高超声速飞行器热气动弹性仿真计算方法综述

高超声速飞行器遭遇的热气动弹性问题具有危险性和复杂性,而型号设计又对计算环境下的热气动弹性仿真提出了效率和精度的双重要求.针对此问题,首先回顾了热气动弹性分析中气动力、气动热、结构热传导、热结构动力学等子学科的仿真计算方法,包括工程方法、数值模拟及降阶建模方法.其中,降阶建模方法有望解决目前计算效率和精度的矛盾,是调研的重点.之后,从时空耦合的角度总结了热气动弹性分析的多场耦合计算架构,包括单向、双向空间耦合策略,以及全耦合、松耦合、时域-频域耦合等时间耦合策略.在结论中,提出了基于子学科降阶模型进行多场耦合仿真的思路,并对热气动弹性分析的发展趋势进行了展望.      

大攻角翼型的锁频现象及气弹稳定性研究

翼型大攻角下涡激振动的锁频问题给飞行安全带来潜在的安全隐患。本文采用非定常雷诺时均N-S方程模拟了翼型在大攻角下的强制扭转振动,对翼型在40°攻角下的锁频振动现象进行研究。基于非定常数值模拟的结果,获得翼型表面振动周期气动功均值判断翼型的气动弹性稳定性。计算结果表明：扭转振动的锁频区间呈“V”形,锁频区间内振动频率较小侧气动功显著增加,涡激振动现象发生,而振幅的增大延迟了上仰过程尾缘涡的脱落,会使得其上表面尾缘附近气动功降低,使振动趋于稳定;相空间重构及递归图可以捕捉到非线性动力学系统锁频及非锁频下的状态差异。     

非线性磁式压电振动能量采集系统建模与分析

为便于评价、优化磁式压电振动能量采集系统的性能,系统研究了该类系统的建模与分析方法,建立了非线性的分布参数模型用于描述系统的非线性动力学行为,并采用谐波平衡法给出了谐波响应的解析解.随后利用仿真模型分析了磁铁间距、加速度幅值、负载阻抗对输出功率的影响,比较了不同激励频率和加速度幅值下的最优阻抗.结果表明:双稳态特性适用于低强度的振动环境,且愈接近临界区域,输出功率愈高,而单稳态渐硬特性适用于高强度振动环境,其最优间距并不靠近临界区域;阱间大幅运动和阱内小幅运动均存在高低能量态共存的现象,愈接近临界区域,现象愈明显;激振频率是影响最优负载阻抗的决定性因素.     

基于CFD/CSD的舵面控制气动弹性数值模拟方法

在动态网格上通过耦合求解流动控制方程和结构动力学方程, 发展了一种舵面控制下飞行器运动响应过程中气动弹性数值模拟研究方法.流动控制方程采用N-S方程, 结构动力学采用线性模态叠加方法, 其中流动控制方程空间离散采用基于非结构网格的有限体积方法, 对流通量采用计算HLLC格式, 非定常时间离散采用基于LU-SGS的双时间步长方法.模拟中, 气动运动和结构变形在双时间步长方法推进过程中采用改进松耦合方法, 气动网格与结构网格之间信息交换采用无限平板样条法实现, 飞行器的运动和变形采用基于重叠网格和Delaunay图映射变形网格相结合的方法进行处理.采用多个考核算例对发展的数值方法进行考核验证, 结果表明该方法可以高效精确模拟舵面开环控制下飞行器运动响应过程中的气动弹性特性.      

窄带随机激励双稳压电悬臂梁响应机制与能量采集研究

具有中心频率的窄带随机振动是一种典型的环境振动,其振动特征与环境的变化密切相关.本文以双稳压电悬臂梁能量采集系统为研究对象,分析系统在不同磁铁间距下的等效线性固有频率特性,以带通滤波器输出一定带宽的窄带随机激励模拟环境振动,研究系统的响应和能量采集特征.研究表明,对于一定带宽的窄带随机激励,一方面系统始终存在一个固定的磁铁间距使其输出达到峰值,另一方面当激励中心频率在一定范围内变化时,系统还分别存在另外两个或一个不同磁铁间距也能使系统输出达到峰值,而且该峰值特性是系统在其等效线性固有频率处诱导双稳或单稳“共振”形成的.研究结果可为具有窄带随机激励特征的振动能量采集提供一定的理论和技术支持.     

一种采用双换能器和摆式结构的宽频振动能量采集器

针对悬臂梁振动能量采集器在大振幅振动下梁容易断裂的缺点,本文提出了一种基于摆式结构的具有宽频和倍频特性的振动能量采集器,该采集器由两个Terfenol-D/PMN-PT/Terfenol-D磁电换能器和嵌有六个磁铁的旋转摆构成.文中建立了摆式结构的摆动方程,分析了采集器的频率响应特性以及谐振时的机-磁-电转换特性,并对采集器输出电压波形进行了频谱分析.理论和实验研究表明:该采集器具有宽频和倍频特性,采集器样机在1 g(1 g=9.8 m/s~2)有效值加速度振动下,向下扫频时的半功率带宽达到4.8 Hz,且能在f=16.9 Hz的振动下获得3.569 mW的负载功率.利用双换能器以及采集器的倍频和宽频特性,能有效地提高低频时采集器的输出功率.     

基于光纤振动安全预警系统的振源识别算法研究

光纤振动预警系统可自动采集周边振动信号,面对大量复杂的振动信号,如何准确识别目标振源是系统研究的难点。针对光纤振动安全预警系统采集到的振动信号进行属性特征分析,建立相应的特征模型,并建立振源属性特征模型,包括识别下雨振源的能量信息熵模型,以及区分机械施工和车辆经过振源的基频稳定性模型等。通过振源识别算法,提高了振源类型识别的准确性。测试结果表明,特征模型的设计和选择合理,识别准确率高。     

基于CFD/CSD耦合的火箭跨声速气动阻尼特性分析

随着新型大推力火箭的发展,弯曲模态频率的不断降低,以及流动分离和跨声速飞行时产生的激波震荡等因素,其在跨声速飞行过程中更容易出现非定常振动发散。文章以某带助推的运载火箭模型为研究对象,通过数值计算获取火箭强迫振动时的气动阻尼,并对影响火箭气动阻尼的因素进行了分析。包括结构节点位置、振动振幅大小、脉动压力等。研究表明：助推主要起到增大气动阻尼的作用;前节点主要影响收缩段的气动阻尼;振动振幅大小和脉动压力对气动阻尼的影响可忽略不计。     

变工况对侧壁式离心泵振动特性的影响

振动是离心泵关键性能指标,低振动离心泵设计是目前研究的难点问题。本文对具有特殊结构的侧壁式压水室离心泵振动特性进行实验研究,分析了不同流量下,模型泵重要测点处振动频谱和能量的变化特性。结果表明:变工况对模型泵的中、高频信号影响较小,不同流量下低频振动能量变化明显,因此水力因素主要诱发低频振动信号;加速度频谱图中,叶频处的幅值较小,峰值信号出现在叶频的高次谐波处;低频段振动能量和泵内流场结构密切相关,非设计工况下,泵内容易出现非稳态流动结构,造成泵的振动能量不断上升;尤其在小流量工况,旋转失速导致泵的振动能量迅速增加;通过对振动能量曲线分析初步提出了低频振动能量和流量的特征函数关联式,为预测变工况对泵振动特性的影响提供理论依据。     

叶片弯曲变形对其结构稳定性的影响分析

本文针对柔性叶片能量转换装置的结构特点,在对四种弯曲变形叶片翼型气动载荷实验研究的基础上,采用参数化建模技术建立四种弯曲变形叶片实体模型,将实验测得的叶片表面压力加载到结构计算的有限元模型上,并以此为载荷对叶片进行气弹稳定性分析,揭示翼型发生变化后,叶片应力变化规律。研究结果表明:在一定的弯曲变形范围内,较大曲率弯曲变形的叶片结构稳定性较好。     

Nonlinear analysis and enhancement of wing-based piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters

We investigate the level of harvested power from aeroelastic vibrations for an elastically mounted wing supported by nonlinear springs. The energy is harvested by attaching a piezoelectric transducer to the plunge degree of freedom. The considered wing has a low-aspect ratio and hence three dimensional aerodynamic effects cannot be neglected. To this end, the three dimensional unsteady vortex lattice method for the prediction of the unsteady aerodynamic loads is developed. A strong coupling scheme that is based on Hamming's fourth-order predictor–corrector method and accounts for the interaction between the aerodynamic loads and the motion of the wing is employed. The effects of the electrical load resistance, nonlinear torsional spring and eccentricity between the elastic axis and the gravity axis on the level of the harvested power, pitch and plunge amplitudes are investigated for a range of operating wind speeds. The results show that there is a specific wind speed beyond which the pitch motion does not pick any further energy from the incident flow. As such, the displacement in the plunge direction grows significantly and causes enhanced energy harvesting. The results also show that the nonlinear torsional spring plays an important role in enhancing the level of the harvested power. Furthermore, the harvested power can be increased by an order of magnitude by properly choosing the eccentricity and the load resistance. This analysis is helpful in designing piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters that can operate optimally at specific wind speeds.     

Equivalent damping and frequency change for linear and nonlinear hybrid vibrational energy harvesting systems

A unified approximation method is derived to illustrate the effect of electro-mechanical coupling on vibration-based energy harvesting systems caused by variations in damping ratio and excitation frequency of the mechanical subsystem. Vibrational energy harvesters are electro-mechanical systems that generate power from the ambient oscillations. Typically vibration-based energy harvesters employ a mechanical subsystem tuned to resonate with ambient oscillations. The piezoelectric or electromagnetic coupling mechanisms utilized in energy harvesters, transfers some energy from the mechanical subsystem and converts it to an electric energy. Recently the focus of energy harvesting community has shifted toward nonlinear energy harvesters that are less sensitive to the frequency of ambient vibrations. We consider the general class of hybrid energy harvesters that use both piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting mechanisms. Through using perturbation methods for low amplitude oscillations and numerical integration for large amplitude vibrations we establish a unified approximation method for linear, softly nonlinear, and bi-stable nonlinear energy harvesters. The method quantifies equivalent changes in damping and excitation frequency of the mechanical subsystem that resembles the backward coupling from energy harvesting. We investigate a novel nonlinear hybrid energy harvester as a case study of the proposed method. The approximation method is accurate, provides an intuitive explanation for backward coupling effects and in some cases reduces the computational efforts by an order of magnitude.     

CFD在高速飞行器热气弹问题中的应用

采用气动力/热/结构耦合的方法对高速细长体飞行器结构热静气动弹性问题进行了研究.为保证耦合计算精度，达到准确预测热气动弹性特性的能力，气动力和气动热计算采用CFD数值模拟方法，热应力和热变形计算采用有限元方法并通过热考核试验验证.以该简单细长体飞行器模型为研究对象，对其热静气动弹性特性进行了计算与分析，计算结果表明:CFD/CSD耦合可准确模拟热气弹问题，且气动加热造成结构温升不均衡是结构变形的主导因素，力热耦合静气弹变形与单纯受力分析变形形式不同，对飞行器气动特性影响规律不同.准确预测飞行器热气动弹性特性对飞行器结构设计十分必要.      

面向飞机各设计阶段考虑静气动弹性效应的面元法飞行载荷分析方法

针对现代飞机设计对于高效率、高精度飞行载荷分析的迫切需求,建立了面向飞机各设计阶段考虑静气动弹性效应的面元法飞行载荷分析方法,并以此为基础构建了飞机各设计阶段气动弹性优化框架,以加快各阶段的迭代,提高设计效率.概念设计阶段的气动力分析采用低阶面元法,可适应该阶段为确定气动外形参数范围所需的大量计算.初步设计阶段采用高阶面元法开展气动力分析,以兼顾求解精度和效率的需求.详细设计阶段的飞行载荷分析方法在基本面元法的基础上引入了外部高精度CFD气动力或试验气动力,以进一步提高飞行载荷的精度并兼顾求解效率.研究结果表明,所建立考虑静气动弹性效应的面元法飞行载荷分析方法具有较强的工程实用性,可以满足现代飞机各个设计阶段的需要.      

弹性支撑双稳压电悬臂梁振动响应及能量采集研究

在分析了常规刚性支撑非线性能量采集系统的研究基础上,提出外部磁铁弹性支撑的结构设想,保证系统在低强度激励条件下也能处于双稳态振荡,提高机电能量转换效率.研究表明,对于强度变化的随机激励历程,弹性支撑非线性能量采集系统不需要实时调整磁铁间距,能够更好地迎合强度时刻变化的随机激励源,实现高效的机电能量转换.     

大展弦比气弹机翼柔性非线性变形的气动力效应分析与风洞试验

从飞行器刚弹耦合动力学模型出发,引入柔性机翼准定常假设,建立大柔性飞行器非线性静气动弹性气动力方程,利用非线性迭代求解思路模拟了柔性飞行器的静气动弹性响应行为,开展了大展弦比飞机静气动弹性风洞试验验证,采用气动力有限基本解与机翼的耦合计算,发现了大柔性飞机大变形状态下载荷及结构变形形式随风速的变化规律.传统基于小变形假设的线性分析方法和刚体分析由于无法考虑气动面随结构变形的曲面气动力因素和结构变形后的非线性刚度特性,均与风洞试验存在一定的误差.对于大展弦比柔性飞机的非线性静气动弹性分析十分必要.      

Broadband energy harvesting via magnetic coupling between two movable magnets

Harvesting energy from ambient mechanical vibrations by the piezoelectric effect has been proposed for powering microelectromechanical systems and replacing batteries that have a finite life span. A conventional piezoelectric energy harvester （PEH） is usually designed as a linear resonator, and suffers from a narrow operating bandwidth. To achieve broadband energy harvesting, in this paper we introduce a concept and describe the realization of a novel nonlinear PEH. The proposed PEH consists of a primary piezoelectric cantilever beam coupled to an auxiliary piezoelectric cantilever beam through two movable magnets. For predicting the nonlinear response from the proposed PEH, lumped parameter models are established for the two beams. Both simulation and experiment reveal that for the primary beam, the introduction of magnetic coupling can expand the operating bandwidth as well as improve the output voltage. For the auxiliary beam, the magnitude of the output voltage is slightly reduced, but additional output is observed at off-resonance frequencies. Therefore, broadband energy harvesting can be obtained from both the primary beam and the auxiliary beam.     

Experimental passive self-tuning behavior of a beam resonator with sliding proof mass

A passively self-tuning resonator configuration is presented in this study. Three different prototype beam–mass systems were built and tested and all successfully displayed passive self-tuning behavior when driven by vibrations at frequencies ranging from 45 to 140 Hz and accelerations ranging from 0.007 to 2g. All three systems were able to achieve tuning within their operating regime when driven at a single frequency, as well as maintain a tuned condition as frequency was stepped up or down, demonstrating a bandwidth between 6 and 40 Hz. One application of such a passively self-tuning system is in vibration energy harvesting, where it is critical for performance that the harvester device resonance frequency matches the input vibration frequency, yet the input frequency may change over time and is not known a priori. The self-tuning resonator demonstrated in this paper can enable the energy harvesting system to adjust to the varying input frequencies and thereby increase the energy harvested over time.     

大型风力机叶片非线性气弹模型

大型柔性叶片在实际运行过程中存在明显的几何非线性变形问题。本文基于自由涡尾迹方法,与FAST进行耦合建立了完善的风力机叶片气弹模型。并通过NREL PhaseⅥ风力机对气动部分进行了验证,最后用耦合后的气弹模型对两种极端工况进行了数值仿真。结果表明,自由涡尾迹方法能够更好的模拟风力机叶片的气动变化过程。耦合后的气弹模型能够很好的模拟极端风切变下的结构变化。     

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC ROLLING OSCILLATIONS ON TWIN-TAIL BUFFET RESPONSE

The effect of dynamic rolling oscillations of delta-wing/twin-tail configuration model on twin-tail buffet response is investigated. The configuration model is statically pitched at a 30° angle of attack and then forced to oscillate in roll around the symmetry axis at a constant amplitude of 4° and reduced frequency of π and 2π . This multidisciplinary problem is solved using three sets of equations on a dynamic multi-block grid structure. The first set is the unsteady, full Navier-Stokes equations, the second set is the aeroelastic equations for coupled bending and torsion vibrations of the tails, and the third set is the grid-displacement equations. The results conclusively showed that the rolling oscillations of the configuration have led to higher loads, higher deflections, and higher excitation peaks than those of the stationary configuration. Moreover, increasing the reduced frequency has led to higher loads and excitation peaks and lower bending and torsion deflections and acceleration. The unsteady aerodynamic loads have never reached complete periodicity due to the irregular vibrations of the left and right tails.