD等表征,探讨反应过程中铜物种状态的变化规律及其催化性能。结果表明,新鲜催化剂中铜物种以单质Cu形式存在;进行反应后,单质Cu吸附反应气氛中的O2并转化为晶格氧生成Cu2O物种,反应4 h时,催化剂表面主要为分散均匀、粒径较小的Cu2O,为反应的进行提供活性组分和晶格氧,表现出较好的催化活性;随着反应继续进行,催化剂中Cu2O晶粒长大,并被表面吸附氧进一步氧化为CuO,Cu2O含量减少,CuO含量增加,同时铜物种发生了较严重的团聚现象,导致催化剂活性下降。     

浆态床合成甲醇CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的表面性质

采用并流共沉淀法制备了不同Cu/Zn摩尔比的CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂,考察了其浆态床CO加氢合成甲醇的催化性能.通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、程序升温还原及X射线光电子能谱等方法对催化剂表面性质进行了表征.结果表明,催化剂具有体相和表面高分散两种不同还原性质的CuO,表面CuO的含量及其与ZnO的相互作用使催化剂活性增大.当催化剂中Cu/Zn≤1时,随着铜含量的增加,表面高分散的CuO量增加,CuO和ZnO之间相互作用增强,催化剂的活性也随之增大;当催化剂Cu/Zn>1时,增加的铜量主要体现为体相CuO含量的增加,且ZnO结晶度提高,CuO和ZnO之间的相互作用减弱,催化剂的活性随铜含量增大而减小.     

CO预处理对CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用XRD,TPR,CO吸附in-situIR,CO氧化反应等对CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂经CO处理前后的结构、组成和催化性能进行了研究。结果表明,经CO在250℃下处理1h后CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂中出现了分散态Cu 物种,该物种的产生使催化剂的活性明显提高。     

Cu/AC催化剂在气相氧化羰基化反应中铜状态变化分析

采用活性炭（AC）载体浸渍醋酸铜后热分解制得Cu/AC催化剂,用于催化甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯,通过对反应不同时间的催化剂进行XRD、TEM、H₂-TPR、AAS、XPS和O₂-TPD等表征,探讨反应过程中铜物种状态的变化规律及其催化性能。结果表明,新鲜催化剂中铜物种以单质Cu形式存在;进行反应后,单质Cu吸附反应气氛中的O₂并转化为晶格氧生成Cu₂O物种,反应4h时,催化剂表面主要为分散均匀、粒径较小的Cu₂O,为反应的进行提供活性组分和晶格氧,表现出较好的催化活性;随着反应继续进行,催化剂中Cu₂O晶粒长大,并被表面吸附氧进一步氧化为CuO,Cu₂O含量减少,CuO含量增加,同时铜物种发生了较严重的团聚现象,导致催化剂活性下降。     

负载型Cu-Pd双金属纳米氧化物催化剂催化合成碳酸二乙酯：Cu（I）作为活性中心

催化反应活性与催化剂活性组分的存在价态密切相关,所以探讨催化剂在反应过程中的活性中心及其价态变化,对于催化反应机理和催化剂的研究都显得十分重要.目前对于氧化羰基合成碳酸二甲酯催化剂的机理的探讨很多,主要存在的争议是Cu+还是Cu2+作为活性中心,以及铜物种的配位状态.大多体系都是以分子筛为载体的铜基催化剂,其活性中心的研究存在铜离子在分子筛中的定位问题,而且催化活性也会受到分子筛结构的影响.采用这种方法研究活性中心的影响因素较多,存在一定的局限性.因此,直接制备纳米级的铜基氧化物用于本催化体系,有利于更直观简单地探索其活性中心.纳米级金属氧化物材料是一种新型的功能性材料,而纳米铜基氧化物(CuO和Cu2O)因其独特的物化性质和结构而引起广泛关注.我们采用水热法制备纳米CuO及其它氧化物,研究了NaOH浓度对催化剂的催化性能的影响;葡萄糖是一种还原性较强的还原剂,其用量必定会对所制备的氧化物的物种有所影响.为了探究Cu0和Cu+在本体系中的作用,采用不同葡萄糖用量制备了具有不同Cu2O含量的PdCl2/Cu-Cu2O催化剂.在上述研究基础上,我们采用X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、热重分析、等离子体原子发射光谱等表征手段研究了负载型纳米铜基氧化物催化剂在合成碳酸二乙酯反应中催化性能差异的原因,旨在直接考察活性中心主要是Cu+还是Cu2+,避免分子筛等体系中载体结构的影响,研究结果更具参考性.结果发现, NaOH浓度为5 mol/L时制备的PdCl2/CuO和PdCl2/Cu-Cu2O催化剂的性能优于其他浓度下制备的催化剂,这可能是由于不同浓度的碱溶液会对铜离子的沉淀过程产生不同的影响;相同NaOH浓度下制备的催化剂中, PdCl2/Cu-Cu2O催化剂的催化性能明显优于PdCl2/CuO催化剂,这可能是由于PdCl2/Cu-Cu2O催化剂更有利于反应过程中电子的传递,从而表现出更好的催化性能,我们推测Cu0和Cu+可能更有利催化乙醇氧化羰基合成DEC;表征分析发现PdCl2/CuO和PdCl2/Cu-Cu2O均具有很好的热稳定性,两种催化剂中PdCl2负载量几乎相同,因此,主要影响催化性能的因素是载体CuO和Cu-Cu2O中铜的价态.采用不同葡萄糖用量制备了含有不同Cu2O含量的PdCl2/Cu-Cu2O催化剂,其中, PdCl2/Cu-Cu2O-2催化剂中含有更多的Cu2O,在反应中乙醇转化率达到了7.2%, DEC的选择性为97.9%, DEC的时空收率可达到151.9 mg·g–1·h–1.由此可见在乙醇气相氧化羰基合成DEC体系中, Cu+是主要的活性中心.     

液相还原法制备Cu/Zn/Al/Zr催化剂用于CO2加氢合成甲醇

近年来,由于大气CO2浓度增加引起的温室效应正日益威胁着人类的生存与发展,CO2的捕获与利用是有望解决温室效应和能源危机的有效途径.CO2催化转化为甲醇成为众多研究者关注的焦点,这是因为甲醇不仅是一种重要的基本化工原料,也是一种洁净的绿色燃料和能源载体.Cu基催化剂广泛应用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应,并表现出良好的催化性能.通常,金属催化剂的制备是采用H2对金属氧化物进行还原.然而,传统的气相还原过程伴随着强烈的热效应,且需要在高温(473-573 K)下进行,会引起表面铜颗粒长大并加速其聚集烧结,使得活性组分利用率下降.近年来,以NaBH4为还原剂的液相还原法逐渐受到人们的重视,该方法操作简单、快捷且条件可控,反应在低温下进行,放出的热量可在液相环境中迅速得到转移,大大抑制了铜颗粒的聚集.因此,液相还原法可制备出高铜分散度、高活性的催化剂.焙烧温度对铜基催化剂结构和催化性能的影响已得到广泛探究,但这仅限于含二价铜物种催化剂,焙烧温度对含多种铜价态催化剂的影响未见报道.由于液相还原法制备的催化剂含有还原态的铜物种(Cu0和Cu+),它们比Cu2+具有更强的流动性,因此在后续的焙烧过程中催化剂更容易发生烧结和聚集.本文采用液相还原法合成了Cu/Zn/Al/Zr催化剂,分别于423,573,723和873 K焙烧后用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应,考察了焙烧温度对制备的铜基催化剂结构性质和催化性能的影响,并与传统共沉淀法制备的催化剂进行了对比.结果显示,随着焙烧温度升高,铜物种聚集作用增强,金属铜颗粒尺寸增大,873 K时烧结出现显著增强.由于比表面积随焙烧温度升高而减小,高温度焙烧的催化剂具有小的表面碱性位数目.焙烧温度会影响催化剂中铜物种与其它组分的相互作用,进而影响催化剂的还原.随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的还原温度逐渐降低,表面Cu+/Cu0的比例先增后减.CO2加氢活性评价显示,液相还原法制备的催化剂具有更高的催化活性,尤其是甲醇选择性;随着焙烧温度升高,催化剂的CO2转化率和甲醇选择性先增后减,CZAZ-573催化剂具有最高活性,且在1000 h长周期活性测试中表现稳定.CO2转化率与催化剂暴露金属铜的比表面积密切相关.相比Cu0,产物甲醇更容易在Cu+表面催化生成,催化剂表面的Cu+/Cu0比与甲醇选择性的变化规律一致.通过调控焙烧温度可得到高Cu比表面积以及高Cu+/Cu0比的催化剂,有利于CO2加氢生成甲醇.     

CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程,得到低温活性、氢选择性和稳定性较好的催化剂.Cu/Al2O3催化剂中添加CeO2提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,当CeO2质量分数为20％时,催化剂活性表现最佳.在反应温度250 ℃,水醇摩尔比为1.0,液体空速为3.28 h －1条件下,甲醇转化率为95.5％,氢气选择性为100％.此外,CeO2通过促进水气转化反应降低了重整气中CO的含量.Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂在200 h的寿命实验中,活性仍保持在90.0％以上,而Cu/Al2O3催化剂在100 h的寿命实验中,活性已很快下降.XRD和TPR分析及表面元素分布结果表明,铜和铈相互作用促进了铜在催化剂表面的高度分散,阻止了铜晶粒团聚、烧结,促使铜晶粒细小化,促进了铜的还原,改善了Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的性能.     

预处理气氛对CuO/CeO_2/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂表面性质及“NO+CO”反应性能的影响(英文)

用不同的预处理气氛制备了CeO2/γ-Al2O3载体以调节表面Ce的价态,并以Cu(CH3COO)2为前驱体制备了CuCeAl催化剂。XRD和H2-TPR的结果表明在还原气氛下处理的CeO2/γ-Al2O3载体具有更多的活性氧原子,因此相应的CuCeAl催化剂表面有更多分散态的Cu2+/Cu+物种。NO+CO反应的结果表明分散态的Cu2+/Cu+是NO转化的活性物质,而Cu0在低温下具有较好的N2选择性。因此,同时含有分散态Cu2+/Cu+和少量晶相Cu0的催化剂具有最好的催化性能。     

完全液相法中Cu源对Cu-Zn-Al催化剂结构及性能的影响

采用完全液相法,分别以柠檬酸铜、硝酸铜、乙酸铜为Cu源制备了三种Cu-Zn-Al浆状催化剂,考察了不同铜源对催化剂催化合成气制二甲醚性能的影响,利用XRD、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD、BET、XPS和TEM等技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,铜源对催化剂织构形貌及性能影响显著,用柠檬酸铜为铜源制备的催化剂铜物种分散性最好,铜物种与其他组分间相互作用强,可还原物质的量多,同时催化剂表面弱酸量与强酸量的比较高,催化剂的甲醇脱水能力提升,三种催化剂中柠檬酸铜催化剂性能最好,CO转化率为63.4%,二甲醚选择性为66.0%。     

CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究CeO2改性Cu/Al2O3催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应过程,得到低温活性、氢选择性和稳定性较好的催化剂.Cu/A12O3催化剂中添加CeO2提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性,当CeO2质量分数为20%时,催化剂活性表现最佳.在反应温度250℃,水醇摩尔比为1.0,液体空速为3.28 h-1条件下,甲醇转化率为95.5%,氢气选择性为100%.此外,CeO2通过促进水气转化反应降低了重整气中CO的含量.Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂在200 h的寿命实验中,活性仍保持在90.0%以上,而Cu/Al2O3催化剂在100 h的寿命实验中,活性已很快下降.XRD和TPR分析及表面元素分布结果表明,铜和铈相互作用促进了铜在催化剂表面的高度分散,阻止了铜晶粒团聚、烧结,促使铜晶粒细小化,促进了铜的还原,改善了Cu/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的性能.     

无氯 Cu/AC 催化剂的制备及其催化气相甲醇氧化羰基化反应性能

 以 Cu2(NO3)(OH)3/AC (活性碳) 为催化剂前驱体, 在惰性气氛中于不同温度热处理分别制得无氯的 CuO/AC, Cu2O/AC 和 Cu0/AC 催化剂, 并用于甲醇直接气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯 (DMC) 反应. 结果表明, 200 °C 处理制得的催化剂中, Cu 物种以 CuO 为主. 随着处理温度的升高, 催化剂中 CuO 含量逐渐降低, 而 Cu2O 含量增加; 400 °C 制备的催化剂中, Cu 物种仅以 Cu2O 形式存在; 而 450 °C 以上处理时则以 Cu0 形式存在. 随着热处理温度的提高, 相应催化剂活性逐渐增加, 表明 CuO, Cu2O 和 Cu0 均具有催化活性, 其活性大小的顺序为 CuO < Cu2O < Cu0. 在 140 °C, CO:MeOH:O2 = 4:10:1, SV = 5 600 h1 条件下, 450 °C 处理制备的 Cu0/AC 催化剂表现出较高的催化甲醇氧化羰基化活性, 其中甲醇转化率达 11.5%, DMC 的时空收率和选择性分别为 261.9 mg/(g•h) 和 76.0%.     

CuCl2和HY分子筛的表面反应及Cu/Y分子筛的制备及其催化甲醇氧化羰基化

以CuCl₂为前驱物与HY分子筛进行固相离子交换制备了Cu/Y催化剂,采用热重方法研究了CuCl₂与HY分子筛的表面固相离子交换反应,结合活性测试表明催化剂中高度分散的CuCl和离子交换形式的Cu⁺物种是甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯的催化活性中心。X射线光电子能谱表征和元素分析结果表明,活性金属Cu主要以CuCl形式存在于分子筛外表面,而在分子筛笼内则以交换的Cu⁺和少量吸附的CuCl形式存在。与以CuCl为交换铜源所制催化剂相比,以CuCl₂为铜源制备的催化剂Cu含量低,催化活性更高。     

Production of hydrogen by oxidative steam reforming of methanol over Cu/SiO2 catalysts

Selective production of hydrogen by oxidative steam reforming of methanol (OSRM) was studied over Cu/SiO₂ catalyst using fixed bed flow reactor. Textural and structural properties of the catalyst were analyzed by various instrumental methods. TPR analysis illustrates that the reduction temperature peak was observed between 510?K and 532?K at various copper loadings and calcination temperatures and the peaks shifted to higher temperature with increasing copper loading and calcination temperature. The XRD and XPS analysis demonstrates that the copper existed in different oxidation states at different conditions: Cu₂O, Cu⁰, CuO and Cu(OH)₂ in uncalcined sample; CuO in calcined sample: Cu₂O and metallic Cu after reduction at 600?K and Cu⁰ and CuO after catalytic test. TEM analysis reveals that at various copper loadings, the copper particle size is in the range between 3.0?nm and 3.8?nm. The Cu particle size after catalytic test increased from 3.6 to 4.8?nm, which is due to the formation of oxides of copper as evidenced from XRD and XPS analysis. The catalytic performance at various Cu loadings shows that with increasing Cu loading from 4.7 to 17.3?wt%, the activity increases and thereafter it decreases. Effect of calcination shows that the sample calcined at 673?K exhibited high activity. The O₂/CH₃OH and H₂O/CH₃OH molar ratios play important role in reaction rate and product distribution. The optimum molar ratios of O₂/CH₃OH and H₂O/CH₃OH are 0.25 and 0.1, respectively. When the reaction temperature varied from 473 to 548?K, the methanol conversion and H₂ production rate are in the range of 21.9–97.5% and 1.2–300.9?mmol?kg^?1?s^?1, respectively. The CO selectivity is negligible at these temperatures. Under the optimum conditions (17.3?wt%, Cu/SiO₂; calcination temperature 673?K; 0.25 O₂/CH₃OH molar ratio, 0.5 H₂O/CH₃OH molar ratio and reaction temperature 548?K), the maximum hydrogen yield obtained was 2.45?mol of hydrogen per mole of methanol. The time on stream stability test showed that the Cu/SiO₂ catalyst is quite stable for 48?h.     

CuO-La_2O_3/AC催化剂上气相合成碳酸二甲酯的研究(英文)

制备出了用于甲醇气相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯反应的负载铜基催化剂ＣｕＯ－Ｌａ_2Ｏ_3／ＡＣ。考察了预处理的活性炭载体对反应性能的影响。采用ＸＰＳ技术表征了催化剂的表面性质。结果表明,ＣｕＯ－Ｌａ２Ｏ３／ＡＣ催化剂具有催化合成碳酸二甲酯的反应活性：反应性能依赖于催化剂表面的ＣｕＯ和Ｃｕ２Ｏ物种;用盐酸预处理的活性炭载体可明显提高催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

A DFT study of DMC formation on Rh‐doped Cu/AC surfaces

The activity and selectivity of heterogeneous catalysts can be significantly improved by dispersion of another active component in the metal substrate. The impact of Rh promoter on the formation of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) via oxidative carbonylation of methanol on Cu–Rh/AC (activated carbon) catalyst was investigated by density functional theory calculations. The most stable configurations of reacting species (CO, OH, CH₃O, monomethyl carbonate, and DMC) adsorbed on the Cu⁰(zero‐valent copper)/AC and Cu–Rh/AC surfaces were determined on the basis of the calculated results. The reaction energy and activation energy of the rate‐limiting steps on the Cu–Rh/AC and Cu⁰/AC surfaces were compared. The activation energies of the rate‐limiting step of CO insertion into dimethoxide are 206.3 and 304.8 kJ mol^?1 on the Cu–Rh/AC and Cu⁰/AC surfaces, respectively. The activation energies of the rate‐limiting step of CO insertion into methoxide are 78.5 and 92.7 kJ/mol on the Cu–Rh/AC and Cu⁰/AC surfaces, respectively. The calculated results indicate that the addition of Rh atom has a significant effect on decreasing the active energy the main pathway for DMC formation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Highly dispersed Cu supported on mesoporous Al-KIT-6 for oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate

Microporous NaY zeolite is a common support of Cu catalysts for oxidative carbonylation of methanol, but the dispersion of Cu species on NaY is usually subjected to its micropore size. Here, ordered mesoporous KIT-6 was employed as the support for Cu catalyst and Al was incorporated into its framework to increase the surface acidity, which eventually improves the surface exchange capacity and Cu dispersion. The evolution of the state of Cu species on KIT-6 was analyzed combined with control of Cu loading. The physicochemical properties of the supports and corresponding catalysts were characterized by N₂ adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, ammonia temperature programmed desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that mesoporous KIT-6 showed better Cu dispersion than microporous NaY zeolite. Agglomerated CuO, dispersed CuO, and Cu²⁺ are the major Cu species observed on the catalyst surface. The increased surface acidic sites of KIT-6 by Al incorporation promoted the formation of Cu²⁺ and dispersion of CuO. With the increase in Cu loading, the Cu²⁺ content in the catalyst was decreased gradually along with increase in the bulk CuO. It was speculated that some exchanged Cu²⁺ could be transformed into highly dispersed CuO and even bulk CuO after calcination at a high Cu loading. Combined with the catalyst evaluation results, it was deduced that highly dispersed Cu²⁺ and CuO particles play significant roles in catalytic activity. The catalyst Cu/Al-K-10 achieved the highest space time yield of dimethyl carbonate of 135.4 mg/(g·h), which is 2.7 times the Cu/K-10 owing to its more dispersed Cu species. This laid the basis for preparing highly dispersed Cu species on mesoporous silica supports.     

载体H+含量对CuY甲醇氧化羰基化反应性能影响

通过过量浸渍Cu(NO_3)_2溶液于Y分子筛载体上,制备出Cu负载量为6.4%的CuY催化剂,考察了甲醇氧化羰基化反应的催化性能,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等手段对催化剂表面微观结构进行了表征。研究表明,随Y分子筛载体H+含量的增加,可使更多Cu物种落位于分子筛微孔笼结构中,且高度分散,而笼内未交换的Na+能进一步促进铜物种更多落位于载体超笼结构中,形成更多甲醇氧化羰基化反应的Cu+活性中心。同时随铜物种引入,催化剂中产生了明显的中强酸,酸量随落位于载体笼结构中的Cu物种的增加而增加,催化剂总酸量随之增加,导致甲醇氧化羰基化产物分布发生改变,碳酸二甲酯(DMC)选择性明显降低。对比等体积浸渍法制备的92.3%的高DMC选择性CuY催化剂,以不含H+的NaY分子筛为载体,过量浸渍法制备的CuY催化剂酸量少、Cu物种活性中心多,在保持82.4%的高DMC选择性时,其DMC的时空收率(STY)也高达109.1mg·g~(-1)·h-1。     

Characterization and Activity of Cu‐MnOx/γ‐Al2O3 Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide

The effect of manganese on the dispersion, reduction behavior and active states of surface of supported copper oxide catalysts have been investigated by XRD, temperature‐programmed reduction and XPS. The activity of methanol synthesis from CO₂/H₂ was also investigated. The catalytic activity over CuO‐MnO_x/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalyst for CO₂ hydrogenation is higher than that of CuO/γ‐Al₂O₃. The adding of manganese is beneficial in enhancing the dispersion of the supported copper oxide and make the TPR peak of the CuO‐MnK_x/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalyst different from the individual supported copper and manganese oxide catalysts, which indicates that there exists strong interaction between the copper and manganese oxide. For the CuO/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalyst there are two reducible copper oxide species; α and β peaks are attributed to the reduction of highly dispersed copper oxide species and bulk CuO species, respectively. For the CuO‐MnO_x/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalyst, four reduction peaks are observed, α peak is attributed to the dispersed copper oxide species; β peak is ascribed to the bulk CuO; γ peak is attributed to the reduction of high dispersed CuO interacting with manganese; δ peak may be the reduction of the manganese oxide interacting with copper oxide. XPS results show that Cu⁺ mostly existed on the working surface of the Cu‐Mn/γ‐Al₂O₃ catalysts. The activity was promoted by Cu with positive charge which was formed by means of long path exchange function between Cu? O? Mn. These results indicate that there is synergistic interaction between the copper and manganese oxide, which is responsible for the high activity of CO₂ hydrogenation.     

表面改性对Cu/活性炭催化剂表面Cu物种和催化活性的影响

通过对活性炭表面改性,研究了醋酸铜溶液浸渍后热分解制备的Cu/AC无氯催化剂对甲醇氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯催化性能的影响。通过低温氮吸附－脱附、FTIR等表征对改性前后活性炭的比表面积及表面官能团变化进行了分析,发现氨水改性的活性炭比表面积略有增大,表面不饱和还原性官能团(C≡N、C≡C)增加,而KMnO₄改性的活性炭比表面积减小7%,表面C=O、-COOH显著增加。进一步通过XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征分析了催化剂表面铜物种(Cu⁰/Cu^I/Cu^Ⅱ)的形态,发现表面铜物种的价态和配比与活性炭表面性质密切相关,影响催化剂活性。活性炭改性后,表面微观结构和表面化学性质的变化对浸渍醋酸铜的表面分布和热分解过程产生明显影响,导致催化剂表面活性Cu物种发生变化。和其它表面改性方法相比,氨水改性的活性炭更有利于催化剂活性的提高,碳酸二甲酯的时空收率及甲醇转化率分别达到了152.8 mg·g^-1·h^-1和7.4%。     

A density functional theory investigation on the mechanism and kinetics of dimethyl carbonate formation on Cu2O catalyst

A theoretical analysis about the mechanism and kinetics of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) formation via oxidative carbonylation of methanol on Cu₂O catalyst is explored using periodic density functional calculations, both in gas phase and in solvent. The effect of solvent is taken into account using the conductor‐like screening model. The calculated results show that CO insertion to methoxide species to produce monomethyl carbonate species is the rate‐determining step, the corresponding activation barrier is 161.9 kJ mol^?1. Then, monomethyl carbonate species reacts with additional methoxide to form DMC with an activation barrier of 98.8 kJ mol^?1, above reaction pathway mainly contributes to the formation of DMC. CO insertion to dimethoxide species to form DMC is also considered and analyzed, the corresponding activation barrier is 308.5 kJ mol^?1, suggesting that CO insertion to dimethoxide species is not competitive in dynamics in comparison with CO insertion to methoxide species. The solvent effects on CO insertion to methoxide species involving the activation barriers suggest that the rate‐determining step can be significantly affected by the solvent, 70.2 kJ mol^?1 in methanol and 63.9 kJ mol^?1 in water, which means that solvent effect can reduce the activation barrier of CO insertion to methoxide species and make the reaction of CO insertion to methoxide in solvents much easier than that in gas phase. Above calculated results can provide good theoretical guidance for the mechanism and kinetics of DMC formation and suggest that solvent effect can well improve the performance of DMC formation on Cu₂O catalyst in a liquid‐phase slurry. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.