大展弦比气弹机翼柔性非线性变形的气动力效应分析与风洞试验

从飞行器刚弹耦合动力学模型出发，引入柔性机翼准定常假设，建立大柔性飞行器非线性静气动弹性气动力方程，利用非线性迭代求解思路模拟了柔性飞行器的静气动弹性响应行为，开展了大展弦比飞机静气动弹性风洞试验验证，采用气动力有限基本解与机翼的耦合计算，发现了大柔性飞机大变形状态下载荷及结构变形形式随风速的变化规律.传统基于小变形假设的线性分析方法和刚体分析由于无法考虑气动面随结构变形的曲面气动力因素和结构变形后的非线性刚度特性，均与风洞试验存在一定的误差.对于大展弦比柔性飞机的非线性静气动弹性分析十分必要.      

基于修正面元法的机翼静气动弹性计算

针对静气动弹性弱耦合解法多次迭代耗时较长的问题,提出一种斜率修正面元法计算气动力.该方法以机翼在不同迎角下的CFD数据作为修正基础,以直线段近似曲线段升力线,弥补面元法无法考虑非线性因素的缺陷.通过M6机翼气动力损失以及迎角补偿等静气动弹性的计算表明,相对于CFD技术,该方法保持了较高的准确度并且计算效率较高,适用于复杂结构优化.     

CFD在高速飞行器热气弹问题中的应用

采用气动力/热/结构耦合的方法对高速细长体飞行器结构热静气动弹性问题进行了研究.为保证耦合计算精度，达到准确预测热气动弹性特性的能力，气动力和气动热计算采用CFD数值模拟方法，热应力和热变形计算采用有限元方法并通过热考核试验验证.以该简单细长体飞行器模型为研究对象，对其热静气动弹性特性进行了计算与分析，计算结果表明:CFD/CSD耦合可准确模拟热气弹问题，且气动加热造成结构温升不均衡是结构变形的主导因素，力热耦合静气弹变形与单纯受力分析变形形式不同，对飞行器气动特性影响规律不同.准确预测飞行器热气动弹性特性对飞行器结构设计十分必要.      

基于非线性涡格法的快速静气动弹性数值模拟技术

基于2.5D RANS数据和VLM耦合的方式，发展了一种考虑非线性流动效应的混合型涡格法HVLM.采用矩形直/后掠机翼两个外形的跨声速算例，通过与VLM、三维CFD计算数据的比较，对HVLM的气动力预测精度进行了分析与评估.对比结果表明，HVLM在大幅降低时间成本的前提下可以获得和三维CFD方法预测值十分接近的计算数据，对线化VLM方法的修正效果显著.然后，HVLM与悬臂梁有限元求解耦合，实现了一种面向三维机翼的快速静气动弹性数值模拟技术，并通过矩形直机翼算例进行了验证.耦合算例的时间分析数据表明，HVLM/Beam耦合的方式能够在10 s以内完成1次三维机翼静气动弹性分析，在气动/结构耦合分析、优化设计方面展示出了良好的应用前景.      

基于面元法的水平轴风力机数值模拟

使用基于速度面元法的势流数值模拟方法,以NREL PhaseⅥ为例进行了叶片气动载荷和风轮近尾流场的数值模拟。将势流数值模拟、叶素动量理论和计算流体力学CFD方法的计算结果与实验数据进行了对比分析。结果表明使用速度面元法计算风轮绕流场具有较高的计算精度和求解效率,为大规模风力机群的流场计算和出力预报提供支撑。     

弹性载机对外挂物动力学响应的影响

在外挂物投放过程中, 载机对外挂物具有气动干扰效应, 产生附加气动力.对于弹性机翼, 在外挂物分离投放时, 相当于给机翼一个初始扰动, 机翼将发生弹性振动, 该振动也会对外挂物带来气动干扰效应.通过耦合求解非定常N-S方程刚体六自由度方程和基于模态法的结构动力学方程, 对考虑弹性变形的载机外挂物分离投放过程进行模拟, 研究了弹性机翼对外挂物的气动干扰效应.研究结果表明:在外挂物分离初期, 弹性机翼的干扰对外挂物气动力响应产生显著影响, 机翼的主要结构模态频率决定了外挂物气动力的变化频率, 并且由载机机翼动弹性变形引起的干扰气动力能占到外挂物总气动力的一半左右.      

基于液体冷却的综合热能管理系统设计与仿真

在新一代飞行器高性能的需求下,高功率电子设备产生的高热量给飞机冷却系统提出了新的挑战。然而传统的机载机电系统相互独立发展,热量不能互补和有效利用。国外在上世纪已开展综合热能管理系统的研究,但国内发展较为缓慢,鲜有成熟报道。提出了一种基于液体冷却的综合热能管理系统设计方案,将飞机全飞行过程中的不同任务阶段和相应机载子系统的热载荷综合考虑,实现热量的有效利用。AMESim仿真结果表明,设计的系统可以满足飞机机载系统在不同飞行阶段甚至特殊大机动飞行任务下的冷却需求,同时降低了飞机的代偿损失,使飞机性能得到较大提升。     

基于Kriging代理模型的飞行器结构刚度气动优化设计

大飞机具有轻质大柔性特点,使得气动/结构耦合作用增强,在设计过程中需要考虑这种耦合效应,直接调用CSD/CFD方法计算周期长,无法满足工程需要.代理模型方法由于能显著提高工程优化设计的效率,已广泛应用于飞行器气动外形优化设计中.采用Kriging方法建立代理模型,通过求解EI函数最大值得到需添加的样本点以更新代理模型,提高代理模型的拟合精度,结合改进的粒子群最优化方法对大飞机的结构刚度进行了优化设计.结果表明,该优化方法能够处理复杂目标的全局优化问题,在保证升力系数及纵向稳定性能不恶化的前提下,降低飞机巡航状态的飞行阻力.      

一种基于拓扑优化的舵面仿生多级分叉结构设计

新型面对称高速飞行器面临着宽速域、宽动压飞行条件，受到此类飞行器装载与装填比要求的限制，飞行器的主要承力结构重量较低，为了突破传统结构设计方法面临的结构减重极限，文章提出了一种基于拓扑结构轻质化的优化设计方法.该方法的主要思想为根据具体的载荷工况，在优化区域中获得最优的传力路径.通过对面对称高速飞行器的舵应用此优化方法，在多种载荷作用下，获得了多级分叉的仿生结构.通过验证计算表明设计得到的结构不仅重量减轻，还能够满足静气动弹性变形与强度要求，从而验证了此方法进行结构设计的可行性.      

激光辐照高超声速舵面热力响应研究

建立了基于流固耦合的高超声速飞行器舵面结构在激光辐照下静气动弹性模型,流体控制方程为三维雷诺平均N-S方程,分别采用了中心格式和AUSM+up格式对粘性项和对流项进行空间离散,时间推进采用了高斯-塞德尔隐式推进方法,湍流粘性系数求解使用Menter SST模型。利用冯·卡门研究所高超风洞实验结果对模型进行了校核,预估了激光辐照对高超舵面的热力影响。结果表明,气动力/热计算模型与实验数据符合较好,能够准确模拟高超飞行器的热力参数,根据模型外推结果,激光在较低功率下加热高超飞行器舵面可能导致舵面材料弹性模量大大降低,继而发生弯曲发散而折断,高超飞行器可能因此发生气动失稳而坠毁。     

Integrated analysis on static/dynamic aeroelasticity of curved panels based on a modified local piston theory

A flow field modified local piston theory, which is applied to the integrated analysis on static/dynamic aeroelastic behaviors of curved panels, is proposed in this paper. The local flow field parameters used in the modification are obtained by CFD technique which has the advantage to simulate the steady flow field accurately. This flow field modified local piston theory for aerodynamic loading is applied to the analysis of static aeroelastic deformation and flutter stabilities of curved panels in hypersonic flow. In addition, comparisons are made between results obtained by using the present method and curvature modified method. It shows that when the curvature of the curved panel is relatively small, the static aeroelastic deformations and flutter stability boundaries obtained by these two methods have little difference, while for curved panels with larger curvatures, the static aeroelastic deformation obtained by the present method is larger and the flutter stability boundary is smaller compared with those obtained by the curvature modified method, and the discrepancy increases with the increasing of curvature of panels. Therefore, the existing curvature modified method is non-conservative compared to the proposed flow field modified method based on the consideration of hypersonic flight vehicle safety, and the proposed flow field modified local piston theory for curved panels enlarges the application range of piston theory.     

A high-efficiency aerothermoelastic analysis method

In this paper,a high-efficiency aerothermoelastic analysis method based on unified hypersonic lifting surface theory is established.The method adopts a two-way coupling form that couples the structure,aerodynamic force,and aerodynamic thermo and heat conduction.The aerodynamic force is first calculated based on unified hypersonic lifting surface theory,and then the Eckert reference temperature method is used to solve the temperature field,where the transient heat conduction is solved using Fourier’s law,and the modal method is used for the aeroelastic correction.Finally,flutter is analyzed based on the p-k method.The aerothermoelastic behavior of a typical hypersonic low-aspect ratio wing is then analyzed,and the results indicate the following:(1)the combined effects of the aerodynamic load and thermal load both deform the wing,which would increase if the flexibility,size,and flight time of the hypersonic aircraft increase;(2)the effect of heat accumulation should be noted,and therefore,the trajectory parameters should be considered in the design of hypersonic flight vehicles to avoid hazardous conditions,such as flutter.     

Aeroelastic stability of complete rotors with application to a teetering rotor in forward flight

The derivation of a set of non-linear coupled flap-lag-torsion equations of motion for moderately large deflections of an elastic, two-bladed teetering helicopter rotor in forward flight is concisely outlined. The following degrees of freedom are included in the mathematical model: rigid body flapping, rigid body lead-lag, elastic bending in flap and lead-lag, blade root torsion, and shaft torsion. Quasi-steady aerodynamic loads are considered and the effects of reversed flow are included. The aeroelastic stability of the complete rotor is investigated by using a linearized system of equations of motion. The equilibrium position about which the equations are linearized is obtained by considering the trim state of the helicopter, in true or simulated forward flight conditions. The sensitivity of the aeroelastic stability boundaries to interblade structural and mechanical coupling is illustrated by comparing the complete rotor stability boundaries with those obtained from a single blade analysis for a number of hover and forward flight cases.     

太阳能帆板平面度测量系统中光斑图像处理方法研究

太阳能帆板的平面度测量是卫星生产制造过程中的一个关键技术，现有的测量方法存在着精度差，效率低的问题。该文在基于实际工程课题的太阳能帆板平面度测量系统基础上，针对测量系统中光斑图像处理这一关键技术进行了详细的研究。对现有测量方法进行了比较与分析，介绍了测量系统的基本原理、图像采集系统设计过程中采取的主要措施、图像处理的具体方法与步骤和测量系统的基本组成。提出了一种新的快速滤波算法和光斑图像能量中心求取算法，大大提高了光斑图像能量中心的求取精度和实时性，提高了太阳能帆板平面度的测量精度。给出了光斑图像处理结果、静态测量重复性误差以及实际帆板的测量结果与分析，实验结果证明所采用的光斑图像处理方法可以满足对实际帆板测量精度的要求。     

CFD/CSD耦合飞行器多学科优化设计新方法

文章以飞行器巡航外形为设计对象, 构建了一种新的飞行器的气动和结构特性评估方法, 即结构模型反迭代方法.该方法较传统的松耦合静气动弹性方法效率提高了4倍以上.以此为基础建立了一种新的飞行器气动/结构耦合多学科优化设计框架, 将优化效率提高4倍以上.采用数值求解N-S方程和结构有限元方程方法作为气动和结构学科的分析工具, 保证了设计结果的可信性.算例表明以巡航外形作为设计对象能够获得与传统方法一致的飞行器气动与结构特性, 以此为基础开展的无人机气动外形优化设计也获得了良好的设计结果.      

基于CFD/CSD的舵面控制气动弹性数值模拟方法

在动态网格上通过耦合求解流动控制方程和结构动力学方程, 发展了一种舵面控制下飞行器运动响应过程中气动弹性数值模拟研究方法.流动控制方程采用N-S方程, 结构动力学采用线性模态叠加方法, 其中流动控制方程空间离散采用基于非结构网格的有限体积方法, 对流通量采用计算HLLC格式, 非定常时间离散采用基于LU-SGS的双时间步长方法.模拟中, 气动运动和结构变形在双时间步长方法推进过程中采用改进松耦合方法, 气动网格与结构网格之间信息交换采用无限平板样条法实现, 飞行器的运动和变形采用基于重叠网格和Delaunay图映射变形网格相结合的方法进行处理.采用多个考核算例对发展的数值方法进行考核验证, 结果表明该方法可以高效精确模拟舵面开环控制下飞行器运动响应过程中的气动弹性特性.      

Aero-thermo-mechanical characteristics of imperfect shape memory alloy hybrid composite panels

A nonlinear finite element model is provided to predict the static aero-thermal deflection and the vibration behavior of geometrically imperfect shape memory alloy hybrid composite panels under the combined effect of thermal and aerodynamic loads. The nonlinear governing equations are obtained using Marguerre curved plate theory and the principle of virtual work taking into account the temperature-dependence of material properties. The effect of large deflection is included in the formulation through the von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relations. The thermal load is assumed to be a steady-state constant-temperature distribution, whereas the aerodynamic pressure is modeled using the quasi-steady first-order piston theory. The Newton-Raphson iteration method is employed to obtain the nonlinear aero-thermal deflections, while an eigenvalue problem is solved at each temperature step and static aerodynamic load to predict the free vibration frequencies about the deflected equilibrium position. Finally, the nonlinear deflection and free vibration characteristics of a composite panel are presented, illustrating the effects of geometric imperfection, temperature rise, aerodynamic pressure, boundary conditions and shape memory alloy fiber embeddings on the panel response.     

OPTIMUM DESIGN OF A HELICOPTER ROTOR FOR LOW VIBRATION USING AEROELASTIC ANALYSIS AND RESPONSE SURFACE METHODS

An aeroelastic analysis based on finite elements in space and time is used to model the helicopter rotor in forward flight. The rotor blade is represented as an elastic cantilever beam undergoing flap and lag bending, elastic torsion and axial deformations. The objective of the improved design is to reduce vibratory loads at the rotor hub that are the main source of helicopter vibration. Constraints are imposed on aeroelastic stability, and move limits are imposed on the blade elastic stiffness design variables. Using the aeroelastic analysis, response surface approximations are constructed for the objective function (vibratory hub loads). It is found that second order polynomial response surfaces constructed using the central composite design of the theory of design of experiments adequately represents the aeroelastic model in the vicinity of the baseline design. Optimization results show a reduction in the objective function of about 30 per cent. A key accomplishment of this paper is the decoupling of the analysis problem and the optimization problems using response surface methods, which should encourage the use of optimization methods by the helicopter industry.