提高飞机着陆气动性能的一种新方法探索研究

提出了一种新型气动技术,其主要原理是:将机翼上表面的一部分翼面设计为活动翼面,当飞机进入降落阶段、迎角较大时,适当抬高该活动翼面,从而在该活动翼面后形成一个台阶,通过台阶中产生的稳定驻涡来控制机翼上表面的流动;与此同时,打开安装在机翼上的Gurney襟翼,可达到同时提高机翼升力和失速迎角的目的。将该技术在DLR-F4上应用,数值模拟结果表明:机翼的最大升力系数提高了17.37%;失速迎角从11°提高到13°,提高了18.18%。本文为提高飞机的着落性能探索出一种具有发展潜力的方法。     

基于后缘小翼的翼型反流动态失速主动控制试验研究

针对直升机旋翼反流区因反流动态失速导致的非定常载荷、阻力激增以及负升力等问题,开展了基于后缘小翼的翼型反流动态失速主动控制试验研究.采用动态压力测量结合翼型表面压力积分的方法,重点分析了后缘小翼不同的振荡相位差、幅值和减缩频率对反流动态失速控制的影响规律,对比了后缘小翼动态偏转和固定偏转的差异,试验雷诺数Re=3.5×10⁵.结果表明,当后缘小翼与翼型以相同的频率正弦振荡运动,且二者的相位差为0°时,能改善反流动态失速过程中钝几何前缘的流动分离,并在反流状态下实现了翼型负升力系数下降21.2%,阻力系数下降37.5%,俯仰力矩系数迟滞环面积下降44.6%的控制效果;动态偏转的后缘小翼对翼型反流动态失速的控制效果随后缘小翼振荡幅值的增加而增加,但进一步增加振荡幅值对于控制效果的提升有限;当减缩频率增加时,动态偏转的后缘小翼对反流状态下翼型阻力的控制效果会更加明显;后缘小翼的动态偏转与固定偏转都能有效改善翼型在反流中的动态气动性能,但是动态偏转对于不同翼型迎角的适应能力优于固定偏转,并取得了更好的非定常载荷控制以及更好的阻力和负升力改善效果.     

圆形坚冰影响翼型气动性能的数值分析

本文用FLUENT软件模拟了结冰后NACA 0012翼型周围流场的变化,并与结冰前NACA 0012翼型的气动性能进行了对比.工作中首先以未结冰的NACA 0012翼型(干净翼型)为标准模型进行了数值验证计算,再以经过检验的方法计算结冰模型,并与结冰风洞试验数据进行了对比.本文计算攻角为0°～20°,温度为250.37K,雷诺数为2,400,000,冰型为圆形坚冰.通过对比升力阻力性能,发现与干净翼型相比,结冰翼型的最大升力系数大约减少了50%,阻力系数增加了约65%,失速攻角降低了4°.结冰后翼型提前失速是造成气动性能恶化的主要原因.     

合成射流对失速状态下翼型大分离流动控制的试验研究

为研究低速状态合成射流在抑制翼型气流分离和推迟失速方面的控制机理, 开展了NACA0021 翼型失速特性射流控制的风洞试验研究. 通过系统性的模型测力、翼型瞬态流场粒子图像测速和边界层速度测定的对比试验, 深入探索了合成射流各参数对翼型失速特性控制效果的影响规律. 试验结果表明射流偏角在翼型升力和失速迎角控制方面的效果对射流动量系数较为敏感: 当动量系数较大时, 近切向射流的控制效果更好. 射流动量系数为0.033 时, 偏角30°的射流使得翼型升力系数峰值提高23.56%, 失速迎角增大5°; 而动量系数较小时, 偏角较大的射流能够获得最佳控制效果. 射流动量系数为0.0026 时, 法向射流对翼型最大升力系数控制效果最好(提高9.2%).      

风力机翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制数值研究

针对动态失速引起的风力机翼型气动性能恶化的问题,本文基于动网格和滑移网格技术, 开展了大涡模拟数值计算研究,探索了非定常脉冲等离子体的动态流动控制机理. 结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速, 改善平均和瞬态气动力,减小力矩负峰值和迟滞环面积. 压力分布在等离子体施加范围内出现了负压"凸起",上翼面吸力峰值明显增大.脉冲频率和占空比这两个非定常控制参数对流动控制影响显著,无因次脉冲频率为1.5时等离子体控制效果较好,占空比为0.8时即可接近连续工作模式下的气动收益. 翼型深失速状态,等离子体促使流动分离位置明显向后缘移动, 抵抗了大尺度动态失速涡的发生,分离涡结构破碎耗散、重新附着, 涡流影响范围减小; 浅失速状态,等离子体激励具有较强的剪切层操纵能力, 诱导了翼型边界层提前转捩,促进了与主流的动量掺混. 等离子体气动激励诱导出前缘附近贴体翼面"涡簇",起到了虚拟气动外形的作用.不同尺度、频域的动态涡结构与等离子体气动激励的非线性、强耦合作用导致了气动力/力矩的谐波振荡.      

NUMERICAL STUDY ON DYNAMIC STALL FLOW CONTROL FOR WIND TURBINE AIRFOIL USING PLASMA ACTUATOR 1)

针对动态失速引起的风力机翼型气动性能恶化的问题,本文基于动网格和滑移网格技术, 开展了大涡模拟数值计算研究,探索了非定常脉冲等离子体的动态流动控制机理. 结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速, 改善平均和瞬态气动力,减小力矩负峰值和迟滞环面积. 压力分布在等离子体施加范围内出现了负压"凸起",上翼面吸力峰值明显增大.脉冲频率和占空比这两个非定常控制参数对流动控制影响显著,无因次脉冲频率为1.5时等离子体控制效果较好,占空比为0.8时即可接近连续工作模式下的气动收益. 翼型深失速状态,等离子体促使流动分离位置明显向后缘移动, 抵抗了大尺度动态失速涡的发生,分离涡结构破碎耗散、重新附着, 涡流影响范围减小; 浅失速状态,等离子体激励具有较强的剪切层操纵能力, 诱导了翼型边界层提前转捩,促进了与主流的动量掺混. 等离子体气动激励诱导出前缘附近贴体翼面"涡簇",起到了虚拟气动外形的作用.不同尺度、频域的动态涡结构与等离子体气动激励的非线性、强耦合作用导致了气动力/力矩的谐波振荡.     

弹性振动对翼型气动特性影响的数值模拟

通过求解雷诺平均非定常Navier-Stokes方程,采用数值模拟方法计算了俯仰和沉浮振动对NACA0012翼型平均气动特性的影响.结果表明:对于俯仰运动而言,在迎角13α≤时的升力°和力矩曲线的线性段部分,振幅角的变化对动态平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数的影响不明显,与静态时的情况基本一致;当迎角14α≥时,翼型振动的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数小°于静态时的情况.同一迎角条件下的俯仰振动频率越高时,其动态的平均升力系数和动态平均力矩系数越大,频率较高时的失速迎角相对于频率较低时的情况有所推迟,但相对于静态的失速迎角而言,不同频率下的动态失速迎角均提前.对于沉浮运动而言,动态平均升力系数随振幅和频率的增加而减小,动态失速迎角随振幅和频率的增大而提前.     

褶皱幅度对仿生翼型滑翔气动特性的影响

蜻蜓翅膀具有独特的褶皱状形貌．研究者们致力于利用仿生学原理,设计在低雷诺数条件下具有更优气动性能的褶皱翼型．本文采用计算流体力学方法,求解二维不可压Navier-Stokes方程组,探讨了四种翼型（平板翼型、流线翼型、小幅度褶皱翼型和大幅度褶皱翼型）的气动表现．在低雷诺数条件下得到以下结果：(1) 较小幅度的褶皱结构有利于增加升力和减小阻力．(2) 雷诺数变化时褶皱翼型的升力系数呈非线性变化;在特定雷诺数区间,幅度相近的褶皱翼型会发生相对气动优势的转变．(3) 褶皱结构内的回流区通过减小粘性阻力,使得翼型总阻力下降．(4) 翼型前缘的极小区域会产生脉冲高升力,对升力表现产生较大影响．这些结果表明,调整褶皱幅度是实现褶皱翼型气动优化的有效方案．     

多段翼型吹气流动分离控制研究

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes粘性流动方程,采用数值模拟方法,分析了吹气控制对多段翼型气动性能的影响,阐述了吹气改善多段翼型流动的机理。采用有限体积法对雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程进行空间离散,时间方向推进采用二阶迎风格式,湍流模型采用SST k-ω模型。结果表明:在多段翼型基础上采取吹气控制可以获得很好的气动增升效果,三段翼型的最大升力系数可达4.98;吹气可改善多段翼型表面流动,减小其流动分离,增加升力;在同样的吹气口几何参数条件下,在一定范围内增大吹气动量系数可以提高多段翼型的升力系数;在多段翼型主翼后段和襟翼同时施加吹气流动控制可以获得更好的效果,升力系数比基本三段翼型(基本构型A)增加30.05%。     

横摆振荡翼型动态气动掠效应试验研究

大型风力机设计对获取翼型更加全面、准确的动态载荷提出更高要求,研究翼型横摆振荡动态气动特性具有重要意义.借助"电子凸轮"技术和动态数据同步采集手段,针对翼型动态"掠效应"首次开展了横摆振荡风洞试验研究,研究表明:横摆振荡翼型的气动曲线存在明显迟滞效应,吸力面压力周期性波动是主要诱因,且随着振荡频率、初始迎角和振幅的增大,气动迟滞特性均增强;升力和压差阻力随横摆角变化的迟滞回线呈"W"形,俯仰力矩迟滞回线呈"M"形,升力差量迟滞回线呈"∞"形;负行程下翼型气动力相对于正行程下的更高,且负行程下翼型气动力随振荡频率的增大而略有增大,正行程下则明显减小;升力系数功率谱密度分布在振荡频率倍频处的能量集中的幅值随着振荡频率增大有增大趋势;吸力面1.2%和40%弦长处压力的滞回特性较强,是由于翼面剪切层涡和动态分离涡周期性发展、运动、破裂和重建;振幅为10?时,升力迟滞曲线呈"∧"形,振幅为30?时,升力迟滞曲线呈"∧∧∧"形.     

带涡襟翼翼型流场的数值模拟

以数值计算为手段,分析了带涡襟翼的翼型的流场特性,分别对迎角及扰流板偏角对翼型气动性能的影响做了分析。结果表明,在小迎角来流情况下,保持迎角不变,涡襟翼偏转角度越大,升力越小,阻力越大,呈现较好的线性关系。在大迎角情况下,绕翼型的流动发生分离,通过适当控制涡襟翼的偏转角度,能够有效的改善翼型的失速特性,从而达到流动控制的目的,迎角越大,涡襟翼所需偏转的角度越大。     

蜻蜓滑翔时柔性褶皱前翅气动特性分析

蜻蜓是自然界优秀的飞行家,滑翔是其常见且有效的飞行模式.蜻蜓优异的飞行能力来源于其翅膀的巧妙结构,褶皱是蜻蜓翅膀上最为显著的结构之一,不仅提高了翅膀的刚度,还改变了其气动特性,而飞行过程中柔性翅膀会产生变形是蜻蜓翅膀的另一特性.为揭示蜻蜓在滑翔时,柔性褶皱前翅的变形,探究褶皱和柔性的共同作用对其气动特性的影响,基于逆向工程,依据前人的测量数据和研究成果,通过三维建模软件建立了蜻蜓三维褶皱前翅的计算流体力学(computational fluiddynamics,CFD)模型和计算结构力学(computational structuralmechanics,CSD)模型,并通过模态分析验证了此模型有足够的精度.基于CFD方法和CFD/CSD双向流固耦合计算方法分别对蜻蜓滑翔飞行时刚性和柔性褶皱前翅的气动特性进行了数值模拟,结果表明,柔性褶皱前翅受气动载荷后,翅脉和翅膜产生形变,柔性前翅上下表面压力差相较于刚性前翅减小了,从而其升力和阻力也减小了,而在大攻角时,变形后的前缘脉诱导出比刚性前翅更强的前缘涡.因此在攻角小于10$^\circ$时刚性前翅的气动特性优于柔性前翅,继续增大攻角,柔性前翅的气动特性则优于刚性前翅.前翅受载后气动响应时间短,翅尖的变形最大,仅仅产生了垂直于翅膀所在平面方向上的变形,而没有发生扭转,翼根处受到应力最大,褶皱上凸部分承受蜻蜓滑翔时前翅的主要载荷.      

Experimental analysis of passive bio-inspired covert feathers for stall and post-stall performance enhancement

Technologies inspired by the functioning and behavior of biological beings are commonly developed for aircraft flight. Among the bio-inspired approaches that have grown in interest, particularly for unmanned aerial vehicle flight, is based on the behavior of bird’s cover feathers under higher angles of attack. The covert feathers, when activated by separated flows, promote lift increment that helps in certain maneuvers. This work investigates the benefit in the stall and post-stall performance of employing bio-inspired covert feathers devices attached to an airfoil’s upper surface. To fill the gaps in the recent technical literature, experimental analysis of an SD7003 airfoil was executed in a wind tunnel with the application of bio-inspired covert feathers of different shapes and tapes in three chordwise positions. The bio-inspired devices were conceived to resemble the feathers’ lightness and discrete-distribution along with the wing model. Experiments were carried out measuring the aerodynamic forces and moment at Reynolds number around 170,000 for static and dynamic ramp-up and hold pitching motion. It has been confirmed that the use of bio-inspired covert feathers brought benefits to the stall and post-stall behavior of the airfoil. The maximum lift has increased, and the transition from attached to stalled flow around the airfoil tends to be smoother when the devices were used. Four shapes for the bio-inspired devices and three positions in chordwise direction were considered. The best performance among the case was encountered for a jagged bio-inspired device taped at a quarter-chord position. Indeed, the most forward position for all the devices resulted in higher maximum lift and increment to the respective angle of attack. Ramp-up and hold wind tunnel tests also confirmed the best performance of jagged bio-inspired devices nearer the leading edge. The aerodynamic response to the pitching motion showed that the stall and post-stall regime occur much smoother, indicating that the approach presents good potential for dynamic stall or gust response passive control.

     

Influence of pitching angle of incidence on the dynamic stall behavior of a symmetric airfoil

This study presents the influence of pitch angle of an airfoil on its near-field vortex structure as well as the aerodynamic loads during a dynamic stall process. Dynamic stall behavior in a sinusoidally pitching airfoil is usually analyzed at low to medium reduced frequencies and with the maximum angle of attack of the airfoil not exceeding 25°. In this work, we study dynamic stall of a symmetric airfoil at medium to high reduced frequencies even as the maximum angle of attack goes from 25° to 45°. The evolution and growth of the laminar separation bubble, also known as a dynamic stall vortex, at the leading edge and the trailing edge are studied as the pitch cycle goes from the minimum to the maximum angle of attack. The effect of reduced frequencies on the vortex structure as well as the aerodynamic load coefficients is investigated. The reduced frequency is shown to be a bifurcation parameter triggering period doubling behavior. However, the bifurcation pattern is dependent on the variation of the pitch angle of incidence of the airfoil.     

Lift enhancement of airfoil and tip flow control for wind turbine

Two techniques that improve the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine airfoils are described. The airfoil S809, designed specially for wind turbine blades, and the airfoil FX60-100, having a higher lift-drag ratio, are selected to verify the flow control techniques. The flow deflector, fixed at the leading edge, is employed to control the boundary layer separation on the airfoil at a high angle of attack. The multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the flow deflector. The results indicate that the flow deflector can suppress the flow separation, delay the stall, and enhance the lift. The characteristics of the blade tip vortex, the wake vortex, and the surface pressure distributions of the blades are analyzed. The vortex diffuser, set up at the blade tip, is employed to control the blade tip vortex. The results show that the vortex diffuser can increase the total pressure coefficient of the core of the vortex, decrease the strength of the blade tip vortex, lower the noise, and improve the efficiency of the blade.     

开缝对风力机翼型空气动力学特性的影响

以S809翼型为研究对象,用CFD数值模拟计算的方法研究了在失速条件下,风力机翼型上下表面同时开缝的被动控制策略对翼型空气动力学特性的影响。采用基于速度耦合的SIMPLEC算法进行数值模拟,将四种常用的湍流模型(Spalart-Allmaras、k-e、k-w、k-w-SST)在12°和24°攻角下的计算结果和实验数据对比,得出了最优于翼型计算的湍流模型为k-w-SST。分析了缝隙位置、宽度和斜率对翼型气动性能的影响。结果表明:当开缝位置位于分离点附近时,翼型气动性能最优;当缝隙宽度为弦长的2%时,翼型气动性能最优;当缝隙和弦线的夹角为75°时,翼型气动性能最优,且在攻角超过24°时开缝对翼型的气动性能有不利影响。     

Computation of unsteady viscous flow around a locally flexible airfoil at low Reynolds number

A numerical method for fluid–structure interaction is presented for the analysis of unsteady viscous flow over a locally flexible airfoil. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved by ALE–CBS algorithm, coupling with a structural solver with large deformation. Following the validation of the method, a numerical example for the flight of micro-air vehicles at low Reynolds number is chosen for the computation. The coupling effect of flexible structure with different elastic stiffness on aerodynamic performance is demonstrated. A noticeable camber effect is induced by the deflection of the structure as the elastic stiffness of the structure goes smaller. Moreover, when the vibrating frequencies of the structure with smaller elastic stiffness have a close correlation with the shedding frequencies, the positive impact of the vibration of local flexible surface on the lift of the airfoil is highlighted, which results from the formation of the coherent vortices.     

High-fidelity simulations of moving and flexible airfoils at low Reynolds numbers

The present paper highlights results derived from the application of a high-fidelity simulation technique to the analysis of low-Reynolds-number transitional flows over moving and flexible canonical configurations motivated by small natural and man-made flyers. This effort addresses three separate fluid dynamic phenomena relevant to small fliers, including: laminar separation and transition over a stationary airfoil, transition effects on the dynamic stall vortex generated by a plunging airfoil, and the effect of flexibility on the flow structure above a membrane airfoil. The specific cases were also selected to permit comparison with available experimental measurements. First, the process of transition on a stationary SD7003 airfoil section over a range of Reynolds numbers and angles of attack is considered. Prior to stall, the flow exhibits a separated shear layer which rolls up into spanwise vortices. These vortices subsequently undergo spanwise instabilities, and ultimately breakdown into fine-scale turbulent structures as the boundary layer reattaches to the airfoil surface. In a time-averaged sense, the flow displays a closed laminar separation bubble which moves upstream and contracts in size with increasing angle of attack for a fixed Reynolds number. For a fixed angle of attack, as the Reynolds number decreases, the laminar separation bubble grows in vertical extent producing a significant increase in drag. For the lowest Reynolds number considered (Re _c  = 10⁴), transition does not occur over the airfoil at moderate angles of attack prior to stall. Next, the impact of a prescribed high-frequency small-amplitude plunging motion on the transitional flow over the SD7003 airfoil is investigated. The motion-induced high angle of attack results in unsteady separation in the leading edge and in the formation of dynamic-stall-like vortices which convect downstream close to the airfoil. At the lowest value of Reynolds number (Re _c  = 10⁴), transition effects are observed to be minor and the dynamic stall vortex system remains fairly coherent. For Re _c  = 4 × 10⁴, the dynamic-stall vortex system is laminar at is inception, however shortly afterwards, it experiences an abrupt breakdown associated with the onset of spanwise instability effects. The computed phased-averaged structures for both values of Reynolds number are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the effect of structural compliance on the unsteady flow past a membrane airfoil is investigated. The membrane deformation results in mean camber and large fluctuations which improve aerodynamic performance. Larger values of lift and a delay in stall are achieved relative to a rigid airfoil configuration. For Re _c = 4.85 × 10⁴, it is shown that correct prediction of the transitional process is critical to capturing the proper membrane structural response.     

Dynamics of co-rotating vortices in a flow around a bio-inspired corrugated airfoil

Bio-inspired corrugated airfoils show favourable aerodynamic characteristics such as high coefficient of lift and delayed stall at low Reynolds numbers. Two-dimensional (2D) direct numerical simulation has been performed here on a corrugated airfoil at various angles of attack (0°, +5°, -5°) and Reynolds number of 280 to 6700. The objective is to analyse the pressure variation inside the corrugations and correlate it to the vortex movement across the corrugations and the overall aerodynamic characteristics of the corrugated airfoil. The flow characteristics have been examined based on the local Strouhal numbers in the corrugations of the airfoil. It is observed that the pressure variation in each corrugation is the result of vortex merging and separation in the corrugation which plays a major role in changing the flow characteristics. The Strouhal number of the flow is dictated by the most dominant local Strouhal number. The numerical results are further compared with experimental results obtained using particle image velocimetry, and the two set of results are found to match well. These results are significant because they elucidate the effect of corrugation, angle of attack, and Reynolds number on flow over a corrugated airfoil.