交流示波极谱基础研究(Ⅳ)——切口的性质

用修正的Micka公式,从理论上描述了交流示波极谱图上切口的性质,用实验进行了验证。     

Micka公式的修正及应用

本文综述了几年来作者从事交流示波极谱基础理论研究所取得的进展。修正了Micka公式,使其在实际应用中发挥了作用,提出了用交流示波极谱图快速估算电极双电层微分电容,电荷曲线和电毛细曲线的新方法,提出了充电电流下的示波极谱滴定法,研究了电参数对终点时示波图变化的影响。     

Antilg de／dt—E曲线上的示波极谱滴定法

在示波极谱滴定中,当去极剂切口位于示波极谱图|dE/dt|的最大值附近时,利用Antilg dE/dt～E示波图来指示滴定终点能使终点变化更为敏锐。原来较难进行滴定的一些体系现在可用这种方法滴定。在50Hz的交流电频率下,用氨羧络合剂滴定了Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Co~(2+),滴定结果符合分析要求。非线性放大还可应用于以dE/dt～E示波图的扩张或收缩来指示滴定终点的示波极谱滴定法及以荧光电位线的伸长或收缩来指示滴定终点的示波电位滴定法,以提高终点变化的敏锐性。以亚硝酸钠滴定对氨基苯磺酸为例说明了这一方法的可行性。     

电流反馈的高次微分示波极谱滴定法

在高次微分示波极谱滴定法中,利用电流反馈技术对充电电流进行补偿,可使高次微分示波极谱图上去板剂切口的灵敏度进一步提高。当切口电位处的|dC_d/dE|或|d²C₄/dE²|值相对较小时,电流反馈的作用就较明显。利用电流反馈高次微分示波极谱滴定法以氨羧络合剂滴定了Cd²⁺、Ni²⁺、Co²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺,用Zn²⁺返滴定法测定了Al-Ni合金中的Ni,终点变化敏锐。     

示波极谱图的伸缩及位移

利用示波极谱图的伸缩或位移指示滴定终点是示波极谱滴定的一种新技术.本文全面探讨了示波极谱图伸缩及位移的原理,并用实验作了对照,理论计算与实验结果一致.伸缩来源于电极阻抗的变化,位移则主要由动力学因素引起.     

示波极谱滴定的研究(ⅩⅩⅩⅦ)——双微铂电极示波极谱滴定的原理

本文对EDTA等试剂在双微铂电极示波极谱图上产生切口的原因进行了探讨。双微铂电极示波极谱图上EDTA的切口主要来源于EDTA在铂电极上的吸附,使氧在电极上的吸附过程受阻而降低了氧的还原电流,因而使每一个电极上的E_i～t曲线发生变形。双微铂电极上所得的E～t曲线是两个E_i～t曲线的叠加.因此在E～t曲线上出现了明显的折扭.在dE/dt～E曲线上出现切口。还解释了其它一些实验现象。     

交流示波极谱基础研究——Ⅰ.底液示波极谱曲线的端点电位理论

利用临界电流的概念,把Micka的复杂公式分解为不同电流密度下的简单公式来说明底液交流示波极谱图端点电位的原理。实验结果与理论基本相符。     

电流反馈示波极谱滴定法

本文提出了电流反馈示波极谱滴定法的原理、仪器装置及操作技术。为了提高去极剂切口的灵敏度, 可将dE/dt信号转换为电流信号后再反馈回电解池以补偿充电电流,一般可将切口灵敏度提高1至5倍, 图形分辨率也较经典方法高, 从而使滴定终点的变化更为敏锐, 扩大了示波极谱滴定的应用范围, 推导了电流反馈的交流电流极化理论公式, 分析了电流反馈对示波极谱图形、去极剂切口灵敏度及切口电位的影响。     

示波滴定

本文综述南京大学化学系电化学分析小组几年来在示波滴定方面的研究工作。文中提出了一系列新的电滴定方法,这些方法兼有指示剂法和物理化学滴定法的优点,即终点直观、仪器便宜,操作简便、快速准确,适用于药物分析及冶金分析,受到国内分析工作者的重视。文中提出了示波滴定的定义、分类和每一方法的特点及发展前途的预测。     

工业废水中微量苯酚的交流示波极谱滴定

工业废水中微量污染物苯酚用交流示波极谱滴定可简单而快速地测定。准确分取部分过滤后的试样在氯化钾底液中以苯胺作指示剂,在不断搅拌下用0.020 00 mol.L-1氢氧化钾标准溶液滴定,用汞膜电极作指示电极,银汞电极为参比电极。苯胺的示波极谱图上出现切口时即为滴定终点。根据氢氧化钾标准溶液滴定的体积计算试样中苯酚的含量。此滴定至终点的溶液的pH值经预先试验测定为11.27,而6 g.L-1苯胺溶液1 mL在氯化钾底液中当出现切口时的pH值为11.3。苯胺在此方法中的作用为指示剂,以其示波极谱图上出现切口指示滴定终点。此方法应用于废水样品分析,回收率在97.3%~104.0%之间。     

交流示波极谱基础研究(Ⅲ)——底液Micka公式的修正

在交流示波极谱实际应用中,常需要迭加一个直流分量以改善示波极谱图形。     

pH-stat techniques in titrimetric analysis: Part 3. The principles of pH-stat chelatometric titrations

Chelatometric titrations can be effectively monitored by means of the pH-stat technique. During the addition of the primary titrant (the chelating agent), the pH of the titrated solution is kept at a pre-selected value by adding a strong base as the auxiliary titrant. The equivalence point is characterised by a sudden change in the ratio between the added volumes of auxiliary and primary titrant solutions, i.e. in the slope of the linearly segmented titration plot representing the volume of the base against the volume of the chelating agent. The slope of the linear segments depends on the reactions involving proton exchange, which accompany the primary complexation reaction. The dependence of the shape of the plots on the imposed pH for typical titrations (magnesium(II) and copper(II)) is examined and the conditions for the feasibility of pH-stat chelatometric titrations are discussed.     

Slow argentometric titrations of sulphide,polysulphide and thiosulphate ions

Programmed additions of constant volumes of titrating agent allow the recording of reproducible curves when the potential drift of the silver sulphide electrode is lower than a prefixed value. In these conditions, monosulphide produces curves with a single inflection point, whereas polysulphides show two inflection points. For polysulphides, from the ratio of the volumes added to reach the first and second points, the value ofx in Na₂S _x is obtained. The reaction of Ag⁺ with S₂O^2– ₃ produces the formation of complexes and finally of sulphides. It is also possible to observe the formation of an insoluble K₂Ag₄L₃ in the presence of potassium salts, and its subsequent decomposition into Ag₂S.     

Spectroscopic and potentiometric studies of the interaction of adenine with trivalent metal ions

Potentiometric titration was used to determine the potentiometric diagrams of complexes of adenine with Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, and Fe³⁺. IR and Raman spectra of solids show that the interaction of adenine with Cr³⁺ is not as strong as the other metals. Fe³⁺ binds to adenine at low and medium pH values at an Fe³⁺–adenine ratio of 6, while Al³⁺ binds to adenine at all pH values at an Al³⁺–adenine ratio of 8. The IR band associated with N-9–H is split into two components at high and low wavenumbers; IR band splitting has been observed for groups with a large dipole moment such as carbonyl and phosphate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to see the splitting of IR bands involving a nitrogen. We also obtained potentiometric titration plots for adenine with Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, and Fe³⁺, independently, in various molar ratios which showed an interaction with adenine, consistent with the IR and Raman findings. Metal–adenine-hydroxo complexes were formed.     

Ion-Pair Formation in Pharmaceutical Analysis. Conductimetric Determination of Promazine, Chlorpromazine, Promethazine, Imipramine and Ciprofloxacin Hydrochlorides in Pure Form, Drug Formulations and Urine

 Potassium ferricyanide and sodium tetraphenylborate were used as titrants for the conductimetric determination of promazine HCl, chlorpromazine HCl, promethazine HCl, imipramine HCl and ciprofloxacin HCl through ion-associate complex formation. The molar combining ratio, effects of dilution of titrant, temperature and solvent were studied. The accuracy of the method is indicated by excellent recovery (99.50–99.96%). The sensitivity of the proposed method is discussed and the results are compared with the pharmacopoeial or the official methods. The suggested method has been applied for the analysis of the mentioned compounds in their pharmaceutical formulations and urine. Received March 1, 1998. Revision May 31, 1999.     

A new non-cubic equation of state

A new non-cubic equation of state is presented in this work. This expression is obtained from the original Redlich—Kwong equation of state by assuming that the attraction parameter depends not only on temperature, but also on density. Vapour—liquid equilibria in the coexistence region and PVT properties for the liquid, gas and supercritical fluid phases are accurately calculated with four parameters per isotherm. The generalization of this equation by a corresponding states correlation enables it to be applied over wide ranges of temperature, pressure and hydrocarbon molecular weight.     

Isothermal vapor-liquid equilibria for the binary systems propylene-carbon dioxide,propylene-ethylene and propylene-ethane at high pressure

isothermal vapor-liquid equilibria for the binary systems propylene-carbon dioxide, propylene-ethylene and propylene-ethane have been measured at 283.15 and 298.15 K using a static method.The equilibrium data obtained have been correlated with the total-pressure method using both the Redlich-Kwong equation of state modified by Soave and the perturbation equation proposed by Gubbins and Twu. From normal probability plots of the residuals in the correlations versus the theoretical residuals in the normal distribution, the applicability of each of these two equations has been tested statistically.Furthermore, the fugacity coefficients calculated from the virial equation have been compared with those obtained from the correlations for the low-pressure regions.