Oxidation of H2 and CO over ion-exchanged X and Y zeolites

Zeolites X and Y exchanged with Group IA cations were synthesized by aqueous ion exchange of NaX and NaY and used as catalysts in the oxidation of H2 and CO at temperatures ranging from 473 to 573 K. The CsX zeolite was the most active material of the series for both reactions whereas HX was the least active. Moreover, the oxidation of CO in H2 was very selective (approximately 80%) over the alkali-metal exchanged materials. Isotopic transient analysis of CO oxidation during steady-state reaction at 573 K was used to evaluate the coverage of reactive carbon-containing intermediates that lead to product as well as the pseudo-first-order rate constant of the reaction. A factor of 4 enhancement in activity achieved by exchanging Cs for Na was attributed to a higher coverage of reactive intermediates in CsX because the pseudo-first-order rate constant was nearly same for the two materials (approximately 0.7 s(-1)). The number of reactive intermediates on both materials was orders of magnitude below the number of alkali metal cations in the zeolites but was similar to the number of impurity Fe atoms in the samples. Because the trend in Fe impurity loading was the same as that for oxidation activity, a role of transition metal impurities in zeolite oxidation catalysis is suggested.     

碱性X分子筛催化甲苯与甲醇侧链烷基化自由基机理研究

苯乙烯是重要的工业原料,年消耗量约3000万吨。传统工艺中,苯乙烯由乙苯催化脱氢得到。由于传统工艺高能耗,高污染,甲苯与甲醇侧链烷基化合成苯乙烯引起了人们广泛关注,但是目前该路线进入工业化还有很多问题需要解决,甚至催化机理仍不明确。本文对甲苯侧链烷基化机理及提高反应选择性等方面进行了研究。采用离子交换法制备CsX分子筛,在固定床反应器上进行甲苯与氘代甲醇的同位素示踪实验和硝基甲苯的侧链烷基化实验,结合量子计算明确反应机理。采用IGA-002系统测定甲醇在CsX, KX和NaX上的等温吸附线,考察甲醇在分子筛不同笼结构中的吸附情况。将氘代甲苯与甲苯在CsX, KX和活性炭催化下进行氢氘交换实验,检验自由基在不同催化剂上的稳定性。以CO2为载气进行甲苯与甲醇侧链烷基化实验,考察CO2对反应的影响。甲苯与氘代甲醇进行侧链烷基化反应时,大多数氘出现在甲苯上,仅少数氘存在于苯乙烯及乙苯上,表明甲苯氢与甲醇的甲基氘进行了氢氘交换。量子化学计算表明,甲苯与甲醇的氢氘交换沿自由基路径的能垒远小于沿离子路径的。氘代实验和量子计算结果表明,甲苯侧链烷基化过程中存在自由基,但并不能证明侧链烷基化是自由基反应。为了验证甲苯侧链烷基化反应是否为自由基机理,以4-硝基甲苯(NO2-Ph-CH3)代替甲苯与甲醇进行侧链烷基化反应。硝基是强吸电子基团,能稳定苄基负离子,如果甲苯侧链烷基化是离子反应,硝基甲苯侧链烷基化产物收率会升高。另外,硝基又能与活泼自由基生成稳定自由基,若反应为自由基机理,则硝基甲苯不发生侧链烷基化反应。分析结果表明,反应液中不存在侧链烷基化产物,确定了甲苯侧链烷基化反应为自由基机理,而不是离子机理。热力学上甲醇更容易进行生成CO和H2等的副反应,从而减少CH3?与H?碰撞甲醇的几率。甲醇等温吸附线显示甲醇在NaX和KX上的吸附容量相近且远大于CsX上的,表明Cs+阻碍了甲醇进入X分子筛的β-笼。由于甲苯不能进入β-笼, NaX和KX的β-笼内甲醇与甲基自由基接触发生副反应。 CsX催化时Cs+阻碍甲醇进入β-笼而抑制了副反应的发生,提高了甲醇利用率。甲苯与氘代甲苯在CsX, KX和活性炭上进行氢氘交换,反应物用GC-MS分析。结果表明,在CsX上氢氘交换进行得更彻底,在活性炭上几乎没有氢氘交换。 X分子筛活化甲苯为自由基的效果优于活性炭,这可能是推拉效应造成的。当甲苯进入分子筛后, Lewis酸性阳离子与苯环络合并吸引电子,催化剂阴离子骨架与甲苯的甲基作用并供给电子,推电子与吸电子共同作用使甲苯更容易生成苄基自由基,并使其更稳定。 CsX对甲苯的活化作用强于KX,表明CsX的酸碱搭配更有助于甲苯生成自由基。这也是CsX催化甲苯与甲醇侧链烷基化效果优于KX的原因。以CO2替代N2作为载气能显著提高苯乙烯的选择性,这是由于CO2的存在降低了H?和CH3?的浓度,提高了?CH2OH的浓度。?CH2OH与甲苯生成苯乙烯, H?的减少降低了苯乙烯加氢生成乙苯。     

Raman spectroscopy and dioxygen adsorption on Cs-loaded zeolite catalysts for butene isomerization

Cesium-exchanged zeolite X was impregnated with cesium acetate (Cs(Ac)/CsX) or cesium carbonate (Cs(2)CO(3)/CsX) and subsequently calcined to yield a basic catalyst. The Raman spectra of calcined Cs(Ac)/CsX and Cs(2)CO(3)/CsX exhibited a new peak at 1036 cm(-1) associated with the occluded species. No evidence for cesium peroxide or superoxide was observed. The occluded cesium species in both samples is proposed to be an oxycarbonate, which is a metastable intermediate between cesium carbonate and cesium oxide. The isomerization of 1-butene to cis- and trans-2-butene was catalyzed by cesium-loaded zeolite X. Although CO(2) readily poisoned the active base sites for catalysis, pretreatment of a basic zeolite with O(2) at 373 K did not. Co-feeding O(2) with 1-butene at 373 K, however, completely deactivated the base sites. Analysis of the reactor effluent at 473 K and the IR spectrum of the catalyst indicated the formation of carbon dioxide, which irreversibly adsorbed on the basic sites of the catalyst. Deactivation of basic catalysts by O(2) is proposed to occur through a low temperature oxidation of 1-butene to carbon dioxide, which strongly adsorbs on the active sites.     

新型重整催化剂的研究——C_6—C_8直链烷烃在Pt/BaKL型沸石上的芳构化反应

本文利用C_■—C_■等纯化合物作原料,用连续微型反应器考察了Pt/BaKL型沸石的芳构化反应性能以及反应条件(如反应温度,载气和原料空速及不同碳数的烷烃等)对催化性能的影响。同时还考察了铂的作用及其粒度在沸石中的分布。实验结果发现,Pt/BaKL型沸石是高活性高选择性的芳构化催化剂,它显示出单功能催化剂特有的催化作用。这可归结于铂粒在沸石中的均匀分布,其粒度为1.5—3.0nm之间。     

Alkylation of phenol with methanol on H-beta zeolite

The alkylation of phenol with methanol over Hβ zeolite has been studied. The transformation of primary products of the title reaction was also studied. Anisole was found to be unstable primary product, which was also an important reaction intermediate. On the basis of experimental results, a reaction scheme on Hβ was suggested.     

甲烷在Mo／HZSM—5催化剂上的高温活化

高温下,甲烷在Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛上可直接生成苯［１］．虽然低温下甲烷能被Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化剂表面的—ＯＨ所活化［２］,但对甲烷在高温下的活化过程知之甚少,然而这却是很重要的．我们采用原位红外光谱技术,研究了甲烷在高温下Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５催化...     

AROMATIZATION OF C_6 PARAFFIN OVER Pt/ML(M=K,Rb)AND Pt/AlPO_4-5 CATALYSTS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE

The reaction product distributions from the reactions of n-C6 and MCP over different Pt-catalysts at different temperatures were studied. It is shown that the product distributions depended on the reaction temperatures The influences of the zeolite channel functioned only at high temperature. The activity and selectivity of aromatization of n-C6 over Pt/AIPO4-5 were lower than those over Pt/L zeolite catalysts. A1PO4-5 is a non-basic support and its product distribution and reaction mechanism were different from that of basic-support catalysts such as Pt/KL and Pt/RbL.     

Liquid phase acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene catalyzed by H-beta zeolite

Liquid phase Friedel–Crafts acylation of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN) has been investigated over zeolite catalyst. The influence of zeolite structures, substituents on naphthalene, acylating agents and solvents on the acylation has been discussed. 2-Methyl-6-butyrylnaphthalene (2,6-BMN), a promising precursor of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (2,6-NDCA), has been synthesized by the acylation of 2-MN using butyric anhydride (BA) as an acylating agent and H-beta zeolite as a catalyst. The influence of the preparative methods and dosage of H-beta zeolite, the molar ratio of reactants, the reaction temperature and reaction time on the catalytic butyrylation was also studied. The H-beta zeolite exchanged for four times and calcined at 550 °C possessed relatively better catalytic performance. Under the optimized condition, the conversion of BA reached 78.3% and the selectivity for 2,6-BMN was 53.1%.     

乙二胺常压法合成哌嗪

以乙二胺为原料，以Ｋ改性的Ｈ－ＺＭＳ－５型分子筛为催化剂，通过固定床反应器压法新工艺合成哌嗪，并对合成过程中的工艺条件参数进行了具体讨论。     

Partitioning of alkali halides in aqueous dextran-ficoll two-phase system

Partitioning of alkali halides MeX in aqueous dextran-Ficoll two-phase system of fixed polymer and ionic composition was studied. It is found that NaCl and LiX concentrate in the Ficoll-rich phase, while all KX, RbX, and CsX concentrate in the dextran-rich phase. Partitioning of KX, RbX, and CsX in the presence of a large excess of NaCl is found to depend on the type of the halide anion X^–.     

Reaction of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine over zeolite and chromite catalysts

N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine reaction was observed over zeolite catalysts giving rise to only dehydrocyclization and over chromite catalysts showing dehydrocyclization together with dehydrogenation. The major product changes from the cyclized compound piperazine to pyrazine when the reactant is switched from zeolite to chromite catalyst. This process stands as a model reaction for characterizing lone acid sites and adjacent acid-base sites over zeolite and chromite catalysts, respectively.IICT Communication No. 3175     

NiHY型沸石的酸性-还原性及其催化性能研究

ＮｉＨＹ型沸石的酸性－还原性及其催化性能研究傅军,朱崇业,李全芝（复旦大学化学系,上海,２００４３３）关键词ＮｉＨＹ沸石,酸性,还原性,甲苯转化含镍的Ｙ型沸石既有酸功能,也有加氢－脱氢功能,是加氢裂化、临氢异构化和选择重整的优良催化剂。关于ＮｉＮａＹ...     

钛－硅沸石的结构表征及其催化性能

ＸＲＤ，ＩＲ，２９ＳｉＭＡＳＮＭＲ，ＵＶ－ＶＩＳ及ＸＰＳ能谱表征证实钛原子进入了钛－硅五元环沸石的骨架晶格位（不含铝）．ＴＧ－ＤＴＡ结果表明，钛原子进入沸石骨架导致沸石骨架的热稳定性提高，超过１４７３Ｋ．氯丙烯与Ｈ２Ｏ２（３０％）的环氧化反应结果表明钛－硅沸石具有优异的氧化性能，这也从另一个侧面证实了钛原子位于沸石骨架晶格位．     

H-ZSM-5分子筛催化4-MBP与甲醇甲基化的反应机理

4,4?-二甲基联苯(4,4?-DMBP)是生产高性能聚合物材料的重要前驱体,可以通过4-甲基联苯(4-MBP)甲基化制得.本文采用“our own-N-layered integrated molecular orbital+molecular mechanics”(ONIOM)和密度泛函理论(DFT)方法研究H-ZSM-5分子筛孔内4-MBP和甲醇择形甲基化的反应机理,考虑了分步和协同反应机理.分步机理的活化能低于协同机理.在两种反应机理中,4,4?-DMBP为动力学优先生成产物.过渡态择形的特征也使甲基化更容易生成4,4?-DMBP.在分子筛孔内,4-MBP 异构化生成3-甲基联苯(3-MBP)的反应被抑制.在分子筛外表面,4-MBP异构化生成3-MBP比甲基化反应更有动力学优势,导致4,4?-DMBP选择性降低.对外表面进行改性将会抑制4-MBP异构化反应,并使反应在分子筛孔内进行,因此可以提高4,4?-DMBP的选择性. H-ZSM-5催化择形和非择形反应的计算结果与实验现象一致.     

Direct amination of isobutylene over zeolite catalysts with various topologies and acidities

The atomically economic and green chemical reaction of direct amination of isobutylene to tertbutylamine, particularly under the relative mild reaction conditions available for future industrial use,was carried out over zeolite catalysts possessing different topological structures, from one dimensional to three dimensional pore system, and from small 8-member ring pore(MRP) to medium 10 MRP and further to large 12 MRP zeolites, to disclose the relationship between the zeolite properties/topologies and their amination performance systematically under the mild reaction conditions. It was discovered that the pore structure and the acidities of zeolite catalysts played crucial roles in the isobutylene amination process, and suitable pore diameter(larger than 0.5 nm or with large side pockets/cups in the outside surface) and a certain number of mid-strong acid sites are indispensable to catalyze the amination reaction,while too strong acid strength was not conducive to the process of isobutylene amination. Among them,zeolites with topologies of BEA, MFI, MEL, MWW and EUO exhibited good amination performance, with which the isobutylene conversion was higher than 12.61%(46.42% of the equilibrium conversion) under the studied mild reaction conditions. Due to the good amination performance and the large adjustable Si/Al_2 ratio range, ZSM-5 was selected to further study the effect of acidity on the amination performance systematically under the mild reaction conditions, and the activity-acidity relationship in the amination process was disclosed: the amination activity(isobutylene conversion) had a linear correlation with the amount of mid-strong B acidity under the studied conditions over ZSM-5 catalyst, which can provide guidance for further developing high-efficient amination catalyst under mild reaction conditions available for future industrial use.     

Synthesis and Characterization of ZSM-5/β Co-Crystalline Zeolite

ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolites with different content of ZSM-5 have been synthesized by adding different amount of ZSM-5 to the synthetic system of β zeolite with NaAlO2, silica sol as the source of aluminum and silica, respectively, and TEA as the template under controlled condition of the synthesis. The ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite was studied by XRD, SEM, BET and NH3-TPD. The reaction activity of toluene alkylation was investigated with a mixture of toluene-methanol as the feedstock in a pulse micro-reactor over the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite. It is found that ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite has two kinds of zeolite structure including ZSM-5 and β zeolite, not in the form of a physical mixture. The pore structure of ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolites is different from that for β zeolite, ZSM-5 and their physical mixture. In addition, the peaks of both high and low temperature desorption of ammonia over the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite shift 23 ℃ to lower temperatures and the acid amount of its strong acid is 3% more than the physical mixture. So the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite produces the highest content of xylene, which is 10.4% higher than the physical mixture. And the ZSM-5/β co-crystalline zeolite has better selectivity for toluene alkylation and weaker de-methylation than β zeolite, ZSM-5 and their physical mixture.     

Effects of ammonium exchange and Si/Al ratio on the conversion of methanol to propylene over a novel and large partical size ZSM-5

One type of ZSM-5 zeolite with large partical size was prepared and characterized by XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, XRF, Py-IR and NH3-TPD techniques. Effects of ammonium exchange and SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios on the reaction of methanol to propylene (MTP) over Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 zeolites have been studied in a fixed-bed flow reactor under the operating conditions of T = 500 °C, P = 1 atm, and WHSV = 6 h-1. Ammonium exchange led to a rapid decrease in Na content for Na-ZSM-5 zeolite. The reaction results indicated that Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios all exhibited high activity for methanol conversion. Ammonium exchange and the decreased SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite led to an increase both in strong acid sites and weak acid sites. Na-ZSM-5 with high SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio was favorable for the formation of propylene. The highest propylene selectivity (45.9%) was obtained over Na-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of 220.     

Fe-Zn-Zr/分子筛复合催化剂上CO2加氢合成异构烷烃Ⅰ.不同分子筛对催化剂性能的影响

 在Fe-Zn-Zr/分子筛复合催化剂上考察了不同类型的分子筛对CO2加氢反应性能的影响. 结果表明,不同分子筛对复合催化剂性能的影响不同,Fe-Zn-Zr/HY是合成异构烷烃有效的复合催化剂. 分子筛的酸性及酸强度对复合催化剂性能有较大的影响,中等强度和较高强度的酸性位有利于异构烃的生成.     

Methylation of phenol over modified pentasils

The reaction of phenol with methanol over pentasiltype zeolites has been studied. The most effective catalyst proves to be a manganese form of pentasil. Formation of its catalytic properties is shown to proceed as three stages: ion exchange, oxidation of introduced cations and zeolite treatment with the reaction mixture during the catalytic process.     

等离子体辅助合成分子筛膜及其催化性能的研究

首次将等离子体技术应用于分子筛膜的制备，研究了以微波等离子体处理基材表面分子筛膜前驱体辅助水热反应合成支撑β型分子筛膜．利用XRD、SEM、XPS、BET、TPD表征了分子筛膜的物相、形貌、孔结构、表面元素组成和表面酸性，并通过甲醇与异丁烯液相反应体系实验考察了分子筛膜的催化性能．结果表明，等离子体处理能有效改善分子筛膜前驱体在基材表面的分散状况，减小了分子筛膜晶体的尺度，使晶体大小均匀，形成的膜致密、牢固．与采用常规方法合成的分子筛膜相比，等离子体辅助合成的分子筛膜对甲醇与异丁烯的反应有更好的催化活件．