锌与细胞免疫的研究进展

锌对免疫作用的影响是多方面的．近年来国外对锌与细胞免疫的研究文献较多，主要通过体外实验和动物实验对锌影响机体免疫的机制加以探讨，也结合了临床病人的实验观察和机理摸索，对查明缺锌引起的免疫缺陷，通过补充锌均获得一定的疗效。本文就锌与细胞免疫的研究进展，分别讨论了锌影响免疫细胞的作用和锌与免疫缺陷疾病二大部分。     

分娩时母血脐血铜、锌微量元素变化的研究

测定了健康正常分娩的产妇49例的母血，脐带血和正常未孕妇女50例的血清铜，锌含量，结果表明，分娩期母血清中铜，锌，铜/锌比值低于未际妇女，有显著差别，铜未见差别，母血清中铜与铜/锌比值均高于脐血清中值，有显著差别，母血清中锌明显低于及早血清中值并有显著差别，分娩期血清中铜，锌值与胎儿体重关系无显著差异；胎膜早破与非胎膜早破无妊娠合并症者血清中铜，锌未发现差别，提示妊娠母亲血清中微量元素锌，铜与胎儿的生长发育有关。     

白血病骨髓移植患者口腔黏膜病与微量元素锌的关系

为研究白血病骨髓移植患者全血微量元素锌与口腔黏膜病的关系，用原子吸收光谱法检测了正常对照组与白血病骨髓移患者预处理前及移植后骨髓空虚期全血微量元素锌的含量，并观察了白血病骨髓移植患者空黏膜病变情况。结果表明，正常对照组全血锌浓度与白血病骨髓移植患者预处理前全血锌浓度比较，差异无显著性（P＞0．05），而预处理前全血锌浓度与骨髓空虚期全血锌浓度有显著性差异（P＜0．01），白血病缓解后（预处理前）血锌接受正常水平，无口腔溃疡发生，而白血病骨髓移植患者处理后骨髓空虚期全血锌含量显著降低，并出现不同程度的口腔黏膜病变，说明预处理影响微量元素锌的代谢，微量元素锌的减少与白血病骨髓移植患者移植患者口腔黏膜病的发生有关。     

锌与健康

为探讨微量元素锌与人体健康的关系，从锌的食物来源及影响吸收利用因素、锌的生物学作用，锌含量及发锌值，锌缺乏的临床表现等方面进行了综述。     

微量元素与激素

微量元素可以在激素的分泌、活性以及与组织的结合等各个环节上影响激素。例如，锌与生长激素相结合，可使之更稳定，不易失活。体内锌态势的改变可影响胰岛素的合成、分泌、贮藏和活力，锌与胰岛素蛋白质结合形成一种复合物，可延长胰岛素的作用时间，锌与性激素的关系也十分密切。锌促进睾丸酮的合成分泌。     

锌与人体免疫机制和新陈代谢的关系

锌与人体免疫机制有重要关系。当人体发生感染时，从骨髓释放巨噬细胞加速，白细胞与巨噬细胞的吞噬作用增加。在白细胞内源性物质作用下，血锌急剧减少，从而促使小肠的锌吸收增加，肝脏对锌的摄取也增多，氨基酸与蛋白质合成增多。这种锌在体内重新调整，有利于机体抵抗感染，发挥抗菌作用。机体内缺锌，可使与免疫有关的器官和肠系膜淋巴结、脾脏、胸腺等减轻20％-40％，     

碳酸二甲酯法合成1，5-二氨基甲酸甲酯的反应机理

应用红外光谱技术研究了在乙酸锌催化作用下1，5-萘二胺与碳酸二甲酯甲氧基羰基化反应机理．结果表明，二水合乙酸锌只有失去两个结晶水变成无水乙酸锌后才能产生催化活性．无水乙酸锌与1，5-萘二胺形成一个新的配位络合物，该配位络合物是一个适宜的亲核试剂，能与碳酸二甲酯进行亲核反应，生成1，5-萘二胺的甲氧基羰基化产物．在无水乙酸锌与1，5-萘二胺形成配位络合物的过程中，无水乙酸锌的结构从双齿型转变成单齿型．     

锌与锗对小鼠抗氧化作用影响的实验研究

对２４０只小鼠的血清、肝脏、肌肉进行了锌和锗含量，抗化指标ＳＯＤ活性、ＭＤＡ含量测定。观察结果表明，微量元素锌与锗在小鼠血清中有一定的竞争作用。血清锌锗与肌肉、肝脏锌、锗及ＳＯＤ有一定的相关性。由于锌和锗含量的变化，小鼠抗氧化作用受到了影响。当两者联合应用时，ＳＯＤ活性有不同程度增加，ＭＤＡ含量随之下降，提示了锌与锗在小鼠抗氧化方面有一定的协同作用。     

锌对环磷酰胺引起的小鼠胸腺和脾脏重量变化的影响

应用硫酸锌，复合蛋白锌对环磷酰胺引起的小鼠脾脏及胸腺重量变化的影响进行了观察。结果表明，胸腺微量元素锌含量高于脾脏，复合蛋白锌组胸腺重量及其指数高于环磷酰胺组，与 酸锌组无差异。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法分析中药中锌的形态

采取正辛醇水分配体系模拟中药水煎液中锌在人体胃肠中的分配情况，用原子吸收光谱法测定了十二味中药药材及其水剪液中锌的含量，水煎液中水溶态锌、醇溶态锌的含量。实验结果表明，中药中锌的水煮溶出率较氏，中药中锌的形态与中药成分，配伍情况及作用靶位（胃肠）的酸度有关，酸度及配伍对中药中锌的溶出率及水煎液中锌的形态影响较大。     

Deprotonation of zinc(II)-water and zinc(II)-alcohol and nucleophilicity of the resultant zinc(II) hydroxide and zinc(II) alkoxide in double-functionalized complexes: theoretical studies on models for hydrolytic zinc enzymes

The factors governing the deprotonation ability of zinc(II)-water and zinc(II)-alcohol and nucleophilicity of the resultant zinc(II) hydroxide and zinc(II) alkoxide as complex models for zinc enzymes have been investigated through Hartree-Fock and density-functional theory methods with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Our calculations showed that in these double-functionalized complexes (i.e., zinc complexes having both a zinc(II)-alcohol motif and a zinc(II)-water motif) zinc(II)-alcohol is preferred in deprotonation over zinc(II)-water (i.e., zinc(II)-alcohol has a much lower pK(a) than zinc-coordinated water in the same molecule). Natural bond orbital analysis revealed that zinc(II) alkoxides are more nucleophilic than their respective counterparts zinc(II) hydroxides. The analysis of the transition state in the transformation reaction from zinc(II) hydroxide species to zinc(II) alkoxide species indicates that zinc(II) alkoxides are the preferred deprotonated species not only thermodynamically but also kinetically. Further examination of the proposed mechanisms of the zinc(II) alkoxide-promoted transesterification path and the zinc(II) hydroxide-promoted hydrolysis path revealed the structures of the intermediates and energy diagrams in the reactions. These results, entitled double-functionalized complexes, for the first time, put a firm theoretical foundation of why the zinc(II)-alcoholic OH is a better model for hydrolytic zinc enzymes (having both stronger acidity and better nucleophilicity).     

水系锌离子二次电池锌负极的研究进展

锌离子二次电池具有优异的充放电性能、高功率密度和能量密度、低成本、高安全性和环境友好的特点,极具发展前景。金属锌,因优异的导电性、低的平衡电势、高的理论比容量和低成本等因素,是水系二次电池中理想的负极材料,然而也存在着枝晶生长、腐蚀和钝化等问题,限制了锌离子二次电池的可逆容量和循环寿命,通过优化调节锌负极的形貌与表面修饰等方法可以提高电池性能。本文综述了水系锌离子二次电池负极材料的研究进展,涵盖了金属锌负极、复合锌负极和锌合金,且展望了锌负极的发展前景。     

Interfacial Design of Dendrite‐Free Zinc Anodes for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries have rapidly developed recently as promising energy storage devices in large‐scale energy storage systems owing to their low cost and high safety. Research on suppressing zinc dendrite growth has meanwhile attracted widespread attention to improve the lifespan and reversibility of batteries. Herein, design methods for dendrite‐free zinc anodes and their internal mechanisms are reviewed from the perspective of optimizing the host–zinc interface and the zinc–electrolyte interface. Furthermore, a design strategy is proposed to homogenize zinc deposition by regulating the interfacial electric field and ion distribution during zinc nucleation and growth. This Minireview can offer potential directions for the rational design of dendrite‐free zinc anodes employed in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.     

Discovering the Intrinsic Causes of Dendrite Formation in Zinc Metal Anodes: Lattice Defects and Residual Stress

Developing a highly stable and dendrite-free zinc anode is essential to the commercial application of zinc metal batteries. However, the understanding of zinc dendrites formation mechanism is still insufficient. Herein, for the first time, we discover that the interfacial heterogeneous deposition induced by lattice defects and epitaxial growth limited by residual stress are intrinsic and critical causes for zinc dendrite formation. Therefore, an annealing reconstruction strategy was proposed to eliminate lattice defects and stresses in zinc crystals, which achieve dense epitaxial electrodeposition of zinc anode. The as-prepared annealed zinc anodes exhibit dendrite-free morphology and enhanced electrochemical cycling stability. This work first proves that lattice defects and residual stresses are also very important factors for epitaxial electrodeposition of zinc in addition to crystal orientation, which can provide a new mechanism for future researches on zinc anode modification.     

Cysteine and histidine shuffling: mixing and matching cysteine and histidine residues in zinc finger proteins to afford different folds and function

Zinc finger proteins utilize zinc for structural purposes: zinc binds to a combination of cysteine and histidine ligands in a tetrahedral coordination geometry facilitating protein folding and function. While much is known about the classical zinc finger proteins, which utilize a Cys(2)His(2) ligand set to coordinate zinc and fold into an anti-parallel beta sheet/alpha helical fold, there are thirteen other families of 'non-classical' zinc finger proteins for which relationships between metal coordination and protein structure/function are less defined. This 'Perspective' article focuses on two classes of these non-classical zinc finger proteins: Cys(3)His type zinc finger proteins and Cys(2)His(2)Cys type zinc finger proteins. These proteins bind zinc in a tetrahedral geometry, like the classical zinc finger proteins, yet they adopt completely different folds and target different oligonucleotides. Our current understanding of the relationships between ligand set, metal ion, fold and function for these non-classical zinc fingers is discussed.     

白血病患儿体内铜锌代谢的动态观察

对白血病患儿体内血清锌、血清铜浓度以及血清铜/锌比值作了初步的观测.在41例白血病患儿和33例正常对照儿童中,观察到在明确诊断化疗前,41例白血病患儿中有20例患儿的血清锌浓度低于正常低限,他们的平均血清锌浓度为12.3±3.4 μmol/L,明显低于对照组18.3±4.0 μmol/L.白血病患儿的血清铜/锌比值为1.40±0.38,明显高于正常儿童1.19±0.25.经治疗后,有12例患儿获缓解并继续随访至发病后6～8周,平均血清锌浓度由11.4±2.2μmol/L,提高到13.7±2.1μmol/L,血清铜/锌比值由1.51±0.36,下降到1.29±0.23.说明白血病患儿体内存在着锌代谢的异常.     

不同结构氧化锌对CIIR/ENR共混胶的气体阻隔性能和力学性能的影响

以重量比为90∶10的氯化丁基橡胶/环氧天然橡胶共混胶为基体,用密炼法将三种不同结构的氧化锌（普通条状氧化锌、片状氧化锌和纳米结构氧化锌）分散到基体中,研究不同结构的氧化锌对共混胶力学性能和气体阻隔性能的影响.结果表明片状氧化锌和纳米氧化锌复合胶比普通氧化锌复合胶强度下降,伸长率提高.片层氧化锌复合体系硫磺用量提高到2.0份,综合力学性能达到最好,且片状氧化锌能够赋予复合胶最佳的气体阻隔性能,比普通氧化锌体系提高了50％.     

二甲酚橙在锌糖浆剂及锌化合物含量测定中的应用

用价廉、易得的二甲酚橙作显色剂，分光光度法测定了赖氨酸锌糖浆、硫酸锌糖浆和赖氨酸锌含量，并与ＰＡＮ法和锌试剂法进行了比较。结果表明，本法与ＰＡＮ法和锌试剂法结果基本一致，回收率高，精密度较好，灵敏度较高。说明可用本法代替ＰＡＮ法或锌试剂测定锌糖浆剂及锌化合物的含量。     

中药和葡萄糖酸锌治疗儿童缺锌性厌食92例

对 92例经微量元素检查均有缺锌和厌食表现的儿童 ,用中药和葡萄糖酸锌治疗 ,并以单纯用葡萄糖酸锌 46例作为对照 ,结果表明中药和葡萄糖酸锌治疗效果好 ,厌食较快好转。     

Spectroscopic study on the zinc-contaminated soils for the determination of zinc speciation

The purpose of this paper reported the zinc species in the highly contaminated soils from metallurgical area around Erh-Jen River in the southern of Taiwan. FTIR and XPS were used to investigate the zinc species in the contaminated soils. Through a FTIR analysis, appreciable of zinc bound by organic matter was found and their bonding structure consisted of antisymmetric and symmetric stretchings, Zn-HSsym and Zn-HSasym. With XPS analysis, the Angstrom scale depth scan was surveyed for investigation the zinc speciation. No signal of zinc was detected in the depth of 900A for the larger particle contaminated soils whereas the detectable signal of zinc was determined in the XPS experiment. With further regression and fitting results, the major zinc species presented in the surface of larger and fine particle contaminated soils consisted of reductive and oxidative zinc species. In the deeper depth of contaminated soils, an inverse spinel zinc ferrite was found in the case of larger particle soil. No inverse spinel zinc ferrite was detected in the case of fine particle soil and could be attributed to the relatively small particle size.